王方平,鄭潔
(濰坊醫(yī)學(xué)院,山東 濰坊 261053)
?
微小RNA與惡性腫瘤關(guān)系的研究進展
王方平,鄭潔
(濰坊醫(yī)學(xué)院,山東 濰坊 261053)
微小RNA(miRNA)是真核生物中一類長19~25個核苷酸的內(nèi)源性非編碼小RNA分子,在轉(zhuǎn)錄后水平對基因表達進行負調(diào)控,在細胞的增殖、分化和凋亡過程中發(fā)揮著調(diào)節(jié)器的功能。 腫瘤是涉及原癌基因的激活與抑癌基因的失活,其發(fā)生與發(fā)展過程是多因素、多步驟的。研究表明miRNA的表達與惡性腫瘤的侵襲、轉(zhuǎn)移和復(fù)發(fā)有一定的相關(guān)性。研究并了解miRNA在腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展及轉(zhuǎn)移過程中所發(fā)揮的作用,有助于我們找到治療腫瘤的新方法。該文就miRNA的結(jié)構(gòu)和生物學(xué)特性,以及與腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展、治療、診斷及預(yù)后等方面所發(fā)揮的潛在價值作一綜述。
腫瘤;微小RNA;治療;診斷;預(yù)后
腫瘤是指機體在各種致瘤因子作用下,局部組織細胞在基因水平上失去對其生長的調(diào)控,導(dǎo)致單克隆性異常增生而形成的新生物,因為這種新生物多呈占位性塊狀突起,也稱贅生物。在我國腫瘤的發(fā)病率較高,腫瘤確實是一種嚴(yán)重威脅人們身體健康的疾病。雖然到目前為止腫瘤的治療方法在不斷發(fā)展,但是晚期癌癥患者預(yù)后仍然不佳,腫瘤的轉(zhuǎn)移、侵襲與復(fù)發(fā)仍是一大難題。近幾年來國內(nèi)外通過對癌癥患者的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)與腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展及轉(zhuǎn)移與微小RNA(miRNA)表達有關(guān)[1]。miRNA已被證實為哺乳動物大量的細胞過程的重要調(diào)節(jié)劑,包括細胞增殖、細胞分化和凋亡[2]。研究表明,miRNA在各種腫瘤中具有非常重要的調(diào)節(jié)功能,miRNA通過調(diào)節(jié)原癌基因或抑癌基因與腫瘤的發(fā)生和發(fā)展密切相關(guān)[3]。其中胰腺癌、直腸癌、前列腺癌的miRNA與胃癌的miRNA表達譜具有相似性,但其與乳腺癌和肺癌的miRNA表達譜不同。miRNA通常位于染色體區(qū)域的“脆性點”以及與腫瘤相關(guān)的基因區(qū)域,miRNA是近幾年發(fā)現(xiàn)的內(nèi)源性非編碼小RNA,可調(diào)控相關(guān)靶基因的表達來影響細胞的增殖、侵襲及轉(zhuǎn)移等生物學(xué)行為參與腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展的過程[4-6]。
miRNA是一類長為19~25個核苷酸的內(nèi)源性非編碼小RNA分子,通過基因轉(zhuǎn)錄后調(diào)控與抑制靶基因的表達等途徑來發(fā)揮作用[7]。miRNA最早于1993年發(fā)現(xiàn),Lee等[8]在秀麗隱桿線蟲(Caenorhabditis elegans) 中發(fā)現(xiàn)了能調(diào)控胚胎后期發(fā)育的lin-4。2000年,Reinhart等[9]在線蟲中發(fā)現(xiàn)了時間相關(guān)性miRNA:let-7。2001年據(jù)相關(guān)文獻報道從線蟲、果蠅和人體克隆的幾十個相似秀麗小桿線蟲的lin-4的小RNA基因,統(tǒng)稱為miRNA[10-11]。
miRNA在核內(nèi)是由RNA聚合酶Ⅱ轉(zhuǎn)錄形成的轉(zhuǎn)錄產(chǎn)物pri-miRNA[12],其后在核酸酶Drosha和輔助因子DGCR8/Pasha所構(gòu)成的微處理器復(fù)合體中剪切成長為60~70個核苷酸5′磷酸基團和3′末端二核苷酸莖環(huán)結(jié)構(gòu)的miRNA前體(per-miRNA)[13]。單一1條miRNA對癌癥的診斷意義較小,而多個miRNA組合在一起對腫瘤特異性表達有明顯的階段差異性。
2.1 miRNA與腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展 到目前為止,大約有30種miRNA與腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展及形成相關(guān)。其過程中miRNA即有促進作用也有抑制作用[14]。在胃癌的形成過程中起到促進作用的miRNA有: miR-21、miR-23a、 miR-27a、miR-9、miR-101、miR-106a、miR-13ob、miR-106b-2、miR-200等;其過程中起到抑制作用的miRNA有:miR-31、miR-34、miR-34b/c、miR-93、miR-141、miR-181-c、miR-218、let家族(let-7a、let-7b及l(fā)et-7c)miR-126[15-17]。
正常組織與腫瘤組織中miRNA的表達有所不同。其中miR-148a表達發(fā)生在許多疾病中。Huang等[18]研究表明miR-148a在多發(fā)性骨髓瘤的患者中明顯上升,同時血漿中高濃度的miR-148a與其復(fù)發(fā)生存率相關(guān)。Yuan等[19]報道稱miR-148a的上調(diào)與B細胞的肝癌相關(guān)。Gokhale等[20]研究表明miR-148a與髓母細胞腫瘤有關(guān)。此外,miR-148a的表達活性下降與結(jié)腸癌,前列腺癌以及卵巢癌相關(guān)[21-23]。
研究表明miR-146a與miR-155可能涉及幽門螺旋桿菌(Hp)感染的胃黏膜上皮細胞天然免疫下的NF-κB信號活化的負調(diào)控,從而導(dǎo)致HP感染的胃癌的發(fā)生與發(fā)展[24]。其中miR-21通過調(diào)節(jié)PECK在幽門螺桿菌介導(dǎo)的胃癌過程中發(fā)揮著一定的作用[25]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-218通過作用于ECOP來調(diào)控NF-κB的轉(zhuǎn)錄活性,從而抑制細胞的增殖,加快細胞的凋亡。
miRNA-210的表達上調(diào)與實體腫瘤相關(guān),如乳腺癌、非小細胞肺癌、頭頸部癌、胰腺癌、口腔癌、肝細胞癌、腎上腺皮質(zhì)癌、結(jié)腸癌、卵巢癌、惡性膠質(zhì)瘤及腎細胞癌等[26-27]。
其中miR-200a與miR-200b與EB病毒(EBV)感染密切相關(guān),用EBV感染胃癌細胞后發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-200表達性降低,同時伴有細胞黏附的缺失與cadherin表達性降低[28]。研究結(jié)果表明miRNA-210在乳腺癌患者中的表達是一個獨立危險因素,表達性越高患者的預(yù)后性越差,生存率越低[29]。同時,Camps等[30]也發(fā)現(xiàn)miRNA-210的表達性與存活率及總生存率呈負相關(guān)。
研究表明,miRNA在胃癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展中起著重要的作用。其中miR-150與miR-130b提高胃癌細胞增殖活力及增加細胞的侵襲性來抑制細胞的凋亡,因此發(fā)揮了原癌基因的作用,促進了胃癌的發(fā)生與發(fā)展[31]。
2.2 miRNA與腫瘤的治療 miRNA作為一類控制中心基因表達的調(diào)控因子,在腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展過程當(dāng)中發(fā)揮重要的作用,其可以調(diào)節(jié)蛋白的表達并且影響多種信息途徑,miRNA作為生物治療腫瘤的目標(biāo)分子比基因編碼更加有效[32],同時miRNA與靶基因的甲基化是腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展的重要因素。研究表明胃癌是以miRNA為基礎(chǔ),通過基因敲除來抑制或?qū)iRNA的表達水平進行下調(diào),以此增加miRNA的抑癌基因表達水平來達到治療胃癌的目的[33]。相關(guān)研究表明,胃癌中的一個miRNA可以調(diào)節(jié)多個基因,而多個miRNA可以把一個基因作為共同靶點,因此miRNA與靶點之間的關(guān)系并非是一一對應(yīng)的[34]。在抗腫瘤方面,如把MiR-21、miR-155的反義核苷酸整合為一個反義核苷酸抑制劑(MT-AMO)將比同劑量的單個miRNA 的反義核苷酸更加有效[35]。miRNA改善了化療藥物的耐藥,據(jù)Chen等[36]研究顯示,上調(diào)miR-200c的表達活性可以恢復(fù)E-鈣黏蛋白與Bax蛋白表達,來滅活Bcl-2蛋白的表達;而miR-200c的表達活性也可以抑制胃癌SGC7901/DDP細胞株生長,同時能增強其對順鉑、5-FU、阿霉素、紫衫醇類藥物的敏感性。Zhang等[37]發(fā)現(xiàn)在干擾miR-211、miR-222表達活性后,放療后的胃癌細胞其生存率下降至37%,即下調(diào)miR-211/222表達活性可以抑制胃癌細胞的增殖與轉(zhuǎn)移侵襲,同時能增強放療的敏感性。
2.3 miRNA與腫瘤的診斷及預(yù)后 隨著醫(yī)療技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展,對腫瘤的診治手段也發(fā)生了相應(yīng)的變化,但是癌癥早期的檢出率卻一直沒有明顯的提高,但通過檢測腫瘤中miRNA的表達可以幫助臨床醫(yī)生及時準(zhǔn)確的發(fā)現(xiàn)隱匿的腫瘤。因此檢測外周血中miRNA的表達將可能成為腫瘤診斷標(biāo)志物,并且與比傳統(tǒng)的病理活檢手段更具優(yōu)勢。研究表明外周血中miRNA基因的表達水將是一種較理想的無創(chuàng)性腫瘤的診斷及預(yù)后評估的有效指標(biāo),有利于腫瘤患者的生存時間的延長以及生活質(zhì)量的改善。
臨床醫(yī)生要對腫瘤患者的診斷、治療以及預(yù)后做出準(zhǔn)確的判斷是非常有難度的。但大多數(shù)生物標(biāo)志物的研究仍集中在mRNA和蛋白質(zhì)方面,與其相比,miRNA的結(jié)構(gòu)更為穩(wěn)定更易于檢查,這樣一來使miRNA很好的充當(dāng)著疾病的生物標(biāo)志物[38]。實驗證明miRNA的表達與腫瘤患者預(yù)后相關(guān),如miR-21、miR-7a、miR-126、miR-223、miR-338[39]可以預(yù)測胃癌患者所處疾病階段及預(yù)后。進一步研究表明miR-100、miR-105、miR-125b、miR-133a、miR-143、miR-145在彌漫型胃癌中表達性高,而miR-20、miR-373、miR-494、miR-498在腸型胃癌中表達性高[40]。Katada等[41]用RT-PCR的方法檢測到胃癌患者中miR-20b和miR-150表達上調(diào)者預(yù)后差。Bandres等[42]發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-451表達下降者胃癌患者預(yù)后不良。Wang等[43]研究表明miR-17-5P和miR-20a高表達者胃癌患者預(yù)后不良。Wang等[44]研究表明miR-30c和miR-30e-5pY與膀胱癌患者預(yù)后相關(guān)。而且Zhou等[45]還發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-30c與子宮內(nèi)膜癌患者的預(yù)后相關(guān)。所以不同病理類型的 miRNA的表達性是有差異的,這在估計腫瘤患者預(yù)后時可作為一個很好的參考指標(biāo)。
近年來miRNA已成為醫(yī)學(xué)研究的焦點,miRNA與腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展及轉(zhuǎn)移侵襲有著密切的關(guān)系,它參與腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展的大部分階段。未來miRNA將可能成為腫瘤診斷的標(biāo)志物或者藥物治療的靶點。但目前對其具體機制仍不十分清楚,還需進一步研究?,F(xiàn)如今對miRNA其自身調(diào)控機制研究甚少。對于腫瘤患者來說最迫切的愿望是盡快找出抑制miRNA的方法,將其應(yīng)用到臨床當(dāng)中,治療自身疾病,改善生活質(zhì)量。因此尋找相關(guān)miRNA并深入研究其作用機制將對腫瘤患者的診斷及治療有著重要的意義。同時miRNA將成為腫瘤新的診斷標(biāo)志物及基因治療的有效靶點,具有潛在的應(yīng)用前景。
[1] Farazi TA,Spitzer JI,Morozov P,et al.miRNAs in human cancer[J].J Pathol,2011,223(2):102-115.
[2] Bartel DP.MicroRNAs:target recognition and regulatory functions[J].Cell,2009,136(2):215-233.
[3] Mendell JT,Olson EN.MicroRNAs in stress signaling and human disease[J].Cell,2012,148(6):1172-1187.
[4] Li T,Lu YY,Zhao XD,et al.MicroRNA-296-5p increases proliferation in gastric cancer through repression of Caudal-related homeobox 1[J].Oncogene,2014,33(6):783-793.
[5] Kurashige J,Kamohara H,Watanabe M,et al.MicroRNA-200b regulates cell proliferation,invasion,and migration by directly targeting ZEB2 in gastric carcinoma [J].Ann Surg Oncol,2012,19(Suppl 3):S656-S664.
[6] Gao P,Xing AY,Zhou GY,et al.The molecular mechanism of microRNA-145 to suppress invasion metastasis cascade in gastric cancer[J].Oncogene,2013,32(4):491-501.
[7] Bartel DP.MicroRNAs:target recognition and regulatory function[J].Cell,2009,46(2):215-233.
[8] Lee RC,Feinbaumm RL,Ambros V.The Celegansheterochronic gene lin-4 encodes small RNAs with antisense complementarity to lin-14[J].Cell,1993,75(5):843-854.
[9] Reinhart BJ,Slack FJ,Basson M,et al.The 21-nucleotide let-7 RNA regulates developmental timing in Caenorhabditis elegans[J].Nature,2000,403(6772):901-906.
[10] Lau NC,Lim LP,Weinstein EG,et al.An abundant class of tiny RNAs with probable regulatory roles in Caenorhabditis elegans[J].Science,2001,294(5543):858-862.
[11] Lee RC,Ambros V.An extensive class of small RNAs in Caenorhabditiselegans[J].Science,2001,294(5543):862-864.
[12] Lee Y,Kim M,Han J,et al.MicroRNA genes are transcribed by RNA polymerase II[J].EMBO J,2004,23(20):4051-4060.
[13] Lee Y,Ahn C,Han J,et al.The nuclear RNase Ⅲ Drosha initiates microRNA processing[J].Nature,2003,425(6956):415-419.
[14] Hummel R,Hussey DJ,Michael MZ,et al.MiRNAs and their association with loco regional staging and survival following surgery for esophageal carcinoma[J].Ann Surg Oncol,2011,18(1):253-260.
[15] Matsushima K,Isomoto H,Yamaguchi N,et al.MiRNA-205 modulates cellular invasion and migration via regulating zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 2 expression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells[J].J Transl Med,2011,9:30.
[16] Ding DP,Chen ZL,Zhao XH,et al.MiR-29c induces cell cycle arrest in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by modulating cyclin expression [J].Carcinogenesis,2011,32:1025-1032.
[17] Wijnhoven BP,Hussey DJ,Watson DI,et al.MicroR NA profiling of Barrett′s esophagus and esophageal Aden carcinoma[J].Br J Surg,2010,97:853-861.
[18] Huang JJ,Yu J,Li JY,et al.Circulating microRNA expression is associated with genetic subtype and survival of multiple myeloma[J].Med Oncol,2012,29:2402-2408.
[19] Yuan K,Lian Z,Sun B,et al.Role of miR-148a in hepatitis B associated hepatocellular carcinoma[J].PLoS One,2012,7(4):e35331.
[20] Gokhale A,Kunder R,Goel A,et al.Distinctive microRNA signature of medulloblastomas associated with the WNT signaling pathway[J].J Cancer Res Ther,2010,6:521-529.
[21] Zhang H,Li Y,Huang Q,et al.MiR-148a promotes apoptosis by targeting Bcl-2 in colorectal cancer[J].Cell Death Differ,2011,18:1702-1710.
[22] Murata T,Takayama K,Katayama S,et al.miR-148a is an androgen responsive microRNA that promotes LNCaP prostate cell growth by repressing its target CAND1 expression[J].Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis,2010,13:356-361.
[23] Zhou X,Zhao F,Wang ZN,et al.Altered expression of miR-152 and miR-148a in ovarian cancer is related to cell proliferation[J].Oncol Rep,2012,27:447-454.
[24] Tsuchiya S,Fujiwara T,Sato F,et al.MicroRNA-210 regulates cancer cell proliferation through targeting fibroblast growth factor receptor- like 1[J].J Biol Chem,2011,286:420-428.
[25] Zhang CN,Wang C,Chen X,et al.Expression profile of microRNAs in serum:A fingerprint for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma [J].Clin Chem,2010,56:1871-11879.
[26] Devlin C,Greco S,Martelli F,et al.miR-210:More than a silent player in hypoxia[J].IUBMB Life,2011,63:94-100.
[27] McCormick R,Buffa FM,Ragoussis J,et al.The role of hypoxia regulated microRNAs in cancer[J].Curr Top Microbiol Immunol,2010,345:47-70.
[28] Yuan Y,Zeng ZY,Liu XH,et al.MicroRNA- 203 inhibits cell proliferation by repressing ANp63 expression in human esophageal Squamous cell carcinoma[J].BMC Cancer,2011,11:57.
[29] Toyama T,Kondo N,Endo Y,et al.High expression of microRNA-210 is an independent factor indicating a poor prognosis in Japanese triple-negative breast cancer patients[J].Jpn J Clin Oncol,2012,42:256-263.
[30] Camps C,Buffa FM,Colella S,et al.HasmiR-210 is induced by hypoxia and is an independent prognostic factor in breast cancer[J].Clin Cancer Res,2008,14(5):1340-1348.
[31] Akcakaya P,Ekelund S,Kolosenko I,et al.MiR-185 and miR-133b deregulation is associated with overall survival and metastasis in colorectal cancer[J].Int J Oncol,2011,39(2):311-318.
[32] Saito Y,Liang G,Egger G,et al.Specific activation of microRNA-127 with downregulation of the proto-oncogene BCL6 by chromatin-modifying drugs in human cancer cells[J].Cancer Cell,2006,9(6):435-443.
[33] Kong W,He L,Richards EJ,et al.Upregulation of miRNA-155 promotes tumour angiogenesis by targeting VHL and is associated with poor prognosis and triple-negative breast cancer[J].Oncogene,2014,33:679-689.
[34] Hashimoto Y,Akiyama Y,Yuasa Y,et al.Multiple-to-multiple relationships between microRNAs and target genes in gastric cancer [J].PLoS One,2013,8(5):e62589.
[35] Bass AJ,Thorsson V,Shmulevich I,et al.Comprehensive molecular characterization of gastric adenocarcinoma[J].Nature,2014,513(7517):202-209.
[36] Chen Y,Zou J,Liu Y,et al.Inhibitory effects of miRNA-200c on chemotherapy-resistance and cell proliferation of gastric cancer SGC7901/DDP cells[J].Chin J Cancer,2010,29(12):1006-1011.
[37] Zhang C,Han L,Zhang A,et al.Research article MicroRNA-221 and microRNA-222 regulate gastric carcinoma cell proliferation and radioresistance by targeting PTEN [J].BMC Cancer,2010,10(1):367-376.
[38] Yan Z,Xiong Y,Xu W,et al.Identification of hsa-miR-335 as a prognostic signature in gastric cancer[J].PLoS One,2012,7(7):e40037.
[39] Zhang X,Yan Z,Zhang J,et al.Combination of hsa-miR-375 and hsa-miR-142-5p as a predictor for recurrence risk in gastric cancer patients following surgical resection[J].Ann Oncol,2011,22:2257-2266.
[40] Ueda T,Volinia S,Okumura H,et al.Relation between microRNA expression and progression and prognosis of gastric cancer:a microRNA expression analysis [J].Lancet Oncol,2010,11(12 ):136-146.
[41] Katada T,Ishiguro H,Kuwabara Y,et al.microRNA expression profile in undifferentiated gastric cancer [J].Int J Oncol,2009,34(2):537-542.
[42] Bandres E,Bitarte N,Arias F,et al.microRNA-451 regulates macrophage migration inhibitory factor production[J].Clin Cancer Res,2009,15(7):2281-2290.
[43] Wang M,Gu H,Wang S,et al.Circulating miR-17-5p and miR-20a:molecular markers for gastric cancer[J].Mol Med Report,2012,5(6):1514-1520.
[44] Wang G,Zhang H,He H,et al.Up-regulation of microRNA in bladder tumor tissue is not common[J].Int Urol Nephrol,2010,42(1):95-102.
[45] Zhou H,Xu X,Xun Q,et al.MicroRNA-30c negatively regulates endometrial cancer cells by targeting metastasis associated gene-1[J].Oncol Rep,2012,27(3):807-812.
Advances in the relationship between miRNA and malignant cancer
WANG Fangping,ZHENG Jie
(DepartmentofPathology,WeifangMedicalUniversity,Weifang,Shandong261053,China)
miRNAs are small(approximately 19~25 nucleotides)endogenous,non-coding RNAs that play significant roles in gene expression by cellular transcripts,resulting in mRNA translational inhibition,which are involved in cell proliferation,differentiation,apoptosis as important regulator.Malignant tumor is involving genetic dysregulation of proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes,the genesis and development of whichis a multi-factor multi-step.Studies have shown that there is certain correlation between miRNA expressionand malignant tumor invasion,metastasis and recurrence.Studying and understanding the effect of miRNA is helpful for researching new treatment method of cancer.This paper reviews the structure and biological characteristics of miRNA and discusses its relationship with tumor genesis,treatment,diagnosis and prognosis.
Cancer;MiRNA;Treatment;Diagnosis;Prognosis
鄭潔,女,副教授,碩士生導(dǎo)師,研究方向:腫瘤病理,E-mail:zj1978824@163.com
10.3969/j.issn.1009-6469.2016.11.003
2016-04-16,
2016-05-20)