西安市第一醫(yī)院眼科(西安710002)
王小東 程 鈺 李宏松 趙俊宏
?
單純皰疹病毒性角膜炎對(duì)角膜表層上皮細(xì)胞的影響*
西安市第一醫(yī)院眼科(西安710002)
王小東 程 鈺 李宏松 趙俊宏
目的:通過活體共聚焦顯微鏡觀察單純皰疹病毒性角膜炎(HSK)患者角膜表層上皮細(xì)胞變化及其與角膜神經(jīng)知覺關(guān)系的相關(guān)性。方法:診斷單眼HSK的非急性期復(fù)查患者50例(100只眼),和50例未患過HSK健康體檢者(100只眼)。行角膜知覺、活體共聚焦顯微鏡檢查并對(duì)共焦顯微鏡圖像進(jìn)行分析、記錄。結(jié)果:HSK患者患眼角膜表層上皮細(xì)胞數(shù)為1287.78±102.54 cells/mm2,其密度顯著低于對(duì)側(cè)眼角膜表層上皮細(xì)胞數(shù)的2425.18±202.13 cells/mm2和健康對(duì)照者角膜表層上皮細(xì)胞數(shù)2435.23±224.3 cells/mm2(P<0.05)。HSK患者患眼角膜表層上皮細(xì)胞面積為606.62±198.23 mm2,較對(duì)側(cè)眼角膜表層上皮細(xì)胞面積415.36±58.13 mm2和健康對(duì)照者角膜表層上皮細(xì)胞面積409.21±63.20 mm2,顯著增大,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。HSK患者患眼角膜知覺正常8例(8只眼),角膜知覺輕度異常34例(34只眼),角膜知覺重度異常8例(8只眼),角膜知覺度與HSK患者的角膜表層上皮細(xì)胞密度呈負(fù)相關(guān)(r=-0.90,P<0.05),與HSK患者的角膜表層上皮細(xì)胞面積呈正相關(guān)(r=0.81,P<0.05)。結(jié)論:HSK導(dǎo)致角膜表層上皮細(xì)胞密度降低,通過細(xì)胞體積增大來代償,這些改變與角膜神經(jīng)功能改變密切相關(guān)。
單純皰疹病毒性角膜炎(HSK)是臨床上最常見的致盲性角膜感染性疾病,其病程長、易反復(fù),在發(fā)達(dá)國家亦是單眼失明的最常見的感染原因[1]。單純皰疹病毒(HSV)感染角膜細(xì)胞誘導(dǎo)炎癥反應(yīng),嚴(yán)重?fù)p傷角膜,并且HSV可以潛伏在神經(jīng)節(jié)細(xì)胞或角膜細(xì)胞,從而反復(fù)發(fā)病[2]。HSK臨床分為四型,分別為上皮性角膜炎,壞死性基質(zhì)和免疫性角膜炎,角膜內(nèi)皮炎,神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)性角膜病變;其中神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)性角膜病變臨床表現(xiàn)為持續(xù)性角膜上皮缺損,視力下降,角膜基質(zhì)混濁,角膜新生血管,間質(zhì)融解[3]。所以對(duì)HSK發(fā)病機(jī)制的研究就顯得尤為重要。本文著重研究HSK對(duì)角膜表層上皮細(xì)胞的影響,以及角膜表層上皮細(xì)胞的變化與角膜神經(jīng)的關(guān)系。
1 研究對(duì)象 連續(xù)收集2015年1~12月我院門診診斷單眼HSK的非急性期復(fù)查患者50例,男38例,女12例,平均年齡44.95±11.14歲,患病時(shí)間3.1±6.78年,將50只患眼,納為HSK組,其對(duì)側(cè)50只未患病眼為對(duì)側(cè)對(duì)照組。同期50例未患過HSK健康體檢者(100只眼)為健康對(duì)照組,男35例,女15例,平均年齡41.45±11.42歲。HSK患者的納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①單眼發(fā)病患者;②非急性期發(fā)病患者;③具有良好的醫(yī)從性,按時(shí)復(fù)診患者;排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①患糖尿病者;②患類風(fēng)濕、免疫系統(tǒng)疾病者。健康對(duì)照組納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①既往未患HSK者;②目前無眼表疾病癥狀、體征;排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①患糖尿病者;②患類風(fēng)濕、免疫系統(tǒng)疾病者。
2 研究方法 ①角膜知覺檢測:將一塊消毒棉花搓成尖形條,用其尖端從眼的側(cè)面或下方輕觸角膜表面。評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn):知覺正常,立即發(fā)生反射性瞬目運(yùn)動(dòng);知覺輕度異常,發(fā)生反射性瞬目運(yùn)動(dòng)遲鈍;知覺重度異常,無何反射性瞬目運(yùn)動(dòng)。②共焦顯微鏡檢查:檢查前點(diǎn)奧布卡因表麻眼液1次,開瞼器開眼瞼,使用海德堡全自動(dòng)共焦顯微鏡檢測,檢測頭涂少許卡波姆凝膠,按米字形從周邊向中央進(jìn)行掃描,檢查并記錄角膜表層上皮細(xì)胞,上皮下神經(jīng)纖維叢。③共焦顯微鏡圖像分析:使用海德堡全自動(dòng)共焦顯微鏡自帶圖像分析軟件,對(duì)每例患者100幀圖像進(jìn)行分析記錄平均值,計(jì)算角膜表層上皮細(xì)胞數(shù),角膜表層細(xì)胞面積。
3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 使用SPSS 17.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,計(jì)量資料用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差表示,兩組比較使用t檢驗(yàn),3組樣本比較分析使用方差分析,相關(guān)性分析使用Person相關(guān)分析。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
①HSK患者患眼角膜表層上皮細(xì)胞數(shù)為1287.78±102.54 cells/mm2,顯著低于對(duì)側(cè)眼角膜表層上皮細(xì)胞數(shù)的2425.18±202.13 cells/mm2和對(duì)照者角膜表層上皮細(xì)胞數(shù)的2435.23±224.3 cells/mm2(P<0.05)。②HSK患者患眼角膜表層上皮細(xì)胞面積為606.62±198.23 cells/mm2,較對(duì)側(cè)眼角膜表層上皮細(xì)胞面積415.36±58.13 cells/mm2和對(duì)照者角膜表層上皮細(xì)胞面積409.21±63.20 cells/mm2,顯著增大(P<0.05)。③將HSK患者患眼按角膜知覺檢測分為3組,角膜知覺正常組8例(8只眼),角膜表層上皮細(xì)胞數(shù)為1628.33±348.12 cells/mm2,角膜表層上皮細(xì)胞面積為330.25±216.23 cells/mm2;角膜知覺輕度異常組34例(34只眼),角膜表層上皮細(xì)胞數(shù)為1382.50±73.55 cells/ mm2,角膜表層上皮細(xì)胞面積為654.30±328.15 cells/ mm2;角膜知覺重度異常組8例(8只眼),角膜表層上皮細(xì)胞數(shù)為852.50±24.40 cells/ mm2,角膜表層上皮細(xì)胞面積為835.30±50.30 cells/ mm2。角膜知覺度與HSK患者的角膜表層上皮細(xì)胞密度呈負(fù)相關(guān)(r=-0.90,P<0.05),與HSK患者的角膜表層上皮細(xì)胞面積呈正相關(guān)(r= 0.81,P<0.05)。
角膜上皮作為一種屏障,有助于保持角膜的透明性,任何對(duì)角膜上皮造成的損害,都可使角膜基質(zhì)腫脹、基質(zhì)成纖維細(xì)胞的活化及炎性細(xì)胞浸潤,導(dǎo)致角膜透明度的喪失[4]。對(duì)角膜上皮細(xì)胞的健康評(píng)估,直到最近通過共焦顯微鏡檢查才變?yōu)榭赡堋9步癸@微鏡可以使我們更好的對(duì)角膜生理特性和穩(wěn)態(tài)進(jìn)行理解,并且可以對(duì)角膜上皮細(xì)胞的形態(tài)學(xué)特征在正常人和患者間進(jìn)行比較研究。Benitez del Castillo等[5]對(duì)干眼癥患者的研究,Roszkowska等[6]對(duì)結(jié)節(jié)狀角膜變性的研究,Gabbriellini等[7]對(duì)Sjogren’s綜合征的研究,也有與我們相同的發(fā)現(xiàn),角膜表層上皮細(xì)胞數(shù)減少,細(xì)胞面積增大,認(rèn)為角膜上皮細(xì)胞大小和形態(tài)的改變是細(xì)胞的快速更新和不典型修復(fù)[8]。本研究與Rosenberg等[4]對(duì)HSK患者角膜表層上皮細(xì)胞改變研究的發(fā)現(xiàn)相同,他們也發(fā)現(xiàn)上皮細(xì)胞腫大,但他們的結(jié)果沒有量化,并且沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)上皮下神經(jīng)叢的任何變化。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)角膜表層上皮細(xì)胞密度和形態(tài)特征與角膜知覺的變化密切相關(guān),并且發(fā)現(xiàn)HSK患者患眼角膜上皮下神經(jīng)叢分布較對(duì)側(cè)眼和正常對(duì)照組減少或缺失,角膜上皮下神經(jīng)叢的改變與角膜知覺改變一致,角膜知覺障礙嚴(yán)重的患者,角膜上皮下神經(jīng)叢分布稀疏,但由于神經(jīng)叢測量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)問題,本研究未進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析。鑒于表層上皮細(xì)胞參數(shù)與角膜知覺和神經(jīng)支配的強(qiáng)相關(guān)性,本研究結(jié)果表明,不僅感覺喪失,而且角膜表層上皮的變化,可能是HSK患者上皮下神經(jīng)叢減少的直接結(jié)果。感覺神經(jīng)對(duì)角膜上皮完整性的維護(hù)起著重要的作用。眾所周知,角膜上皮細(xì)胞的內(nèi)穩(wěn)態(tài)是由緊縮調(diào)控細(xì)胞凋亡和增殖的生理控制,神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)性角膜病變擾動(dòng)它們之間的平衡,最近的研究表明,去神經(jīng)對(duì)角膜上皮細(xì)胞的凋亡有不利的影響,并誘導(dǎo)上皮細(xì)胞有絲分裂的減少[9]。部分或完整的角膜感覺神經(jīng)受損或缺失可導(dǎo)致影響角膜上皮細(xì)胞和角膜上皮細(xì)胞有絲分裂的神經(jīng)肽(包括P物質(zhì)、神經(jīng)生長因子、血管活性腸肽和胰高血糖素樣肽)缺乏,打破角膜上皮穩(wěn)態(tài),上皮細(xì)胞受損。
總之,共焦顯微鏡可以直接的和可重復(fù)性的比較上皮細(xì)胞的形態(tài)學(xué)特征。臨床體征出現(xiàn)前,檢測亞臨床上皮細(xì)胞的變化可以客觀的定量的評(píng)價(jià)上皮細(xì)胞的健康狀況。由于神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)性角膜病變可能會(huì)發(fā)展為角膜穿孔并且缺乏最初的癥狀和體征,共焦顯微鏡對(duì)HSK患者角膜表層上皮細(xì)胞密度及形態(tài)特征監(jiān)測就顯得尤為有價(jià)值,而且可預(yù)測潛在的神經(jīng)病變的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。共焦顯微鏡可以通過對(duì)角膜細(xì)胞特性的檢測,客觀的評(píng)價(jià)治療效果,為神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)性角膜病治療研究提供了有效的方法。
[1] Solanki S, Rathi M, Khanduja S,etal. Recent trends: Medical management of infectious keratitis[J].Oman J Ophthalmol, 2015, 8(2):83-85.
[2] 吳甦潛,徐建江.單純皰疹病毒性角膜炎的發(fā)病機(jī)制[J].中國眼耳鼻喉科雜志, 2014, 14: 330-332.
[3] Seitz B, Heiligenhaus A. The Chameleon of Herpetic Keratitis-Diagnosis and Therapy[J].Klin Monbl Augenheilkd, 2015, 232(6):745-753.
[4] Rosenberg ME, Tervo TM, Muller LJ,etal. In vivo confocal microscopy after herpes keratitis[J]. Cornea, 2002, 21:265-269.
[5] Benitez del Castillo JM, Wasfy MA, Fernandez C,etal. An in vivo confocal masked study on corneal epithelium and subbasal nerves in patients with dry eye[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2014, 45:3030-3035.
[6] Roszkowska AM, Aragona P, Spinella R,etal. Morphological and confocal investigation on Salzmann nodular degeneration of the cornea[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2011,52:5910-5919.
[7] Gabbriellini G1, Baldini C, Varanini V,etal. In vivo confocal scanning laser microscopy in patients with primary Sjogren’s syndrome: A monocentric experience[J]. Mod Rheumatol, 2015,25(4):585-589.
[8] Alomar TS, Nubile M, Lowe J,etal. Corneal intraepithelial neoplasia: in vivo confocal microscopic study with histopathologic correlation[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2011, 151:238-247.
[9] Ferrari G, Chauhan SK, Ueno H,etal. A novel mouse model for neurotrophic keratopathy: trigeminal nerve stereotactic electrolysis through the brain[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci,2011,52:2532-2539.
(收稿:2016-02-28)
The morphologic features of corneal superficial epithelial cells and keratocytes in patients with herpes simplex keratitis
The No.1 Hospital of Xi’an(Xi’an 710002)
Wang Xiaodong Cheng Yu Li Hongsong et al
Objective: To analyze the morphologic features of corneal superficial epithelial cells and keratocytes by in vivo confocal microscopy in patients with herpes simplex keratitis (HSK) as associated with corneal innervation. Methods:We continued collecting 50 cases (100 eyes) with non acute period HSK who treated in our hospital and 50 healthy cases (100 eyes) at same time. Changes in morphologic features and density of the superficial epithelial cells, were assessed by 2 masked observers. Changes were correlated to corneal sensation. Results: There was a significant decrease in the density of superficial epithelial cells 1287.78±102.54 cells/mm2in HSK eyes,2425.18±202.13 cells/mm2in contralateral eyes and 2435.23±224.3 cells/mm2in normal eyes (P<0.05). Superficial epithelial cell size was 2.5-fold larger in HSK eyes (606.62±198.23 mm2) compared with contralateral (415.36±58.13 mm2) or normal eyes (409.21±63.20mm2;P<0.05). Changes in superficial epithelial cell density(r =- 0.90)and morphologic features (r = 0.81)correlated strongly with corneal sensation(P<0.05).Conclusion:In vivo confocal microscopy reveals profound HSK-induced changes in the superficial epithelium, as demonstrated by increase in cell size, decrease in cell density, and squamous metaplasia. This study demonstrated that these changes correlate strongly with changes in corneal innervation.
Keratitis,herpetic Cornea Epithelial cells Microscopy,confocal
*陜西省科學(xué)技術(shù)研究發(fā)展計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2014K11-03-07)
角膜炎,皰疹性 角膜 上皮細(xì)胞 顯微鏡檢查,共焦
R772.21
A
10.3969/j.issn.1000-7377.2016.10.046