王新宴,田利源
1.空軍總醫(yī)院特診科,北京 100142;2.人口與健康空軍總醫(yī)院平臺(tái)中心,北京 100142
高血壓的過度診療
王新宴1,田利源2
1.空軍總醫(yī)院特診科,北京 100142;2.人口與健康空軍總醫(yī)院平臺(tái)中心,北京 100142
高血壓的過度診療危害很大,但常被忽視。本文從如何認(rèn)識(shí)高血壓是疾病還是危險(xiǎn)因素、血壓與心血管疾病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的關(guān)系、高血壓的診斷界值、血壓計(jì)和各種血壓測(cè)量方法的局限、肱動(dòng)脈血壓與中心動(dòng)脈壓的關(guān)系方面探討了與高血壓過度診療相關(guān)的五個(gè)問題,并對(duì)通過大樣本人群隊(duì)列研究,促進(jìn)高血壓的精準(zhǔn)、適度診療提出了展望。
高血壓;過度診療;中心動(dòng)脈壓;危險(xiǎn)因素;心血管風(fēng)險(xiǎn)
據(jù)2010年全球疾病負(fù)擔(dān)研究顯示,在影響全球疾病負(fù)擔(dān)的危險(xiǎn)因素中,高血壓已躍升為第一位[1]。我國人群因高血壓導(dǎo)致的傷殘調(diào)整壽命年(DALY)達(dá)3794萬人年[2]?!吨袊用駹I(yíng)養(yǎng)與慢性病狀況報(bào)告(2015)》顯示:我國成年人的高血壓患病率為25.2%,每4個(gè)人中一個(gè)高血壓患者。在中國,降壓藥是最主要的心血管用藥,近幾年一直以20%左右的速度增長(zhǎng)。調(diào)查顯示我國高血壓的知曉率、治療率和控制率仍較低[3],在需要大力強(qiáng)化篩查、治療的大背景下,事物的另一面—高血壓的過度診療往往被忽略了,其實(shí)這一問題在很多國家都不同程度地存在,主要表現(xiàn)為不是高血壓的患者被診斷為高血壓,不需要用藥的高血壓患者被給予了藥物治療,特別是輕度的高血壓患者[4,5],而我國輕度高血壓患者占60%以上[6]。本文對(duì)涉及高血壓過度診療的一些問題進(jìn)行探討,以引起醫(yī)學(xué)界的重視,促進(jìn)高血壓診療更加科學(xué)規(guī)范,實(shí)現(xiàn)精準(zhǔn)適度的醫(yī)療。
危險(xiǎn)因素最初是由Framingham心臟研究定義的,是指與疾病或感染相關(guān)的變量,該研究顯示在40~89歲的人群血壓從115/75 mmHg開始,收縮壓每升高20 mmHg或舒張壓每升高10 mmHg,心腦血管疾病發(fā)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)倍增[7],因此高血壓是一個(gè)危險(xiǎn)因素,并非是一種疾病,它對(duì)應(yīng)的是患心腦血管疾病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)或概率增加,我們治療高血壓的目的也是為了降低發(fā)生心腦血管等疾病的概率[6]。
原發(fā)性高血壓作為一種疾病是1877年定義的,是指無明顯原因的持續(xù)的血壓增高并伴有由此導(dǎo)致的心血管損害,這個(gè)定義強(qiáng)調(diào)了要有因血壓增高導(dǎo)致的心血管損害[8]。2005年對(duì)高血壓定義進(jìn)行了重新修定,指由復(fù)雜的相互作用的病因引起的進(jìn)行性的心血管綜合征[9],但臨床上是以非同日3次血壓測(cè)量值高于140/90 mmHg來做診斷[6],這是基于量變而非質(zhì)變的診斷,而血壓的波動(dòng)性決定了這種診斷必然存在較大的誤差[10],蒙特卡洛方法評(píng)估的結(jié)果顯示血壓正常人有27%~76%的概率被誤診為輕度高血壓[11]。一些患者受勞累、心理情緒、睡眠等因素影響,血壓在一段時(shí)間內(nèi)呈現(xiàn)一過性升高,在去除影響因素或生活方式改善后血壓即能恢復(fù)正常,并不能診斷高血壓而終身用藥。
在把人群分為健康-風(fēng)險(xiǎn)-疾病三種狀態(tài)下,當(dāng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與疾病的界限越來越模糊,過度診療就很容易發(fā)生。危險(xiǎn)因素需要控制,但如果把危險(xiǎn)因素完全等同于疾病,不管未來患心腦血管疾病的概率是大是小都進(jìn)行藥物治療,不加區(qū)分地認(rèn)為獲益一定大于藥物副作用,就會(huì)成為過度診療。
傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為血壓與心血管風(fēng)險(xiǎn)呈線性關(guān)系,血壓越低,心血管疾病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)越低,但這種線性關(guān)系是log-線性[12],同樣使血壓降低10 mmHg,初始血壓為160 mmHg的人比140 mmHg的人絕對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降得更多,而當(dāng)血壓降到一定的程度時(shí),絕對(duì)的獲益就變得微乎其微,甚至危害更大,所以血壓并非越低越好,如舒張壓低至一定程度,患者缺血性心臟病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)反而增加[13]。重新評(píng)估Framingham研究的數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)現(xiàn),上述log-線性關(guān)系實(shí)際上是logistic線性回歸模型處理后的“假象”,在收縮壓≥140 mmHg的人群,有很大比例的人的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)并不增加[14]。對(duì)于高齡老人而言,高血壓與患病率和致死率的關(guān)系仍存在很大爭(zhēng)議,一些研究顯示它們之間沒有關(guān)系甚至呈相反的關(guān)系[15-17]。美國心臟協(xié)會(huì)以血壓低于120/80 mmHg等7項(xiàng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來界定心血管健康理想狀態(tài),以這個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)衡量,我國成年人心血管處于理想狀態(tài)的僅有0.2%[18],西班牙也是0.2%[19],韓國中年人為0.67%[20],美國同樣不足1%[21]。我們認(rèn)為這種理想狀態(tài)的界定,是血壓越低越好觀念的反映,以此為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)將全世界絕大多數(shù)人定義為心血管狀態(tài)不理想只會(huì)助推過度診療。盡管高血壓是心血管疾病的危險(xiǎn)因素,但是我們并不能反向推理認(rèn)為降壓藥可以在個(gè)體或群體水平預(yù)防疾病的發(fā)生[22]。系統(tǒng)回顧分析顯示沒有證據(jù)支持低危(無心血管疾病、糖尿病、腎臟病等)的輕度高血壓患者(收縮壓140~159和(或)舒張壓90~99 mmHg)使用降壓藥會(huì)獲益[23],對(duì)此加拿大、歐洲的高血壓指南也承認(rèn)需要更多的研究[24-25]。
血壓在人群中接近于正態(tài)分布,以哪一個(gè)血壓值作為高血壓與正常血壓的界值,理論上應(yīng)該根據(jù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)來選取,在界值點(diǎn)之下,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較低,而且隨血壓的增高,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加緩慢;在界值點(diǎn)之上,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加較快,但對(duì)于不同年齡和不同性別的人群而言,這個(gè)界值點(diǎn)是不同的[14],當(dāng)前對(duì)于成年人的高血壓診斷,人為地劃定了一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的界值—140/90mmHg是為了簡(jiǎn)化診斷方法,歷史上對(duì)這個(gè)統(tǒng)一的界值也曾多次做過修定[26-27],所以140/90 mmHg只是當(dāng)前診斷高血壓的參考標(biāo)準(zhǔn),并非金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的概念。同樣理想血壓與正常血壓的界值點(diǎn)120/80 mmHg也是人為劃定的。人體每時(shí)每刻都在根據(jù)代謝的需要調(diào)節(jié)著血壓,理想的血壓應(yīng)該是為血液循環(huán)提供足夠動(dòng)力的同時(shí)不對(duì)心血管造成損害,對(duì)于不同的個(gè)體或者同一個(gè)體的不同狀態(tài),這種理想的血壓水平應(yīng)是不固定的。
血壓值是測(cè)量出來的,測(cè)量的準(zhǔn)確性很大程度決定著高血壓診斷的準(zhǔn)確性。在中國,舒張壓處于85~90 mmHg的人如果測(cè)量發(fā)生+5 mmHg的誤差,就會(huì)有上千萬的人被誤診為高血壓,而以最準(zhǔn)的A級(jí)電子血壓計(jì)(英國高血壓協(xié)會(huì)BHS標(biāo)準(zhǔn))為例,被測(cè)血壓與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)血壓(柯氏音法)比較,之間的差值≤5 mmHg的占60%,≤10 mmHg占90%,≤15 mmHg的占95%[28],而柯氏音法,本身也受很多因素影響,特別是受主觀聽力、視力的影響很大[29]。由此可見,血壓測(cè)量只是相對(duì)準(zhǔn)確,因此血壓的多次測(cè)量和測(cè)量規(guī)范就十分重要,歐洲、美國、中國都專門針對(duì)血壓測(cè)量頒布了指南[30-32],但在實(shí)際中,無論是診室血壓測(cè)量,還是家庭血壓測(cè)量都存在著操作不規(guī)范的問題[33-34]。動(dòng)態(tài)血壓測(cè)量具有測(cè)量次數(shù)多,能夠檢測(cè)夜間血壓的優(yōu)勢(shì),但是由于測(cè)量時(shí)患者的狀態(tài)不固定,夜間測(cè)量影響患者的睡眠質(zhì)量[35],這些都會(huì)對(duì)測(cè)量結(jié)果產(chǎn)生影響,需要綜合評(píng)判。此外血壓計(jì)的定期校準(zhǔn)也十分重要。
收縮壓在人體動(dòng)脈系統(tǒng)中每一點(diǎn)都是不同的,當(dāng)前的高血壓診斷是以測(cè)量肱動(dòng)脈血壓作為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的,而中心動(dòng)脈壓能直接反映心臟的前后負(fù)荷,與心血管疾病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更為相關(guān)[36]。對(duì)群體而言,中心動(dòng)脈壓與肱動(dòng)脈血壓具有較好的相關(guān)性,但對(duì)個(gè)體而言,中心動(dòng)脈壓與肱動(dòng)脈收縮壓的關(guān)系因人而異,差別很大,可達(dá)40 mmHg[37],我們調(diào)查了中國30個(gè)?。ㄗ灾螀^(qū)、直轄市)80129名青年男性的血壓數(shù)據(jù)也顯示肱動(dòng)脈血壓與中心動(dòng)脈壓的差值在1~55 mmHg。肱動(dòng)脈收縮壓同為140 mmHg的1141名志愿者,他們的中心動(dòng)脈壓分布于96~136 mmHg之間。對(duì)于肱動(dòng)脈血壓高,而中心動(dòng)脈壓不高的人群,一項(xiàng)長(zhǎng)達(dá)9.5年的隨訪顯示這些人的心血管風(fēng)險(xiǎn)并不高,被稱為假性高血壓[38]。即使是外周血壓與中心動(dòng)脈壓差值較小的老年人群,肱動(dòng)脈血壓與中心動(dòng)脈壓差值大的也達(dá)到20 mmHg[39]。因此中心動(dòng)脈壓對(duì)于鑒別青年人的真假高血壓的價(jià)值已被寫入了歐洲高血壓指南[25],未來我國的高血壓指南也應(yīng)關(guān)注重視中心動(dòng)脈壓的問題。
上面探討了與高血壓過度診療相關(guān)的5個(gè)問題,高血壓的診療還有很多懸而未決的問題,有待深入地研究。我們只有既看到我國高血壓存在診療不足的情況,又看到存在過度診療的情況;既看到高血壓的危害,又看到血壓作為保障組織血壓灌注的動(dòng)力的“正能量”和藥物的副作用;既看到當(dāng)前高血壓診斷的科學(xué)性,也看到它的局限性,才能全面準(zhǔn)確地認(rèn)識(shí)理解高血壓,進(jìn)而實(shí)現(xiàn)高血壓精準(zhǔn)、適度地診療。高血壓特別是輕度高血壓患者容易被誤診,一旦誤診,高血壓的標(biāo)簽將伴其一生,影響他個(gè)人及家庭的生活、工作,給予不必要的藥物治療,甚至終身服藥,既給他帶來危害,也將給家庭和社會(huì)帶來不必要的經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān),因此需要重視高血壓的過度診療問題,高血壓的診斷不能簡(jiǎn)單化,治療不能忽視生活方式改變,片面強(qiáng)調(diào)藥物達(dá)標(biāo)。
實(shí)現(xiàn)高血壓的精準(zhǔn)、適度診療,需要開展大樣本人群的長(zhǎng)期觀察性研究,形成可橫向比較的群體大數(shù)據(jù)與可縱向比較的個(gè)體小數(shù)據(jù),在把握群體規(guī)律的同時(shí)充分考慮個(gè)體的規(guī)律。我們正在著手開展百萬人群隊(duì)列研究[40],要隨訪一百萬人至少20年時(shí)間,為中國人的健康評(píng)估提供精準(zhǔn)的數(shù)據(jù)標(biāo)尺,為高血壓的診療研究提供數(shù)據(jù)支撐。
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Over Diagnosis and Over Treatment of Hypertension
Wang Xin-yan1,Tian Li-yuan2
1.Special Diagnosis Department of Air Force General Hospital,Beijing,100142 China;2.Platform Central of Population and Health in Air Force General Hospital,Beijing,100142 China
Over diagnosis and over treatment of hypertension is harmful,but often overlooked.Five related problems are discussed including how to understand whether hypertension is a disease or a dangerous factor,the relationship of blood pressure and cardiovascular disease risk,the cut-off value for diagnosis of hypertension,the limitations of sphygmomanometer and various blood pressure measurement methods and the relationship of brachial artery blood pressure and center artery pressure.The prospect of precise and appropriate diagnosis and treatment of hypertension through large population-based cohort study was put forward.
Hypertension;Over diagnosis and over treatment;Center artery pressure;Dangerous factor;Cardiovascular disease risk
R544.1
A doi 10.11966/j.issn.2095-994X.2016.02.01.20
2016-02-01;
2016-02-17
國家科技基礎(chǔ)性工作專項(xiàng)(2013FY114000)。
王新宴(通信作者),主任醫(yī)師,空軍總醫(yī)院特診科、平臺(tái)中心主任,高血壓門診負(fù)責(zé)人,研究方向?yàn)楦哐獕涸\療研究和個(gè)體化高血壓健康管理,E-mail:wangxinyan@china.com。
田利源博士(并列通信作者),主治醫(yī)師,人口與健康空軍總醫(yī)院平臺(tái)中心資源建設(shè)負(fù)責(zé)人,研究方向?yàn)獒t(yī)學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)解讀、挖掘與共享,E-
mail:tly75@aliyun.com。
王新宴,田利源 .高血壓的過度診療[J].世界復(fù)合醫(yī)學(xué),2016,2(1):73-76.