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        ?

        涓流細(xì)雨

        2016-03-17 16:04:52
        關(guān)鍵詞:林火災(zāi)害衛(wèi)星

        ?

        涓流細(xì)雨

        “Many disasters would not happen and many lives and livelihoods would be saved if there was greater public awareness of the threats posed by natural hazards such as tsunamis.Declaring November 5,World Tsunami Awareness Day is a welcome step.It will help to focus attention on measures which can be taken to reduce risks from both man-made and natural hazards and to ensure that more people live and work in places which are free from the threat not just of tsunamis but other sudden onset hazards such as earthquakes,floods and storms.It should be remembered that the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami which claimed some 230,000 lives from countries across the world galvanised political commitment to reducing disaster risk and disaster losses.The memory of that event helped to ensure the adoption of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction this year which sets targets for the first time on reducing mortality,the numbers of people affected,economic losses and damage to critical infrastructure from disasters.”

        “如果公眾意識(shí)能對(duì)海嘯這樣的自然災(zāi)害所帶來(lái)的威脅有更充分的認(rèn)識(shí),很多災(zāi)難就不會(huì)發(fā)生,很多生命和生計(jì)就能得到保護(hù)。2015年11月5日,世界海嘯警示日的建立是一個(gè)很好的步驟。警示日的設(shè)立能幫助人們專(zhuān)注于可以減少人為和自然災(zāi)害帶來(lái)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的措施,確保更多的人生活和工作在遠(yuǎn)離海嘯以及地震、洪水和風(fēng)暴等突發(fā)災(zāi)害的地方。應(yīng)該記住2004年印度洋海嘯讓多個(gè)國(guó)家的約23萬(wàn)人罹難,從而啟動(dòng)了減少災(zāi)害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和損失的政治承諾進(jìn)程。對(duì)那次事件的記憶幫助確保了今年降低災(zāi)害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)仙臺(tái)框架獲得通過(guò),第一次設(shè)立了減少死亡率、受影響人數(shù)、災(zāi)害給關(guān)鍵基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施帶來(lái)的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失和損壞的目標(biāo)?!?/p>

        ——聯(lián)合國(guó)大會(huì)根據(jù)日本和智利牽頭提出的議案,確認(rèn)11月5日為世界海嘯警示日。對(duì)此決議,聯(lián)合國(guó)減災(zāi)辦公室的Margareta Wahlstr?m發(fā)表了上述看法。

        “Weather,climate,water and related environmental conditions have a major impact on our global society and economy,WMO Members have to be better prepared for extreme weather events and to adapt to the changing climate,and National Meteorological and Hydrological Services will be pivotal to these efforts.I look forward to leading WMO in an era when attention is focussed on how to implement the ambitious Paris Agreement on climate change and cut emissions of greenhouse gases.The scientific and meteorological community will continue to work to strengthen the knowledge and services that will underpin climate-smart decision-making and effective and practical action.My objective as Secretary-General will be to develop WMO activities so that they give even greater support to National Meteorological and Hydrological Services,which are now working in an increasingly challenging operating environment”

        “天氣、氣候、水和相關(guān)環(huán)境條件對(duì)全球社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)具有重要影響,WMO成員需更好應(yīng)對(duì)極端天氣事件和適應(yīng)變化的氣候,國(guó)家氣象和水文局在其中將起關(guān)鍵作用。我期待在關(guān)注于如何落實(shí)信心滿滿的巴黎氣候變化協(xié)議和減少溫室氣體排放的時(shí)代引領(lǐng)WMO。科學(xué)界和氣象界將繼續(xù)努力強(qiáng)化知識(shí)和服務(wù),以支持智能氣候決策和有效且實(shí)際的行動(dòng)。我作為秘書(shū)長(zhǎng)的目標(biāo)將是促進(jìn)WMO活動(dòng)開(kāi)展,從而給予當(dāng)前面對(duì)挑戰(zhàn)性不斷增加的業(yè)務(wù)環(huán)境的國(guó)家氣象水文局以更大的支持?!?/p>

        ——新任WMO秘書(shū)長(zhǎng)佩蒂瑞·塔拉斯(Petteri Taalas)就其新任命在WMO官方網(wǎng)站發(fā)表上述表態(tài)。在2015年6月召開(kāi)的世界氣象大會(huì)上,塔拉斯被任命為世界氣象組織下一任秘書(shū)長(zhǎng),他接替已有3個(gè)任期的米歇爾·雅羅(法國(guó)),從2016 年1月1日起擔(dān)任WMO秘書(shū)長(zhǎng),任期4年。David Grimes(加拿大)當(dāng)選 WMO 主席。Antonio Divino Moura(巴西)、Mieczyslaw S.Ostojski(波蘭)和Abdalah Mokssit(摩洛哥)分別當(dāng)選第一、第二和第三副主席。塔拉斯自 2002 年起擔(dān)任芬蘭氣象局局長(zhǎng),在2005—2007年還曾擔(dān)任WMO發(fā)展和區(qū)域行動(dòng)司司長(zhǎng)。他在管理國(guó)家和國(guó)際專(zhuān)家組織方面經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富,在提高效率、創(chuàng)新、提升客戶及職員滿意度方面都表現(xiàn)出較強(qiáng)的能力。他具有較強(qiáng)的科學(xué)背景,特別是在大氣科學(xué)研究方面。他在全球氣候變化、衛(wèi)星方法學(xué)和大氣化學(xué)方面已發(fā)表了約50個(gè)出版物。塔拉斯曾在數(shù)個(gè)國(guó)家和國(guó)際組織任職,并擔(dān)任管理層職務(wù)(例如 WMO 執(zhí)行理事會(huì)和歐洲中期天氣預(yù)報(bào)中心理事會(huì)成員),他還曾擔(dān)任 EUMETSAT 理事會(huì)和EUMETNET 理事會(huì)的主席。

        “It’s certainly true that we are recognized as the world leader in global numerical weather prediction out to a couple weeks ahead.But one can oversimplify this,because that statement about who has the best predictions is the average over many forecasts.The ECMWF is recognized as being at the forefront of how to do that data assimilation to get the most from the observations.We take our observations not at just a single time but over a window of several hours.Information from prior short-range forecasts is merged with the observations.”

        “在提前數(shù)周的全球數(shù)值天氣預(yù)報(bào)方面,我們當(dāng)然被認(rèn)為是世界領(lǐng)先者。但是,人們會(huì)過(guò)分簡(jiǎn)化這個(gè)說(shuō)法,因?yàn)槟侵灰馕吨芏囝A(yù)報(bào)平均來(lái)看誰(shuí)做得最好。ECMWF意識(shí)到,作為數(shù)據(jù)同化的領(lǐng)先者,怎樣才能從觀測(cè)中獲得最多信息。我們不僅僅在一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)上利用觀測(cè),而是在幾個(gè)小時(shí)的時(shí)間窗口里這樣做。前期短期預(yù)報(bào)信息與觀測(cè)要相互融合?!?/p>

        ——2015年底卸任ECMWF主任的Alan Thorpe先生,在接受《今日物理》雜志采訪時(shí),針對(duì)在數(shù)值天氣預(yù)報(bào)領(lǐng)域,ECMWF世界第一、英國(guó)氣象局和美國(guó)氣象局排在二、三位的觀點(diǎn)時(shí),做了如上回答。其中不乏作為領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的自豪和審慎,也道出了數(shù)據(jù)同化在數(shù)值預(yù)報(bào)中的關(guān)鍵作用。

        “Jason-3 will continue the legacy of the Topex/Poseidon and earlier Jason satellites by gathering environmental intelligence from the world’s oceans,Jason-3 will tell us about the heat of the ocean,vital data if a tropical storm or hurricane is tracking into that location.Having up-to-date sea surface temperatures will help NOAA forecasters better determine if a storm may intensify.”

        “Jason-3將解析世界海洋的環(huán)境,讓Topex/Poseidon和早期Jason衛(wèi)星的使命繼往開(kāi)來(lái),Jason-3將會(huì)告訴我們海洋的熱量,以及一旦熱帶風(fēng)暴或颶風(fēng)進(jìn)入視野的關(guān)鍵數(shù)據(jù)。掌握最新海表面溫度將幫助NOAA的預(yù)報(bào)員更好地確定風(fēng)暴是否會(huì)加強(qiáng)。”

        ——2016年1月17日,美國(guó)和歐洲(參加機(jī)構(gòu)有NOAA、NASA、CNES和EUMETSAT)聯(lián)合研制的監(jiān)測(cè)海洋高度系列衛(wèi)星的最后一顆——Jason-3升空并進(jìn)入預(yù)定的距離地球830英里的地球低軌道。該衛(wèi)星將進(jìn)行6個(gè)月的衛(wèi)星負(fù)載儀器的在軌測(cè)試,之后將業(yè)務(wù)化,并且和2008年升空的Jason-2衛(wèi)星共同開(kāi)展探測(cè)。Jason-3上搭載的雷達(dá)高度計(jì),每10天能夠?qū)Φ厍蛏?5%的無(wú)冰海洋進(jìn)行探測(cè)。該系列衛(wèi)星最早可以追溯到1992年發(fā)射的Topex/Poseidon衛(wèi)星,從那時(shí)起的23年來(lái),全球海平面升高了70mm,平均每年3mm。談到新的衛(wèi)星發(fā)射成功,NOAA衛(wèi)星和信息局局長(zhǎng)Stephen Volz博士做出如上闡述。

        “History is written by those who commit,not those who calculate.Today you have committed.”

        “歷史是由承諾者而非計(jì)算的人寫(xiě)就,今天你們做出了承諾。”

        ——2015年12月在法國(guó)巴黎召開(kāi)的氣候大會(huì)達(dá)成減排協(xié)議后,法國(guó)總統(tǒng)奧朗德向各國(guó)談判代表說(shuō)道。

        “Congress should pass the Wildfire Disaster Funding Act.Pending in the House and the Senate,the bill would change how the federal government budgets for the suppression of wildfire disasters,making it similar to the way other responses to natural disasters are funded.”

        “國(guó)會(huì)應(yīng)該通過(guò)林火災(zāi)害基金法,眾參兩院還在審理,這樣的法案將改變聯(lián)邦政府預(yù)算如何抑制林火災(zāi)害,使得類(lèi)似應(yīng)對(duì)其他自然災(zāi)害資助渠道建立起來(lái)。”

        ——2015年美國(guó)林火可能會(huì)達(dá)到一個(gè)破紀(jì)錄的水平,前9個(gè)月大約4.5萬(wàn)次火災(zāi)的過(guò)火面積就達(dá)到了350萬(wàn)hm2,而10月才經(jīng)常是美國(guó)林火最多的月份。今年美國(guó)林業(yè)局也首次將超過(guò)其預(yù)算一半的經(jīng)費(fèi)投入到火災(zāi)管理。大自然保護(hù)協(xié)會(huì)(The Nature Conservancy)北美區(qū)域協(xié)會(huì)所屬的恢復(fù)美國(guó)森林組織主席Christopher Topik在Science雜志上撰文,呼吁建立美國(guó)林火災(zāi)害基金法。

        “We’re excited to bring more supercomputing power to the scientific community.Whether it’s the threat of solar storms or a heightened risk in certain severe weather events,this new system will help lead to improved predictions and strengthen society’s resilience to potential disasters.”

        “向科學(xué)界提供更強(qiáng)大的計(jì)算能力很令我們興奮。無(wú)論是太陽(yáng)風(fēng)暴的威脅還是某些激烈天氣事件升級(jí)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),這一新系統(tǒng)有助于改進(jìn)預(yù)報(bào)和強(qiáng)化社會(huì)對(duì)潛在災(zāi)害的彈性?!?/p>

        ——NCAR在2016年初宣布,引進(jìn)以懷俄明州首府“夏延”(Cheyenne)命名的新超級(jí)計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)。在解釋該系統(tǒng)的意義時(shí),NCAR業(yè)務(wù)和服務(wù)主任Anke Kamrath做出以上表述。據(jù)悉,將在2017年交付的由SGI公司制造的“夏延”計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng),其運(yùn)算速度將達(dá)到每秒5340億萬(wàn)次,是目前在NCAR運(yùn)行的IBM“黃石”計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)的2倍多。此外,新系統(tǒng)的內(nèi)存高達(dá)313TB,計(jì)算節(jié)點(diǎn)超過(guò)4000個(gè)。按照今天的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),“夏延”的計(jì)算能力在全球勉強(qiáng)可以排進(jìn)前10名。

        “In the past decade,ECMWF has improved substantially the model components and the algorithms used to estimate the initial and forecast states,expressed in terms of a probability distribution function(PDF)of earth-system states.Atmospheric processes have been made more realistic,and ocean processes,aerosols and chemical species have been included in the forecast model.These advances have led to the extension of ensemble-based,probabilistic predictions out to sub-seasonal and seasonal time ranges.How far ahead can we provide skilful forecasts? More precisely,if we consider phenomena with increasingly coarse scales(both spatially and temporally),how far ahead can we predict them? In this talk,these questions are addressed applying the forecast skill horizon framework to ECMWF ensemble forecasts.Results based on 1 year of forecasts indicate that the forecast skill horizon for instantaneous,grid-point fields is between 16—23 days,while it is considerably longer for time- and spatial-average fields.Forecast skill horizons longer than the 2 weeks,thought to be the limit up to twenty years ago,are now achievable thanks to major advances in numerical weather prediction.”

        “過(guò)去10年,ECMWF大幅度改進(jìn)了模式組件和估計(jì)初始狀態(tài)和預(yù)報(bào)狀態(tài)的算法,用概率分布函數(shù)(PDF)表示地球系統(tǒng)的狀態(tài)。大氣過(guò)程更加接近真實(shí)情況,而海洋過(guò)程、氣溶膠和化學(xué)物質(zhì)進(jìn)入了預(yù)報(bào)模式。這些進(jìn)展使得基于集合預(yù)報(bào)的概率預(yù)報(bào)拓展到季節(jié)內(nèi)和季節(jié)時(shí)間段。那么我們提供有技巧預(yù)報(bào)最早到底是多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間?更準(zhǔn)確地說(shuō),如果我們考慮不斷增加的空間和時(shí)間粗糙尺度天氣現(xiàn)象,我們能夠提前多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間預(yù)報(bào)它們?我的報(bào)告里,這些問(wèn)題通過(guò)應(yīng)用ECMWF集合預(yù)報(bào)的預(yù)報(bào)技巧范圍框架(the forecast skill horizon framework)加以討論?;?年預(yù)報(bào)的結(jié)果表明,對(duì)于瞬時(shí)、格點(diǎn)場(chǎng)而言,預(yù)報(bào)技巧的范圍在16~23天之間,而對(duì)于時(shí)間和空間平均場(chǎng)而言要長(zhǎng)得多。預(yù)報(bào)技巧的時(shí)間段長(zhǎng)于直到20年前認(rèn)為的2周預(yù)報(bào)極限,是因?yàn)樵跀?shù)值天氣預(yù)報(bào)方面取得了重要進(jìn)展?!?/p>

        ——在2016年初美國(guó)氣象學(xué)會(huì)年會(huì)上,來(lái)自歐洲中期天氣預(yù)報(bào)中心的Roberto Buizza以“預(yù)報(bào)技巧的時(shí)間界限”為題,在“無(wú)縫隙天氣和氣候預(yù)報(bào)——多尺度可預(yù)報(bào)性的期待和局限特別研討會(huì)”上作了特約發(fā)言。

        “It sure looks to me like we’ve changed phases in the PDO”/“If you try to look at PDO and global temperatures,you can come up with a variety of relationships”

        “我確信我們似乎已經(jīng)改變了PDO進(jìn)程?!?“如果你關(guān)注PDO和全球溫度,你會(huì)明白其中的各種關(guān)系?!?/p>

        ——來(lái)自NASA、NOAA和英國(guó)氣象局獨(dú)立的全球溫度記錄均表明,2015年是有記錄以來(lái)全球溫度最高的一年。來(lái)自NOAA的數(shù)據(jù)表明,2015年比之前最高溫度記錄的2014年再高出0.16℃,從而達(dá)到新高,同時(shí)也讓全球平均溫度較工業(yè)化前增高幅度超過(guò)1℃。在談到這一最高記錄產(chǎn)生的原因時(shí),NCAR學(xué)者Kevin Trenberth和NCEP主任Thomas Karl不約而同提到了太平洋十年振蕩(Pacific Decadal Oscillation,PDO),后者為一個(gè)15~30年循環(huán),在正位相和負(fù)位相在東太平洋分別出現(xiàn)較暖和較冷的表面溫度。

        “The International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme(IGBP),which ended in December 2015,can take considerable credit for coordinating and catalyzing much of this fundamental research.The recently launched Future Earth research program builds on this legacy and is the right response to the new scientific challenges.”

        “2015年12月結(jié)束的國(guó)際地圈—生物圈計(jì)劃(IGBP)在協(xié)調(diào)和促進(jìn)這項(xiàng)基礎(chǔ)研究中獲得了巨大聲譽(yù)。最近啟動(dòng)的未來(lái)地球研究計(jì)劃繼承這一榮譽(yù),是新的科學(xué)挑戰(zhàn)的正確應(yīng)對(duì)?!?/p>

        ——地球聯(lián)盟(Earth League)主席,瑞典斯德哥爾摩大學(xué)教授Johan Rockstr?m,以“未來(lái)地球”為題,為最新出版的Science雜志撰寫(xiě)的社論中,結(jié)合巴黎氣候大會(huì)闡述了聯(lián)合國(guó)可持續(xù)發(fā)展目標(biāo)和構(gòu)建穩(wěn)定和彈性地球系統(tǒng)兩項(xiàng)研究的重要意義,禮贊IGBP項(xiàng)目和為新的傳承項(xiàng)目吶喊。

        “All are nominal,fully functioning,and delivering data to us,more than half of the world's 10 largest weather-forecasting agencies have sent Spire letters of intent for data licensing agreements.”

        “所有都正常,全功能運(yùn)行,向我們發(fā)回?cái)?shù)據(jù),世界上10個(gè)最大的天氣預(yù)報(bào)機(jī)構(gòu)一多半都致函Spire表達(dá)獲取數(shù)據(jù)協(xié)議意向?!?/p>

        ——2015年9月,美國(guó)Spire公司成功發(fā)射了4顆“ 狐猴-2”(Lemur-2)立方體衛(wèi)星(CubeSat),借助無(wú)線電掩星技術(shù),從這些衛(wèi)星傳回的數(shù)據(jù)中可以獲得大氣層結(jié)資料。Spire公司的創(chuàng)辦人和CEO,Peter Platzer先生如此介紹“狐猴-2”衛(wèi)星。雖然他并沒(méi)有透露目前在空中的這些衛(wèi)星每天到底能獲得多少大氣層結(jié)數(shù)據(jù),然而他表示,今后兩年該公司可能每個(gè)月發(fā)射4~8顆低成本的“狐猴-2”衛(wèi)星,在2016年底前該技術(shù)走入正軌后,每天可以獲取2萬(wàn)條大氣層結(jié)廓線。

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