洪樂樂,陳宇宏,李 勤,黃建安,劉仲華

(1.湖南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué) 茶學(xué)教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,湖南 長(zhǎng)沙 410128;2. 國(guó)家植物功能成分利用工程技術(shù)研究中心,湖南 長(zhǎng)沙 410128;3. 湖南省植物功能成分利用協(xié)同創(chuàng)新中心 ,湖南 長(zhǎng)沙 410128)

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PM2.5致肺損傷及茶葉對(duì)肺部疾病防治作用的研究進(jìn)展

洪樂樂1,3,陳宇宏1,3,李 勤1,2*,黃建安1,2,劉仲華1,2*

(1.湖南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué) 茶學(xué)教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,湖南 長(zhǎng)沙 410128;2. 國(guó)家植物功能成分利用工程技術(shù)研究中心,湖南 長(zhǎng)沙 410128;3. 湖南省植物功能成分利用協(xié)同創(chuàng)新中心 ,湖南 長(zhǎng)沙 410128)

PM2.5是指直徑小于或等于2.5μm的顆粒物,也稱細(xì)顆粒物,易附帶有毒、有害物質(zhì),導(dǎo)致肺部疾病.茶葉中含有茶多酚、黃酮、茶黃素等多種營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì),對(duì)防治肺部疾病的發(fā)生具有良好的效果.本文以PM2.5的毒性及茶葉的保健功能為出發(fā)點(diǎn),綜述了PM2.5致肺損傷及茶葉對(duì)肺部疾病的防治作用,為預(yù)防PM2.5所致疾病及茶葉的后期開發(fā)與利用提供理論依據(jù).

PM2.5;茶葉;肺損傷;防治作用

隨著我國(guó)工業(yè)的日趨發(fā)展以及頻繁出現(xiàn)的霧霾天氣,讓人們?cè)絹碓郊由盍藢?duì)一個(gè)名詞的了解--PM2.5.所謂PM2.5,即直徑小于或等于2.5μm的顆粒物,也稱細(xì)顆粒物[1].近年來,中國(guó)大氣PM2.5的污染極其嚴(yán)重.與較粗的大氣顆粒物相比,PM2.5對(duì)人體健康和大氣環(huán)境質(zhì)量的影響更大.因?yàn)橹睆皆叫?進(jìn)入呼吸道的部位越深,易引起各種呼吸道疾病.

茶是世界上飲用最廣泛的飲料,茶葉及其提取物能影響一些慢性疾病的發(fā)病機(jī)理.已有不少研究表明茶葉及其提取物對(duì)肺部疾病等具有防治作用,也有實(shí)驗(yàn)研究證明茶葉具有一些可以清除多種自由基的功能成分,對(duì)機(jī)體抗氧化有明顯的促進(jìn)作用,在保護(hù)肺組織正常功能上也有顯著的防治作用.

本文對(duì)PM2.5與肺損傷的關(guān)系及茶葉對(duì)肺部疾病的防治作用機(jī)理進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)而全面地綜述,旨在為茶葉的合理開發(fā)與利用提供科學(xué)依據(jù).

1　PM2.5致肺損傷的研究進(jìn)展

顆粒物的成分很復(fù)雜,主要取決于其來源.PM2.5可以由硫和氮的氧化物轉(zhuǎn)化而成,其主要來自于化石燃料(煤、石油等)和垃圾的燃燒,還有二手煙、焚香金紙等都能形成PM2.5.PM2.5可以進(jìn)入人肺部并引起各種呼吸道疾病,給大氣環(huán)境和人體健康帶來極大危害[2].《環(huán)境研究通訊》雜志(Environmental Research Letters)2013年有一項(xiàng)報(bào)告稱,全球每年因空氣污染死亡的人數(shù)已超過200萬人.死亡原因主要是大氣中PM2.5等懸浮顆粒物濃度上升,對(duì)人體肺部造成損害.可見,PM2.5對(duì)人體健康的危害極大.因此,研究PM2.5致肺損傷的作用機(jī)理已迫在眉睫.

PM2.5 是一種肺部可吸入的毒性因子,大量毒理實(shí)驗(yàn)研究以及流行病學(xué)調(diào)查均顯示暴露于 PM2.5 將會(huì)對(duì)機(jī)體健康產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重的損害,能引起各種呼吸道疾病,如哮喘、肺功能下降、肺癌等,甚至導(dǎo)致心血管疾病及免疫系統(tǒng)崩潰等[3-7]. PM2.5能深入滲透到肺部,刺激和腐蝕肺泡壁,比PM10 對(duì)人體的危害更大.已有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),若將 PM2.5濃度增加10ug/m3,將引起總死亡率增加12.07%[7].也就是說,大氣中PM2.5 濃度升高大大增加了人的發(fā)病率和死亡率.程碩、王偉[8]等的細(xì)胞毒性研究顯示,PM2.5 在一定濃度范圍內(nèi)能導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞死亡,引起細(xì)胞的氧化損傷,影響DNA的復(fù)制,阻礙細(xì)胞增殖.近年來,許多科學(xué)家都致力于探索PM2.5對(duì)機(jī)體的毒性機(jī)制,指出可吸入顆粒物對(duì)肺組織的損傷主要分為氧化損傷和炎性損傷兩大類.許多研究表明,PM2.5進(jìn)入人體肺組織后,其本身具有自由基活性,且含有的金屬、有機(jī)成分等也能夠誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生自由基,這些自由基導(dǎo)致了肺組織的氧化性損傷.Valko[9]等指出,自由基會(huì)引起氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng),造成細(xì)胞氧化還原失衡,以及細(xì)胞癌變.Donaldson和Beswick[10]等通過實(shí)驗(yàn)證明了環(huán)境顆粒物的表面可以產(chǎn)生自由基, Donaldson[11]等還證明了鐵(Fe)參與了這個(gè)過程. Shi[12]等發(fā)現(xiàn)細(xì)顆粒物可使肺泡細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生(?OH)自由基,并誘發(fā)8-OH脫氧鳥嘌(8-OHdG)的形成.Kennedy T[13]等研究發(fā)現(xiàn)銅(Cu)可能也是引起可吸入顆粒物造成肺損傷的一個(gè)過渡金屬.姜智海[14]等用PM2.5水溶液對(duì)小鼠進(jìn)行氣管滴注染毒24 h 后測(cè)得支氣管肺灌洗液中乳酸脫氫酶(LDH)、堿性磷酸酶(AKP)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、白蛋白(ALB)、NO 、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)、丙二醛(MDA) 、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD) 等含量以及TNF-α、IL-1 活性較對(duì)照組均有顯著增高(P<0.05).Jimenez[15]等通過體外實(shí)驗(yàn)證明PM10可以使細(xì)胞的NF-kB、DNA 結(jié)合催化蛋白-1、IL-8 mRNA 以及TNF-a 的表達(dá)量顯著增加,并且提高嗜中性粒細(xì)胞的趨化活性.Kelly, F. J.等[16]研究了顆粒物對(duì)氧化生物學(xué)和免疫反應(yīng)的影響,證明了顆粒物的吸入確實(shí)會(huì)引起肺部炎癥活動(dòng),從而引起動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化、缺血性心血管和心臟自主神經(jīng)功能的改變及阻塞性肺疾病等.由此可見,PM2.5是導(dǎo)致肺損傷的重要因素,保護(hù)環(huán)境,嚴(yán)控大氣中PM2.5濃度,對(duì)預(yù)防肺部疾病的發(fā)生有著重要意義.

2　茶及其提取物對(duì)肺部疾病防治作用的研究進(jìn)展

面對(duì)肺部疾病發(fā)病率和死亡率的日漸加大,開發(fā)經(jīng)濟(jì)有效的預(yù)防藥物勢(shì)在必行.茶作為世界上最廣泛的飲料,不僅其口味受全球稱贊,而且還含有茶多酚、黃酮、可溶性糖、氨基酸、咖啡堿等有益于身心健康的營(yíng)養(yǎng)和藥理成分,被專家推薦為最適宜飲用的健康飲料.茶葉及其提取物在防治肺部疾病等方面已有諸多研究,含有的一些理化成分可以阻斷肺部相關(guān)致病細(xì)胞信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路、參與致病相關(guān)的酶的調(diào)控等,從而防治肺部疾病.而PM2.5進(jìn)入肺部,表現(xiàn)出類似的病理特點(diǎn),因此,茶葉對(duì)PM2.5所致肺部疾病的防治,將有巨大的醫(yī)學(xué)研究?jī)r(jià)值和廣闊的市場(chǎng)前景.

茶葉及其提取物中的有機(jī)成分能影響一些急性或慢性疾病的發(fā)病機(jī)理,甚至可以預(yù)防腫瘤的發(fā)生和在抗腫瘤的機(jī)制上起到很重要的作用.國(guó)內(nèi)外有很多研究表明茶葉及其提取物能防治各種肺部疾病.Yang[17]等的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究也表明喝茶可以抑制肺癌及腫瘤的發(fā)生.Banerjee和Maity[18]等研究了紅茶對(duì)香煙引起的細(xì)胞凋亡和肺損傷的防治作用及其機(jī)理.Bonner和Rothman[19]的試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明綠茶可以降低得肺癌的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),其可能原因是喝茶可以抑制氧化應(yīng)激和DNA損傷.劉英莉等[20]通過動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)研究表明茶多酚對(duì)石英粉塵引起的脂質(zhì)過氧化損傷有一定的保護(hù)作用.Ganguly, C.[21]等研究了茶多酚對(duì)高度轉(zhuǎn)移性肺癌細(xì)胞株NCI-H460的增殖及凋亡的影響及相關(guān)的基因表達(dá),表明茶多酚可以抑制肺癌細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)和存活.Milligan等[22]的研究表明EGCG是細(xì)胞增殖的有效抑制劑,可以抑制一些肺癌細(xì)胞株中的細(xì)胞增殖、C-Met受體、EGFR激酶活性的能力.Lu, Q. Y.[23]等研究發(fā)現(xiàn)綠茶提取物是一種重要的抗炎介質(zhì),參與肺部致癌作用的關(guān)鍵炎癥通路C0X-2, 誘導(dǎo)癌細(xì)胞凋亡,探討了預(yù)防肺癌和其他相關(guān)炎癥的機(jī)制.李曉煥[24]通過研究小鼠肺損傷的機(jī)制、小鼠肺組織形態(tài)學(xué)改變、血清中炎癥因子指標(biāo)的改變及肺組織中炎癥因子的差異性表達(dá)等證明了茶多酚對(duì)煙熏致肺損傷小鼠有一定的保護(hù)作用.莫貴艷[25]的研究表明茶氨酸可以在一定程度上抑制內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞增殖,誘導(dǎo)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞凋亡,抑制內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞體外血管形成,從而抑制裸鼠移植瘤新生血管的形成.不同的茶有不同的對(duì)NHBE細(xì)胞保護(hù)作用.GCGC和GA的主要活性成分是茶利用主成分分析法(PCA)對(duì)肺癌化學(xué)預(yù)防.Jin, P.和Zhu, F. X.[26]認(rèn)為不同的茶對(duì)NHBE細(xì)胞有不同的保護(hù)作用,GCGC和GA是茶中預(yù)防肺癌的主要活性成分.王利兵[27]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)茶多酚防治低氧性肺動(dòng)脈高壓可能是通過促進(jìn)Smac與caspase-3表達(dá),進(jìn)而促進(jìn)肺動(dòng)脈平滑肌細(xì)胞凋亡來實(shí)現(xiàn).Pan, J[28]等通過對(duì)RNA序列進(jìn)行分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)了綠茶抑制肺腫瘤的形成的主要途徑是AP-1.Zhou, H.[29]等試驗(yàn)研究了EGCG在小鼠肺癌中mRNA的基因調(diào)控中的作用,發(fā)現(xiàn)EGCG對(duì)肺癌的發(fā)生有一定的防治作用.徐麗倩[30]等試驗(yàn)研究了茶多酚和黃芩苷對(duì)百草枯中毒大鼠血清及肺組織TGF-β1和HIF-1α表達(dá)的影響,試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明:茶多酚、黃芩苷對(duì)急性PQ中毒大鼠血清及肺組織TGF-β1、HIF-1α表達(dá)有下調(diào)作用,可見,茶多酚和黃芩苷可以防治各種肺部疾病.Lu, Q. Y.[31]等通過綠茶對(duì)非小細(xì)胞肺癌細(xì)胞的抑制研究,提供了一種預(yù)防肺癌和其它炎癥疾病的新的研究機(jī)制.

3　展望

雖然我國(guó)已有了保護(hù)環(huán)境的意識(shí)及相應(yīng)措施,但治理效果不容樂觀,生存在霧霾天中的人們依舊深受其害.由于PM2.5是一種復(fù)雜的復(fù)合物,其導(dǎo)致肺部疾病的不利元素可能會(huì)隨著季節(jié)、環(huán)境而不同,對(duì)肺組織損傷的程度和機(jī)制也會(huì)相應(yīng)發(fā)生變化[32,33],所以目前市場(chǎng)上預(yù)防PM2.5所造成傷害的藥物并不多見.面對(duì)已被嚴(yán)重污染的大氣環(huán)境以及由PM2.5導(dǎo)致的越來越多的肺部疾病,開發(fā)預(yù)防治療肺部疾病的有效藥物已是重要課題.而茶葉作為含有各種功能成分的飲品,用飲茶來減少PM2.5給身體帶來的傷害也越來越被認(rèn)可.從相關(guān)研究文獻(xiàn)可知,茶葉及其提取物可預(yù)防肺部疾病的發(fā)生,消除自由基,抵制炎癥反應(yīng)等,因此,展開茶葉對(duì)PM2.5所致肺部疾病的防治作用機(jī)理研究,并用于臨床試驗(yàn),不僅可以促進(jìn)人們對(duì)茶葉的普遍飲用,發(fā)揮茶葉的保健作用,并且可以為茶葉保健功能的研究與保健產(chǎn)品的開發(fā)利用提供理論依據(jù).

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Research progress of the Lung diseases caused by PM2.5 and the Prevention and cure effect of tea on lung diseases

HONG Le-le1,3,CHEN Yu-hong1,3,LI Qin1,2*,HUANG Jian-an1,2,LIU Zhong-hua1,2*
(1.Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University,Changsha 410128, China; 2. National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals,Changsha 410128, China;3. Hunan Co-Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha 410128, China)

PM2.5 refers to the particulate matter whose diamete is less than or equal to 2.5 microns, also known as fine particulate matter with poisonous and harmful substances, causing lung diseases easily.Tea contains a variety of nutrients such as polyphenols, flavonoids, theaflavins, having a good effect for the prevention and treatment of lung disease. This paper took the toxicity of PM2.5 and the health care function of tea as a starting point of the research, discussed the lung injury caused by PM2.5 and the prevention and cure function of tea to the harm, providing a theoretical basis for preventing the diseases caused by PM2.5 and the development and utilization of tea.

PM2.5, Tea, Lung injury, Prevention and cure function

S571.1,R285.5

A

1009-525X(2016)02-08-12

2016-03-10

2016-04-21

湖南省重大科技項(xiàng)目(2013FJ007)

洪樂樂(1991-),女,湖南岳陽人,在讀碩士研究生,研究方向:茶葉加工及功能成分化學(xué).

李勤,liqinvip@126.com; 劉仲華,larkin-liu@163.com