孫艷格 阮祥燕 Alfred O. Mueck
(1.首都醫(yī)科大學附屬北京婦產(chǎn)醫(yī)院內(nèi)分泌科,北京 100026; 2.首都醫(yī)科大學附屬復興醫(yī)院月壇社區(qū)衛(wèi)生服務(wù)中心,北京 100045; 3.德國圖賓根大學婦產(chǎn)醫(yī)院絕經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌中心,圖賓根 D-72076, 德國)
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· 更年期與婦科內(nèi)分泌 ·
圍絕經(jīng)期及絕經(jīng)后婦女心血管疾病危險因素的變化
孫艷格1,2阮祥燕1,3*Alfred O. Mueck1,3
(1.首都醫(yī)科大學附屬北京婦產(chǎn)醫(yī)院內(nèi)分泌科,北京 100026; 2.首都醫(yī)科大學附屬復興醫(yī)院月壇社區(qū)衛(wèi)生服務(wù)中心,北京 100045; 3.德國圖賓根大學婦產(chǎn)醫(yī)院絕經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌中心,圖賓根 D-72076, 德國)
心血管疾病是危害絕經(jīng)后婦女健康的常見疾病,預防絕經(jīng)后婦女心血管疾病的發(fā)生,首先要了解絕經(jīng)過程中婦女心血管疾病危險因素的發(fā)生及變化。心血管疾病危險因素分為不可改變和可改變的兩大類,不可改變因素包括年齡、性別和家族史,可改變因素包括高血壓、血脂異常、肥胖、糖耐量減低、吸煙、糖尿病和久坐。本文就圍絕經(jīng)期和絕經(jīng)后婦女心血管疾病可改變危險因素的變化做一系統(tǒng)綜述。
心血管疾?。晃kU因素;絕經(jīng)
心血管疾病是危害人類健康的重要問題,影響絕經(jīng)后女性健康的問題中,心血管疾病居首位[1]。70歲以上女性死亡原因前3位是缺血性心臟病(ischemic heart disease, IHD)、卒中、阿爾茨海默病,其中心血管疾病引起死亡占54%,50~69歲女性死亡原因前3位是IHD、卒中、乳腺癌,其中心血管疾病引起死亡占31%[2]。同時,心血管疾病引起不同程度的傷殘,以傷殘調(diào)整生命年(disability adjusted life years, DALY)為計算指標,影響最大的前3位疾病分別為IHD 、腰痛和卒中(50~59歲)以及IHD、卒中和阿爾茨海默病(70歲以上)[3]??梢姡A防心血管疾病對于提高絕經(jīng)后女性生活質(zhì)量,降低病死率非常重要。Ama Moor等[4]對撒哈拉沙漠以南的非洲絕經(jīng)后婦女調(diào)查顯示,108名絕經(jīng)后婦女心血管疾病高風險和中等風險比例分別為24.1%和36.1%,認為絕經(jīng)后婦女心血管疾病風險較高,應(yīng)該教育她們采取健康的生活方式以降低心血管病風險。
預防絕經(jīng)后女性心血管疾病的發(fā)生,首先要了解絕經(jīng)過渡期和絕經(jīng)后女性心血管疾病危險因素發(fā)生的狀況,根據(jù)2007年歐洲心臟病醫(yī)生和婦科醫(yī)生的一項共識聲明[5]:心血管疾病危險因素分為不可改變和可改變的兩大類,三個主要不可改變的因素是年齡、性別和家族史,可改變的因素包括高血壓、血脂異常、肥胖、糖耐量減低、吸煙、糖尿病和久坐。關(guān)于絕經(jīng)過渡期和絕經(jīng)后女性心血管疾病危險因素較多,能干預的因素為可改變因素,因此本文主要就心血管疾病中可改變的危險因素在女性絕經(jīng)過渡期和絕經(jīng)后的變化進行綜述。
高血壓是對心血管疾病發(fā)生影響很大的危險因素,平衡其他危險因素以后,收縮壓每增加10 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),無論是男性還是女性,冠狀動脈粥樣硬化性心臟病(以下簡稱冠心病)風險增加15%,卒中風險增加25%[6]。目前關(guān)于高血壓的研究[7-8]表明,血壓在絕經(jīng)前女性通常比男性較低,然而,在更年期后女性高血壓患病率高于男性。關(guān)于絕經(jīng)過渡期血壓的變化,不同研究結(jié)果有差異。Ama Moor等[4]報道,撒哈拉南部非洲絕經(jīng)后婦女中53.7%收縮壓≥140 mmHg,35.2%舒張壓≥90 mmHg,發(fā)生率較高。Vajo等[9]對匈牙利絕經(jīng)門診2 789名患者進行分析,其中32%患者高收縮壓和/或高舒張壓>140/90 mmHg。Son等[10]對韓國首爾2 037名44~56歲女性進行橫斷面研究發(fā)現(xiàn)絕經(jīng)前期、絕經(jīng)過渡期早期、絕經(jīng)過渡期晚期和絕經(jīng)后期高血壓前期和高血壓發(fā)病率分別為8.8%、9.8%、12.0%、11.1%和6.6%、7.9%、13.7%和14.4%,認為血壓和高血壓發(fā)病率在絕經(jīng)過渡期早期和晚期有明顯差異,在絕經(jīng)過渡期婦女中應(yīng)早期監(jiān)測血壓。 Lejsková等[11]對909名捷克45~54歲婦女的研究表明,收縮壓≥130 mmHg 的發(fā)生率在絕經(jīng)前婦女、圍絕經(jīng)期婦女和絕經(jīng)后婦女逐漸增高,舒張壓≥85 mmHg 發(fā)生率各組間差異無統(tǒng)計學意義。Park等[12]2010年在調(diào)查研究韓國中年婦女絕經(jīng)和年齡在心血管發(fā)病危險因素的作用時,發(fā)現(xiàn)血壓只隨年齡增長和絕經(jīng)無關(guān)。
關(guān)于我國圍絕經(jīng)期婦女高血壓發(fā)病率報道也比較多,鄧小虹等[13]對北京市7 232名40~60歲女性進行流行病學調(diào)查,以醫(yī)院確診為準,北京市圍絕經(jīng)期婦女高血壓發(fā)病率為20.45%,城區(qū)低于郊區(qū)。Zhou等[14]對中國農(nóng)村6 324名35歲以上婦女進行調(diào)查,發(fā)現(xiàn)中國東北農(nóng)村婦女高血壓發(fā)病率為48.8%,發(fā)病率隨年齡增加,絕經(jīng)后婦女高血壓發(fā)病率明顯高于絕經(jīng)前婦女(62.4%vs29.7%,P<0.01)。認為婦女絕經(jīng)是高血壓的獨立危險因素。
糖耐量減低和糖尿病與心血管疾病有密切的關(guān)系,因為糖尿病和心血管疾病的密切關(guān)系,近年來提出“糖尿病是冠心病等危癥”概念,即非冠心病者10年內(nèi)發(fā)生主要冠狀動脈事件的危險與已患冠心病者相同,新發(fā)和復發(fā)缺血性心血管事件的危險>15%[15]。所以,預防心血管疾病的發(fā)生,必須重視糖尿病這個危險因素的預防。
關(guān)于更年期血糖變化和糖尿病患病的研究較多,結(jié)果有很大差異,Lejsková等[11]對捷克婦女的研究表明,空腹血糖≥6.1 mmol/L或者有糖尿病史的發(fā)生率在絕經(jīng)前婦女、圍絕經(jīng)期婦女和絕經(jīng)后婦女分別為4.30% 、3.16% 、10.08%,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義,空腹血糖≥5.6 mmol/L或者有糖尿病史發(fā)生率分別為19.20% 、25.26%、 31.78%,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。Ama Moor等[4]報道,撒哈拉南部非洲絕經(jīng)后婦女中,5.6%空腹血糖增高(≥1.26 g/L)。Vajo等[9]對匈牙利絕經(jīng)門診的患者進行分析,分析15%的患者血糖>6.1 mmol/L。Son等[10]對韓國2 037名女性進行橫斷面結(jié)果顯示:絕經(jīng)前期、絕經(jīng)過渡期早期、絕經(jīng)過渡期晚期和絕經(jīng)后期空腹血糖各組間差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P=0.032)。金婧等[16]對于北京婦產(chǎn)醫(yī)院內(nèi)分泌門診就診的181名絕經(jīng)后婦女研究顯示絕經(jīng)后婦女高血糖(空腹血糖≥5.6 mmol/L)的患病率為50.3%,推測空腹血糖的異常是絕經(jīng)后婦女最早出現(xiàn)的代謝異常之一。王福玲等[17]對青島圍絕經(jīng)期女性進行調(diào)查,發(fā)現(xiàn)血糖隨年齡增加而增高,絕經(jīng)前期、絕經(jīng)過渡期和絕經(jīng)后期差異無統(tǒng)計學意義。
血脂異常是心血管疾病的主要危險因素之一,關(guān)于絕經(jīng)過渡期婦女血脂變化的研究較多。有研究[18]顯示,絕經(jīng)過渡期早期開始,高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(high density lipoprotein-cholesterol,HDL-C)濃度降低,認為更年期女性HDL-C對心血管系統(tǒng)的保護能力下降。Ama Moor等[4]報道,撒哈拉南部非洲絕經(jīng)后婦女中67.6%總膽固醇(total cholesterol,TC)≥2 g/L, 8.3%三酰甘油(triglyceride,TG)≥1.6 g/L, 50.9%低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, LDL-C)濃度≥1.6 g/L, 11.1% HDL-C≤0.35 g/L。Vajo等[9]對匈牙利絕經(jīng)門診 2 789名患者進行分析,其中78%的患者TC增高(>5 mmol/L),29%的患者TG增高 (>1.7 mmol/L)。Son等[10]研究發(fā)現(xiàn):絕經(jīng)前期、絕經(jīng)過渡期早期、絕經(jīng)過渡期晚期和絕經(jīng)后期LDL-C、TG逐漸增高,各組間差異有統(tǒng)計學意義,HDL-C各組間差異無統(tǒng)計學意義。Sarrafzadegan等[19]對伊拉克 4 146名女性研究發(fā)現(xiàn):絕經(jīng)后婦女和絕經(jīng)前婦女相比,TG、HDL-C、LDL-C、TC均增高,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。Mogarekar 等[20]報道,和絕經(jīng)前婦女相比,TG、LDL-C和VLDL-C 明顯增加,HDL-C明顯降低。Lejsková等[11]研究顯示,TG≥1.7 mmol/L和HDL-C<1.3 mmol/L發(fā)生率在絕經(jīng)前婦女、圍絕經(jīng)期婦女和絕經(jīng)后婦女各組間差異無統(tǒng)計學意義。國內(nèi)鄧小虹等[13]對北京市7 232名40~60歲女性進行流行病學調(diào)查,北京市圍絕經(jīng)期婦女高膽固醇血癥、高三酰甘油血癥、低HDL-C血癥發(fā)生率分別為17.8%、26.21%和5.74%,城區(qū)低于郊區(qū),發(fā)病率隨年齡增高。金婧等[16]在2010年對到北京婦產(chǎn)醫(yī)院內(nèi)分泌門診就診的181名絕經(jīng)后婦女研究顯示絕經(jīng)后婦女高三酰甘油、低HDL-C分別占31.5%和16.6%。
肥胖是心血管疾病導致死亡的一個很強的預測指標,隨體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(body mass index, BMI)增加,相關(guān)風險增加[21]。Py?r?l?等[22]還揭示肥胖和中心性肥胖在冠心病女性患者中比男性患者中更常見(70%和46%)。中心性肥胖和女性絕經(jīng)過渡期有關(guān)[23]。BMI超過25 kg/m2和每周運動小于3.5 h和59%的心血管疾病死亡有關(guān)[24]。此外,體質(zhì)量的增加和脂肪的分布受到此期間激素變化的影響而發(fā)生改變。這些改變會增加中年女性近遠期患糖尿病和心血管疾病的風險[25]。當女性進入絕經(jīng)后期,腹部尤其是內(nèi)臟周圍的脂肪逐漸積累。在同等程度的肥胖女性中,絕經(jīng)后女性的空腹血糖值、腰圍及收縮壓均比育齡期的女性要高[26]。很多研究[4,10-11,19]表明,婦女進入絕經(jīng)過渡期及絕經(jīng)后,體質(zhì)量、腰圍、腰臀比和BMI較絕經(jīng)前明顯增加。
吸煙和久坐是心血管疾病的危險因素。吸煙已經(jīng)被確定是心血管疾病重要的可變因素,Ma等[27]對中國2 332名絕經(jīng)后婦女進行觀察發(fā)現(xiàn),在中國的絕經(jīng)后婦女中,吸煙狀態(tài)和冠心病以及冠狀動脈造影顯示的冠狀動脈狹窄明顯相關(guān)。冠狀動脈造影顯示,目前正在吸煙者冠狀動脈狹窄狀況較不吸煙者和曾經(jīng)吸煙者要嚴重;經(jīng)過(685±269.8)d隨訪發(fā)現(xiàn),不吸煙者全因病死率、非致死性心肌梗死和不穩(wěn)定型心絞痛發(fā)病率明顯低于曾經(jīng)吸煙和目前正在吸煙者。黃久儀[28]報道,通過積極采取控煙、降膽固醇計劃等預防策略后,卒中發(fā)病率呈現(xiàn)明顯的下降趨勢,說明吸煙和卒中明顯相關(guān)。和吸煙相關(guān)的血栓形成風險的增加是通過增加血小板凝集和血管內(nèi)皮的退化性改變起作用[29]。久坐定義為每天不到10%的能量用于中等或高強度的運動(至少是4倍于基礎(chǔ)代謝率)[30],這種情形在中年女性中比例很高[31]。缺乏運動是公認的增加CHD風險的因素,同時BMI增加也是額外的CHD的危險因素。久坐經(jīng)常和抑郁同時發(fā)生,是重要的促進CHD發(fā)生的因素[32]。吸煙和久坐這兩個因素有一個共同點,屬于行為因素,和絕經(jīng)狀態(tài)無關(guān)。
以上研究均為橫斷面研究,要了解更年期女性心血管疾病危險因素的變化應(yīng)該對更年期女性進行隨訪,分析變化規(guī)律。目前類似的研究較少,Matthews等[33]對3 302 名絕經(jīng)過渡期女性進行長達10年的隨訪,1 054名女性自然絕經(jīng),研究結(jié)果顯示TC、LDL-C、載脂蛋白-B在絕經(jīng)前1年和絕經(jīng)后1年間顯著增加,血糖、胰島素、血壓等無明顯變化,認為絕經(jīng)過渡期女性經(jīng)歷了一個特殊的血脂增長階段,監(jiān)測絕經(jīng)過渡期女性血脂能夠增強心血管疾病的初級預防工作。關(guān)于絕經(jīng)過渡期女性心血管疾病危險因素的隨訪國內(nèi)研究較少,吳麗萍等[34]對426人進行5年隨訪,其中260人完成隨訪,研究結(jié)果顯示年齡和卵巢衰退對腰圍、腰臀比、腹部/臂部脂肪比、全身脂肪百分比、TC的變化都有影響。BMI、血壓、血糖、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C與卵巢衰退的關(guān)系還需進一步研究。
總之,關(guān)于絕經(jīng)過渡期心血管疾病危險因素研究較多,但是研究結(jié)果不一致,并且基于社區(qū)的長期的隨訪研究較少,需要進一步的研究。
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編輯孫超淵
Change of cardiovascular disease risk factors in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women
Sun Yange1,2, Ruan Xiangyan1,3*, Alfred O. Mueck1,3
(1.DepartmentofGynecologicalEndocrinology,BeijingObstetricsandGynecologyHospital,CapitalMedicalUniversity,Beijing100026;China; 2.YuetanCommunityHealthServiceCenter,F(xiàn)uxingHospital,CapitalMedicalUniversity,Beijing100045,China; 3.SectionofEndocrinologyandMenopause,DepartmentofWomen’sHealth,UniversityofTubingen,TubingenD-72076,Germany)
Cardiovascular disease(CVD)is the common disease that damage the health of postmenopausal women. To prevent the CVD in the postmenopausal women, the occurrence and the change of CVD risk factors in this term should be understood. Risk factors can be defined as non-modifiable and modifiable. Non-modifiable factors include age, gender and heredity. Modifiable factors include hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity, glucose intolerance, cigarette smoking, diabetes mellitus and sedentarism. We reviewed the change of modifiable factors in women in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women.
cardiovascular disease;risk factors;menopause
國家自然科學基金 (30872745),北京市自然科學基金資助項目(Y161011),北京市衛(wèi)生系統(tǒng)高層次衛(wèi)生技術(shù)人才(學科帶頭人)項目(2014-2-016),首都醫(yī)科大學附屬北京婦產(chǎn)醫(yī)院、北京婦幼保健院學科帶頭人項目(2013-1)。This study was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(30872745); Natural Science Foundation of Beijing (Y161011);Beijing Municipality Health Technology High-level Talent(2014-2-016);Project of Discipline Leader, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University,Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital(2013-1).
10.3969/j.issn.1006-7795.2016.04.001]
R 71
2016-06-15)
*Corresponding author, E-mail:ruanxiangyan@163.com
網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版時間:2016-07-2021∶12網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版地址:http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.3662.r.20160714.2112.014.html