?泰來縣第三中學(xué) 徐桂玲

非謂語動(dòng)詞對(duì)比教學(xué)

?泰來縣第三中學(xué) 徐桂玲

非謂語動(dòng)詞的用法在高考題中所占比重很大，如何讓學(xué)生輕松掌握它們的用法，在考試中能熟練應(yīng)用呢？作為教師，我通過分析例句，采用對(duì)比的方法來引導(dǎo)學(xué)生理解和應(yīng)用，經(jīng)過多年的實(shí)踐總結(jié)，教學(xué)效果非常好。

非謂語動(dòng)詞包括動(dòng)名詞、現(xiàn)在分詞、不定式、過去分詞。現(xiàn)依據(jù)它們?cè)诰渥又械某煞謥磉M(jìn)行對(duì)比分析：

一、動(dòng)名詞、不定式做主語

1.時(shí)間上有區(qū)別

Playingwith fire is dangerous.（動(dòng)名詞具有泛時(shí)性、經(jīng)常性。）

To playwith firewillbe dangerous.（不定式具有一次性、后時(shí)性。）

（2014湖南卷）______（understand）yourown needs and styles of communication is as important as learning to convey youraffection and emotions.（答案Understanding，動(dòng)名詞做主語。）

2.形式上有區(qū)別

To learn Englishwell isnoteasy.

=It isnoteasy to learn Englishwell.（不定式可以轉(zhuǎn)化為it做形式主語。）

（2015吉林模擬卷）Ithink itisagreathonor___（invite）tovisityourcountry.（答案to be invited，不定式做主語。）

（2014山東卷）It’sstandard practice fora company like thisone__（employ）a security officer.（答案to employ，不定式做主語。）

注意：It is+adjof/for sb.to do——形容詞是修飾人的，用介詞of；是修飾事物的，用for，常用的修飾人的詞有careless,clever,considerate,stupid,nice,silly,foolish, good,impolite,kind,naughty.

eg.①Itis very kind ofyou to tellme the truth.

②Hisarriving added to our excitement.

注意：動(dòng)名詞除以下幾種句型外，不可轉(zhuǎn)為it做形式主語。

It isno use/no good/no fun doing...

二、動(dòng)名詞、現(xiàn)在分詞、不定時(shí)、過去分詞做表語

My job is cleaning all the desks.（動(dòng)名詞做表語表示泛時(shí)性和經(jīng)常性，主語和表語可互換。）

He is cleaning all the desks.（現(xiàn)在分詞表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。）

My next task is to clean all the desks.（不定式表示后時(shí)性。）

No one is paid at the end ofeverymonth.（過去分詞表示被動(dòng)，但也有不表示被動(dòng)而表示狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作、結(jié)果的，如：bemarried,be dressed,be changed。）

注意：下列詞做主語時(shí)常用不定式做表語，wish,aim, goal,hope,idea,plan,purpose,suggestion,next.

eg.The nextmeasure is to match kinds of food with animals.

三、動(dòng)名詞、不定式做賓語

（2014江西卷）When it comes to____（speak）in public,noone canmatch him.（答案speaking，做介詞賓語。）

（2014陜西卷）It’s quite hot today.Do you feel like ____（go）for aswim.（答案going，做fell like的賓語。）

1.后接不定式做賓語的動(dòng)詞

2.接不定式和動(dòng)名詞沒有區(qū)別的

begin/continue/like/love/prefer/start/hate，但begin,start在以下三種情況下接不定式：①主語是事物，②本身是進(jìn)行時(shí)be starting to do，③不定式是表示心理狀態(tài)的start to see/realize/understand.

3.接不定式和動(dòng)名詞在意義上有區(qū)別的

四、動(dòng)名詞、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞、不定式做定語，一般都是單詞做定語置前，短語做定語置后

1.thewaiting room（動(dòng)名詞表用途。）

thesleepingboy（現(xiàn)在分詞表主動(dòng)或正在進(jìn)行。）

a broken glass（過去分詞表被動(dòng)或動(dòng)作完成。）

2.Thehouse tobebuiltnext year.（將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。）

Thehouse built lastyear.（已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。）

Thehouse beingbuiltnow.（正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。）

（2014浙江卷）Amie Salmon,disabled,is attended throughout her school days by a nurse_______(appoint)to guard her.（答案appointed，做anurse的定語。）

（2014北京卷）Lastnight,thereweremillionsof people_____(watch)the opening ceremony live on TV.(答案watching，現(xiàn)在分詞做定語。）

（2014北京卷)There are stillmany problems_______ (solve)beforewe are ready for a long stay on themoon.（答案to be solved，做problem的定語，表后時(shí)性。）

（2015鄭州模擬卷）ShanghaiDisneyland Park,_______ (complete)in 2015,will attract tourists from all over China then.（答案to be completed，做定語，表后時(shí)性。）

3.havesth.todo/have sth.tobe done（主語是施動(dòng)者用主動(dòng)，否則用被動(dòng)。）

eg.①The baby’smotherhad some clothes towash.

②The babyhad some clothes to bewashed.

4.當(dāng)名詞被the first/thesecond/thenext/the last/theonly修飾時(shí)，常用todo做定語。

eg.①She isalways the firstone to come.

②Hewas theonlywaiter toknow the truth.

五、過去分詞、現(xiàn)在分詞、不定式做賓補(bǔ)（看賓語與賓補(bǔ)的關(guān)系。）

The ladywentout，with housework finished.（過去分詞與賓語是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。）

The ladywentout，with the baby crying.（現(xiàn)在分詞與賓語是主動(dòng)關(guān)系。）

The ladywentout，with the dooropen.（形容詞表賓語的狀態(tài)。）

The ladywentout，with some food to buy.（不定式表后時(shí)性。）

（2015石家莊模擬卷）Marry received an invitation to the Christmas party,butwith her homework______（finish）, she refused itunwillingly.（答案unfinished，做賓補(bǔ)。）

六、過去分詞、現(xiàn)在分詞、不定式做狀語

（2014福建卷）______（spend）the pastyear asan exchange student in Hongkong,Linda appears more mature than those ofherage.（答案Having spent，做狀語。）

1.過去分詞轉(zhuǎn)化的形容詞做狀語，多為反身動(dòng)詞

Dressed in red,she looksyoung for herage.

Dressingherself in red,she looks young forher age.

2.分詞的懸垂現(xiàn)象

The book has sold onemillion a year,making it themostpopular.（making與句子之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系。）

3.不定式做狀語

eg.To catch the early bus,he gets up early every day.（目的狀語。）

I’m glad to seeyou.（原因狀語。）

The book ishard tounderstand.（方式狀語。）

He hurried to the station,only to find the train had left.（結(jié)果狀語，出乎意料的結(jié)果。）

七、非謂語動(dòng)詞的特殊用法

1.獨(dú)立主格

Spring coming,the fields are fullof life.（com ing與邏輯主語spring之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系。）

Themanwentoutof the room,food inmouth.

Theworkerswent home from work,with their task finished.（finished與task之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。）

Ihave no time to see a film,with a lotofclothes towash.（to wash表示要做的事。）

2.compare的用法（compare to只用過去分詞做定語；com pare...to...做狀語依據(jù)和句子主語的關(guān)系，主動(dòng)關(guān)系用現(xiàn)在分詞，被動(dòng)關(guān)系用過去分詞。）

eg.①Compared to/with his car,my car can stand long distance.

②Comparing my car with yours,I can’t find the dif ference.

3.分詞的連詞化。以下分詞起到連詞的作用：considering/granted/granting/provided/providing/supposing/ assuming/seeing that.

eg.Supposing I have free time,I will go to see my grandmother.

4.分詞的介詞化。以下分詞起到介詞的作用：concerning/considering/including/counting/saving/given

eg.Mostyoungmen like popular stars,includingme.

5.評(píng)價(jià)性狀語（有些分詞和不定式可以做獨(dú)立成分，用來解釋整個(gè)句子，不受句子主語的限制。）

generally speaking/strictly speaking/personally speaking/exactly speaking/judging from/judgingby/taking everything into consideration/not to say/to say nothing of.../not to mention/tobe frank/tobe honest/strange tosay/tomakemattersworse/etc.

eg.①Judging from hisactions,Jim’swords is true.

②Generallyspeaking,girlsaremorecarefulthanboys.

以上是我對(duì)非謂語動(dòng)詞的對(duì)比教學(xué)內(nèi)容，高考題可以逐年更新，教法很明顯地體現(xiàn)出來了：通過例句對(duì)比分析，有助于學(xué)生對(duì)用法的理解和應(yīng)用，在用中學(xué)，才能更好地學(xué)以致用。

編輯/丁俊玲

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