楊蓓蓓 滿孝勇 鄭敏
固有淋巴樣細胞3與銀屑病的研究進展
楊蓓蓓 滿孝勇 鄭敏
銀屑病的發(fā)病免疫學(xué)機制是易感性基因和環(huán)境中危險因素的聯(lián)合作用,激發(fā)機體固有免疫和適應(yīng)性免疫的交互作用。近年來,人們逐漸認識到固有免疫系統(tǒng)可能參與了銀屑病炎癥的啟動。固有淋巴樣細胞主要包括3大類,其中天然細胞毒性受體陽性的固有淋巴樣細胞3在皮膚固有免疫反應(yīng)中發(fā)揮主要作用,并產(chǎn)生白細胞介素17和22,其可能與T細胞一起,參與了銀屑病的發(fā)病。
銀屑??;免疫;白細胞介素17;白細胞介素22;NCR+ILC3
銀屑病是一種常見的慢性炎癥性皮膚病,具有不同的臨床表型,銀屑病的免疫發(fā)病機制是基因易感性和環(huán)境中危險因素的聯(lián)合作用,激發(fā)機體固有免疫和適應(yīng)性免疫的交互作用[1]。固有淋巴樣細胞(ILC)主要包括3大類,其中可能參與銀屑病發(fā)病的是ILC3。
ILC是一群具有淋巴細胞形態(tài)的造血細胞,有淋巴細胞的表型特征,但缺少適應(yīng)性免疫細胞的重組抗原特異性表面受體[2]。ILC家族具有多種功能,是一組效應(yīng)細胞,通過釋放細胞因子發(fā)揮作用,它們不僅形成了抵抗微生物侵襲的第一道防線,而且在組織的平衡和修復(fù),免疫病理機制等方面發(fā)揮重要作用[3]。
根據(jù)ILC轉(zhuǎn)錄因子表達的不同、產(chǎn)生細胞因子的不同及功能特性,目前將ILC亞型分為3大類:ILC1:主要分泌干擾素(IFN)γ,其典型代表是自然殺傷細胞(NK細胞);ILC2:主要分泌2型細胞因子,如白細胞介素(IL)25和IL-13,其發(fā)育和功能主要依賴結(jié)合蛋白3和孤獨核受體α;ILC3:主要分泌IL-17和(或)IL-22,其發(fā)育和功能主要依賴轉(zhuǎn)錄因子維A酸相關(guān)孤獨受體γt(RORγt),其典型代表是淋巴組織誘導(dǎo)細胞[4]。
ILC3可以根據(jù)表達的天然細胞毒性受體(NCR)的不同分類,其中表達NKp46(小鼠)/NKp44(人類)和皮膚淋巴細胞相關(guān)抗原的,稱為NCR+ILC3,主要產(chǎn)生IL-22;不表達NKp46/NKp44的,稱為NCR-ILC3,有很強的可塑性,可以轉(zhuǎn)變成NCR+ILC3 或 ILC1[4]。
在IL-23和IL-1β刺激后,ILC3產(chǎn)生IL-17和IL-22,在人類和小鼠的組織重構(gòu)、組織保護中發(fā)揮作用[5]。同時,ILC3包括淋巴組織誘導(dǎo)細胞,參與胚胎發(fā)育時期淋巴結(jié)的構(gòu)成[6],目前已有研究表明,ILC3與炎癥性腸病發(fā)病相關(guān)[7]。
一種Rag1-/-小鼠,雖然缺少T淋巴細胞和自然殺傷T(NKT)細胞,使用咪喹莫特仍能誘導(dǎo)出銀屑病樣皮炎,但是回交的Rag2-/-小鼠與IL2rg-/-小鼠(缺少ILC和NK細胞),在咪喹莫特誘導(dǎo)后,則未出現(xiàn)相同程度的銀屑病樣炎癥[8]。
作者單位:310009 杭州,浙江大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬第二醫(yī)院皮膚性病科
一項為期12 d的銀屑病皮損組織培養(yǎng)結(jié)果顯示:ILC3的數(shù)量顯著增加[9]。最新研究發(fā)現(xiàn),NCR+ILC3在健康人外周血及皮膚組織中含量極低,然而在體外培養(yǎng)的皮膚外植體中,卻發(fā)現(xiàn)了大量的NCR+ILC3,同時在銀屑病患者的外周血及皮損中,也發(fā)現(xiàn)了大量的NCR+ILC3,研究還顯示,NCR+ILC3與銀屑病嚴重程度(PASI評分)相關(guān)(P=0.042)[10]。另一研究結(jié)果表明,NKp44+ILC3在銀屑病患者的血液中較健康對照組顯著增高。超過50%的NKp44+ILC3表達皮膚淋巴細胞相關(guān)抗原,提示其皮膚歸巢潛能。NKp44+ILC3在銀屑病患者的非皮損部位比健康人皮膚中含量也明顯增加,同時研究也提出了NCR+ILC3 與銀屑病嚴重程度相關(guān)(PASI評分)[11],這些結(jié)果均提示了NKp44+ILC3在銀屑病發(fā)病機制中的潛在作用。Ward和Umetsu[12]用新鮮的銀屑病患者受累和未受累的皮膚,驗證了產(chǎn)生IL-22的ILC3增加(最高可達4倍)。鼠檸檬酸桿菌感染模型表明,ILC3和Th2依次誘導(dǎo)IL-22的產(chǎn)生[13]。因此,雖然ILC3在數(shù)量上較少,但NCR+ILC3對腸道的功能是非減數(shù)作用的,同理,在銀屑病中可能也類似。與銀屑病相關(guān)的報道還有:定居在扁桃體的ILC3,在IL-1β 和IL-23作用下,產(chǎn)生 IL-22和IL-17A[14]。既往研究表明,銀屑病患者的扁桃體有大量皮膚歸巢CD4+和CD8+T細胞[15],且銀屑病患者在鏈球菌感染后會發(fā)病或原有的皮損會加重,提示ILC3可能和T細胞一起,參與銀屑病發(fā)病。
IL-22屬于IL-10細胞因子家族,是Th17的效應(yīng)細胞因子,IL-22受體主要在上皮組織中表達,目前認為,其能調(diào)節(jié)上皮的固有免疫,調(diào)節(jié)角質(zhì)形成細胞的增殖和分化[16]。IL-22通過Stat3轉(zhuǎn)錄因子磷酸化介導(dǎo)角質(zhì)形成細胞的活化,角質(zhì)形成細胞中活化的Stat3與活化的T細胞共同作用,誘導(dǎo)K5.Stat3C轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠產(chǎn)生銀屑病樣皮損,而阻斷IL-22這一通路能夠抑制皮膚炎癥反應(yīng)的進展[17],提示IL-22能誘導(dǎo)銀屑病樣炎癥。有研究表明,血清中IL-22水平、皮膚中IL-22 mRNA及IL-22+細胞數(shù)均與銀屑病嚴重性相關(guān)[18],提示IL-22可以作為臨床銀屑病嚴重程度的標記物。
IL-23主要由巨噬細胞和樹突細胞產(chǎn)生,其在IL-6和TGF-β刺激下,使原始T細胞分化為Th17[19],給野生型小鼠注射IL-23后,可以誘導(dǎo)銀屑病樣炎癥反應(yīng),但在IL-22缺陷小鼠中,炎癥反應(yīng)并不明顯[20]。提示IL-22介導(dǎo)了IL-23誘導(dǎo)的銀屑病樣炎癥反應(yīng)。
IL-17A是一種來源于Th17細胞的細胞因子,在自身免疫性疾病中介導(dǎo)炎癥反應(yīng),IL-17A在銀屑病細胞活化和炎癥基因中起關(guān)鍵作用,能直接激活表皮角質(zhì)形成細胞表達的40~50個基因[21]。
在銀屑病患者皮損中,IL-23、IL-17A、IL-22 顯著增加,而且外周血中IL-22增加與銀屑病嚴重程度相關(guān)[22-23]。藥物誘導(dǎo)的小鼠銀屑病模型中,IL-17A和IL-22主要由ILC3和γδT細胞產(chǎn)生,且它們在小鼠早期銀屑病斑塊形成中發(fā)揮作用[8,24]。這些均表明,IL-23/IL-17A軸和IL-22在銀屑病發(fā)病中起重要作用。銀屑病患者皮損和血液中的NCR+ILC3產(chǎn)生IL-22,可能是NCR+ILC3參與銀屑病發(fā)病的主要病理機制。
有學(xué)者用抗TNF-α單克隆抗體(阿達木單抗)治療1例患者后,皮損炎癥減輕,血液中NKp44+ILC3下降75%[11],可能抑制ILC3和相關(guān)的細胞因子。用抗IL-12/23p40單克隆抗體和抗IL-17單克隆抗體治療銀屑病,療效顯著[25-26],有效抗銀屑病治療后,患者皮損和外周血中IL-22均恢復(fù)至正常水平[27]。
ILC3作為定居在皮膚的記憶性T細胞的天然盟友,是銀屑病致病因子的重要來源,銀屑病皮損中這一新ILC家族的發(fā)現(xiàn)及他們對生物治療的反應(yīng),提示了ILC3失調(diào)可能與銀屑病發(fā)病機制相關(guān)。
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Innate lymphoid cell3 and psoriasis
YangBeibei,ManXiaoyong,ZhengMin.Department of Dermatovenereology,Second Affiliated Hospital,Zhejiang University School of Medicine,Hangzhou 310009,China
The immunopathogenesis of psoriasis involves the combined effect of predisposing genes and environmental risk factors,which excites the interaction between innate and adaptive immunity in the body.Recently,it has been gradually recognized that innate immune system takes part in the initiation of inflammation in psoriasis.Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) mainly consist of 3 subsets,among which,natural cytotoxicity receptor-positive group 3 ILCs (NCR+ILC3) play a major role in innate immune responses in dermatitis.NCR+ILC3 can produce interleukin 17 (IL-17) and IL-22,and participate in the occurrence of psoriasis together with T cells.
Psoriasis;Immunity;Interleukin-17;Interleukin-22;NCR+ILC3
Zheng Min,Email:minz@zju.edu.cn
2015-03-19)
10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4173.2016.02.005
鄭敏,Email:minz@zju.edu.cn