On the New Objectives of Building a Well-off Society in an all around Way

Xiao Guiqing, Li Ge＊

"The suggestion of the 13thFive-Year Plan regarding the national economy and social development by the central committee of the Communist Party of China" was passed during the 5thplenary session of the 18thCPC Central Committee. It proposes new objectives for building a well-off society in an all around way. The objectives inherit the existing achievements for a well-off society by several generations of leaders and enrich the connotation of this theory from different perspectives, such as economy, livelihood, culture, ecology and institutional construction. During the sprint phase of building a well-off society in an all around way, three pairs of relationships should be coordinated, namely the relationship between economic focus and the overall layout in five aspects, between economic development and social justice, and between the international and domestic level.

the 5thplenary session of the 18thCPC Central Committee; build a welloff society in an all around way; goals

"T he suggestion of the 13thFive-Year Plan on the national economy and social development by the central committee of the Communist Party of China" (the "suggestion") was passed by the 5thplenary session of the 18thCPC Central Committee. The "suggestion" indicates that "the phase of the 13thFive-Year Plan is the decisive stage of building a well-off society in an all around way."[1]At this crucial point, it has significant importance in theory and reality toretrieve the process of building a well- off society by the Chinese people of all ethnic groups under the leadership of the Communist Party, analyze and understand the new goals of building a welloff society and refine the several relationships for this society.

1. A well-off society is the constant exploration for several generations of leaders of the Communist Party of China.

The term "well-off" has represented the good ideal of the Chinese people for social development. Since the Chinese nation has suffered from difficulties in modern times, the thirst for becoming well-off becomes more prominent. Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC), the concept of well-off experiences a development process from nothing to everything, from fuzzy to clear and from simple to comprehensive after tough exploration. It has become a theory with profound connotation rather than a simple dream, directing the path of national modernization. Although the proposal and formation of welloff as a target of social development was made after the third plenary session of the 11thNational Congress of the CPC, the exploration of socialism modernization with Chinese characteristics of the CPC was launched during the period of the leadership of Mao Zedong. This exploration has experienced promotion from several collective leader groups of the CPC.

1.1 The richness of theoretical connotation of a well-off society during the constant exploration

The term "well-off" derives from the Poem · Daya · Minlao. After that, it is explained as an ideal social state close to "Datong" with the stable environment and well-being of people in the Li Ji, a Confucian classic. During modern times, Kang Youwei, Sun Yat-sen and other pioneers combined the thought of well-off into their own political thoughts. Though there are distinctive opinions, they commonly held that well-off is a medium stage from the disorderly world to the ideal "Datong." Those thoughts have immersed into the minds of the Chinese nation, as widely understood and received concepts. Marxism and Leninism is the guiding ideology of the Chinese revolution and construction. Although there isn' t the concept of well-off in the scientific socialism theory of Marx and Lenin or other pioneers, the relevant thoughts of well-off appeared in the description of the twophase division and characteristics of communism society in the future by Marx and the practice of building Soviet socialism led by Lenin. The CPC gradually included the concept of well- off in Chinese traditional culture during the exploration practice of socialism modernization with Chinese characteristics, as well as making creative explanation for it, combining the basic principles of Marxism and national reality. Thus, it is granted with scientific connotation and the distinctive characteristics of the times. This is also the basic logic for the richness of theoretical recognition for a well-off society by the CPC.

The thoughts for a well-off society by the CPC date back to the "four modernization thoughts" in the 1950s. In September, 1953, the CPC proposed the general line of the transitional period, namely "we are to gradually achieve the national socialist industrialization during a relatively long period". In September, 1954, Zhou Enlai made a further explanation for "socialist industrialization" into "four modernizations", namely "powerful modern industrialization, agriculture, transportation and national defense"[2]in The Government Work Reportduring the first session of the National People' s Congress (NPC). In September, 1956, the target of "four modernizations" was written into the Party Constitution during the 8thNational Congress of the CPC. At the same time, Mao Zedong proposed the thought of dividing the socialist modernizations construction into two stages during the eve of the 8thNational Congress of the CPC in 1956. Despite the negative impact of constant "radicalism", Zhou Enlai restated the strategic concepts of "four modernizations" and "two stages" in accordance with the advice of Mao Zedong during the first conference of the 3rdsession of the NPC in December, 1964. This thought described the ideal socialist modernization in the future, as the prelude of the Chinese modernization path. Although the practical exploration for "four modernizations" was interrupted for some time, it is still our invaluable treasure worthy of research whether as an experience or a lesson.

The third plenary session of the 11thNational Congress of the CPC blazed a new historical period for building socialist modernization. Through observing the modernization progress of developed countries and newly developing countries, Deng Xiaoping began to consider the problems of Chinese modernization. In December, 1979, Deng Xiaoping employed welloff to describe Chinese modernization during his reception for Masayoshi ōh(huán)ira, the prime minister of Japan. He said that "we are to achieve the ' four modernizations' with Chinese characteristics. This concept of ' well-off, ' is different from your notion."[3]In 1982, the well-off target was officially defined as the strategic objective for Chinese economic development over the next 20 years during the 12thNational Congress of the CPC, which marked the formal launch of theoretical exploration of a well-off society. According to the concept proposed by Deng Xiaoping, this well-off society, namely the stage of "not rich but sufficient," is distinctive from that of Western formation. It develops both in material and spiritual civilization. In order to build this welloff society, Deng Xiaoping put forward the "threephase" development strategy. It was written into the 13threport of the NPC, namely, first, doubling GDP between 1981 and 1990 to satisfy the needs of food and clothing; second, doubling GDP from 1991 to the late 20thcentury to achieve a well-off society; third, quadrupling GDP by the middle of the 21stcentury to reach the level of middle developed countries.

After the 1990s, the theoretical connotation for a well-off society experienced progress from "general" to "overall", from "three aspects" to "five aspects", and from "building" to "finishing building". According to the "three stages" strategy, we achieved the first goal in 1988, two years ahead of the goal. On that basis, a "new three stages" was presented during the 15thNational Congress of the CPC, confronting the development of the first 50 years of the 21stcentury. The "three aspects" was also proposed, namely the "coordinated development of economics, politics and culture" during the construction of socialism with Chinese characteristics, enriching the connotation of the well-off society. In 2000, the Chinese government declared that China had finished building a well-off society overall. After consideration and exploration, the objectives of building a well-off society in an all around way were defined during the 16thNational Congress of the CPC. At this new stage, the "four aspects" of overall layout for socialist modernization was put forward during the 17thNational Congress of the CPC, namely "from the aspects of economics, politics, culture and society". By 2012, the building of a well- off society in an all around way had made remarkable achievements. Therefore, the theme for the 18thNational Congress of the CPC was "striving for the completing of a well-off society in an all around way". It proposed the magnificent objective for completing this society by 2020 and conceived the "five aspects" of social system "from the aspects of economics, politics, culture, society and ecology." The transformation from "building" to "completing" represents the final sprint stage for a well-off society, as well as the new height for the richness and theoretical connotation of a well-off society.

1.2 The promotion of building a well-off society during the constant exploration

Just as the theoretical basis for a well-off society construction lies in the exploration for "four modernizations" of socialism led by the first Party generation of collective leadership represented by Mao Zedong, the practice of building a well-off society is based on the achievements during the first 30 years after the founding of the People' s Republic of China (PRC). The article "Decision on the several historical issues after the founding of the PRC" reveals that we have made a series of achievements in the 32 years since the founding of the PRC, including strengthening the state power, building and developing the socialist economy, advancing agriculture and industry, promoting trade in the cities and the countryside as well as foreign trade, accelerating education, science, culture, hygiene and physical careers. Despite many mistakes and obstacles, these achievements cannot be ignored, and which offer invaluable experience for building a well-off society in the future from the perspectives of material basis and institutional systems.

The 10 years after the third plenary session of the 11thCPC Central Committee witnessed the gradual forming of the theory for a well-off society, whose core problems were inadequate food and clothing. In order to solve these problems, the Party explored and promoted economic reforms in both the countryside and the cities. That means the household contract responsibility system was implemented to overcome the weak points of the people' s commune system, thus dramatically increasing the livelihood of rural residents. And in cities, the reforms were carried out, including expanding the enterprises' autonomy, promoting the separation between ownership and management right of enterprises, advancing the ownership structure reform, conducting the accounting system for managers, and establishing preliminary opening up of systems from the coasts to the interior of the whole country. All of these measures have activated the national and enterprises' vigor, promoted production efficiency, improved the livelihood of people and advanced employment. At the same time, the 12thNational Congress of the CPC emphasized "The socialist spiritual civilization not only significantly promoted the material civilization, but also directed it to the right path."[4]It indicates that the Party emphasized both material and spiritual civilization during this period.

The period from 1989 to 2002 saw the achievements from a generally well-off society to an overall one, with magnificent economic developments. However, there were also some problems, such as the extensive development mode, imbalance of regional advancement and the deficient innovation capacity. Therefore, the Party and the government have proposed an array of targeted strategies, such as sustainable development, western development and rejuvenation by means of education to ensure the success of phased objectives for a well-off society. In the meantime, the Party would continue to focus on spiritual civilization construction, and write the "Building a socialist country under the rule of law"into the report of the 15thNational Congress of the CPC, thus promoting the coordinated development of economics, politics and culture construction during the process of socialist modernization.

Since the 16thNational Congress of the CPC, China has transformed a new stage from building a well-off society in an all around way to complementing this society. This stage witnesses the increase of overall national power and international influence. At the same time, with the change of the international and domestic situation, China is confronted with contradictions between development and justice, economy and ecology and many other problems. In order to solve these problems, the CPC Central Committee put forward many decisive strategies, including the scientific outlook on development, the socialist harmonious society, the new socialist rural construction, ecological civilization construction, the socialist core value system and the strategic layout of the "four comprehensive factors", which guarantees a series of achievements in the aspects of economics, politics, society, culture and ecological civilization, as well as underpins the blueprint for complementing a well-off society in an all around way.

1.3 People-oriented principle is the core value in the exploration of a well-off society in an all around way by several generations of collective leadership.

The CPC witnessed the richness of theoretical connotation and the further development of practical content during the constant exploration of a well-off society in an all around way. There was only one main value during this process: People are the ultimate masters of value. We should focus on people and make the gains for people, and make development as the final standard for theoretical evaluation and policy success. This main line clearly represents all the aspects of a well-off society.

First of all, the construction of a well-off society should take people' s interest as the value criteria. During the stage for sufficient food and clothing to the general well-off society, the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) and other departments made a set of "Basic criteria for national people' s well-off society" in 1995. Among them, there are five categories and 16 indicators, such as economic development, material livelihood, population quality, spiritual living and average life expectancy. It can be clearly seen from the criteria that most of the indicators are closely related to the advancement of people' s livelihood, such as average income, average living area, average protein intake per day, Engels' Coefficient, average life expectancy and TV availability. In conclusion, a series of policies of the well-off society construction were oriented to the concerns for people' s livelihood to benefit the people with all kinds of achievements brought by social progress. All of these reflect the peopleoriented value of the CPC.

Second, the people are the source of wisdom and power for the well-off society construction. At the beginning of reform, the CPC Central Committee approved the trial of production quotas to households in Xiaogang Village of Fengyang in Anhui Province. On the basis of respecting farmers' will, the CPC launched the reform of the household contract responsibility system in rural areas in the whole country through further investigation and brave trial. These are the results of respecting farmers' creation and practice, which developed the rural productivity dramatically, increased the income of farmers and refurnished the village scenery. Xi Jinping has also emphasized the importance of the people indicating," The people are the source of ourpower. We are deeply aware that the individual power is limited. Only by working together, can we overcome any difficulty."[5]In 2013, the Party carried out the practice of mass line education for the purpose of strengthening the relationship between the CPC and the people. It aims at instructing the leaders of the Party to insist on the mass line during the decisive process, which means they should pay attention to the voice of the people and serve the people. That also represents the mass line during the historical process of a well off society construction.

Xiaogang Village of Fengyang in Anhui Province

2. Deeply comprehend and concentrate on the new objectives of complementing a well-off society

The 5thplenary session of the 18thCPC central committee passed the "Suggestion of the 13thFive-Year Plan on the national economy and social development by the CPC central committee". The suggestion indicates that "The completion of a well-off society in an all around way during the expected phase has both opportunities and challenges."[6]On the basis of that, we proposed the new objectives of complementing a well-off society in the next five years. A keen understanding of the goals is the precondition to make this excellent blueprint come true.

2.1 Pursue stability and promote transition in the economic field to confront the complex international and domestic environments

With reform and opening up, China' s economy has made remarkable achievements, with advancements in economic power and overall national strength. At the same time, it cannot be ignored that China' s economy is faced with more complex challenges with the changes in international and domestic environments. It has the following two characteristics. China' s economy is performing within a medium and high range with an annual growth rate of 7.5%. However, in the new normal economy, there is great pressure for a slower growing economy, such as non-optimized economic structures, deficient creation driving forces, imbalanced development between urban and rural areas, and the high risk of regional debts. All of these problems pose a severe challenge for China' s economic growth in the future. Also, the global economy may experience a downward trend. And the capital drain and currency rate fluctuations brought by interest rate increases of the Federal Reserve suggest that there is still constant economic risk via external production, which accelerates the pressure on economic stability in the future.

Confronted with this complicated economy, the "suggestion" proposed that the economy should be kept growing at a middle to high rate. And it restates the goal of doubling the GDP and income of urban and rural residents per capita by 2020 compared with that of 2010 on the basis of balanced, inclusive and sustainable development. All the requirements above include two related aspects. First of all, it' s necessary to stabilize the economic increase rate at a proper range to achievethe former goals. It is estimated that an average economic increase rate of 6.5% should be kept in the next five years in China to achieve that goal.[7]Secondly, economic transition is needed to promote the new engines of economic development. In this "suggestion", there are abundant directional requirements on economic transition. For example, there are three kinds of transitions. First of all, the industrial structure transition is featured with advanced manufacturing, new industrial growth and an increase in the service industry. Second, the development mode transition is characterized with balanced economic indicators, optimized development regions, the combination of industrialization and information, the important contribution of consumption to economic growth, and the construction of an innovation-oriented country. Third, the coordinated transition of the integration of urban and rural development is featured with urbanization and agricultural modernization. Through the above transitions, we can improve the drives and efficiency further. It is an inevitable choice to keep China' s economy increasing despite the severe challenge and it is an important guarantee to achieve the goal of complementing a well off society in an all around way.

2.2 Insist on the sharing philosophy in the livelihood field to ensure people' s gains and promote their well-being with practical policies

The philosophy of "sharing" proposed by the "suggestion" has indicated that development is for and by the people, and that the benefits should be shared by our people. That is the nature of socialism with Chinese characteristics, as well as the representation of people-oriented value during the complement of a well-off society in an all around way. With this philosophy, the "suggestion" proposes more practical and concrete requirements on the improvement of people' s livelihood and quality.

In the field of people-concerned benefits, the "suggestion" is first to propose more comprehensive requirements of the public service system, including employment, education, culture, social insurance, medical treatment and household factors. These new requirements incorporate all above factors, especially education, which indicates that the needs of the people have developed significantly after several years of practice of building a well-off society. Compared with the condition before reform and opening up, the needs of education and culture in people' s lives have grown constantly when the basic employment and food and clothing needs are satisfied at present. Therefore, people' s personal and public needs become more significant,[8]which poses a great challenge for the construction of social public service systems. Meanwhile, it will promote the introduction of new forces and institutions to better satisfy people' s increasing material and cultural needs.

In the field of poverty alleviation, the "suggestion" first makes three clear specific goals. First of all, help the poor population below the current poverty line lift themselves out of poverty. Second, carry out poverty reduction strategies to eradicate poverty in all poor counties. Third, regional poverty can be eliminated. According to the data of the National Bureau of Statistics, by the end of 2014, the poverty population was about 70.17 million.[9]The three specific goals above mean that it is a hard battle without any back way. In order to succeed in this battle, we can no longer employ the previous methods of poverty alleviation known for their extensive fraud and corruption. Xi Jinping proposed "Targeted poverty alleviation is the essence and focus of poverty alleviation, and the success of poverty alleviationlies in being targeted", when he made his investigation in Gui Zhou Province. Through this accurate recognition, assistance and management will become the most important factors in poverty alleviation. In this mode, it will achieve tangible results to explore the stimulus development according to the regional advantages, strongly input the intelligence resources and fully mobilize the social participation.

2.3 Foster good surroundings domestically and cultivate a bright Chinese cultural image internationally

Culture is the soul of a nation. The theoretical and practical explorations of building a welloff society need to focus on both the material and spiritual civilization construction. The requirements proposed by the "suggestion" is that we should domestically foster thoughts fashioned on patriotism, collectivism and socialism, and the social fashion of kindness, sincerity and assistance to each other. And we should improve people' s qualities of thoughts and morality, science and culture, and health. Internationally, we should promote the charisma of Chinese culture and cultivate a good image to enlarge the influence of Chinese culture. Two of these proposals were written into the "suggestion" in the specific statement with original and creative meanings for the first time.

First of all, the requirement of cultural construction is "To spread the thought fashion on patriotism, collectivism and socialism and make the social fashion of kindness, sincerity and assistance to each other much stronger". With the development of the market economy, there is a devastating flood of extreme individualism, hedonism, mammonism and nihilism.[10]As a socialist country, the advocated thoughts on patriotism, collectivism and socialism should take the responsibility of the spiritual drives for resistance of vice, solidarity, and the promotion of an advanced society. At the same time, we should realize that there is close and logical consistency among all the factors during the achievement of the goal. For example, in China, there is inherent consistency between patriotism and socialism. And socialism requires the unity of collectivism, patriotism, and socialism, which is featured with kindness, sincerity and assistance to each other as the social fashion.

Second, the proposal of "Strengthening the rule of law consciousness in the whole society" is added in this requirement. The practice of democratic construction during the first 30 years after the founding of New China, suggests that it has profound meaning to restrain the power with legislation and to constantly promote the rule of law. Responding to the requirement of "Promoting the rule of law in a comprehensive way" in this new phase, the "suggestion" takes the increasing consciousness of the rule of law as the symbol of the development of national people' s quality and social civilization, putting forward new requirements for the rule of law. The significant growth of the rule of law in society at present depends on the cooperation of three aspects of work. First of all, carry out the targeted basic law education in accordance with the needs and characteristics of different social classes. Second, exercise well-regulated management over the work of public authorities to eliminate the negative impression of the public to legal justice and efficiency. Third, provide institutional insurance for legal practice, for example, the public can safeguard their own rights and benefits in accordance with laws, so as to affirm the legal belief of the public to learn and employ laws.

2.4 Insist on the philosophy of green de-velopment in the ecological field to achieve the coordinated growth between economic advancement and ecological construction

Ecological civilization construction is one of the important goals of complementing an all around well-off society. The philosophy of green development is also inevitable in the five major ideas proposed by the "suggestion". Confronted with environmental pollution and ecological problems brought by the dwindling reserves of natural resources, improper economic development modes and lifestyles, the ecological system in some regions is faced with irreversible damage. Therefore, there are great difficulties to be solved in building sound ecological environments in many regions of China.

The requirement for improving the overall quality of the ecological environment proposed by the "suggestion" tells us that we should first build a philosophy that there is not absolute antagonism between economic development and ecological environmental protection. It is a sustainable and practical development philosophy to tap into the economic potential of the environment industry to protect the ecological environment instead of sacrificing the environment and wasting resources in the drive for progress through economic development.

At the same time, the ecological problem is not only a domestic issue, but also a global issue, including pollution emissions and climate change. However, with the reflection of ecological problems, some thoughts of anti-immigrant, anti-globalization, anti-modernization, and antidevelopment wreak havoc. In the international field, there is the deprivation of the "Right of development" targeted at the developing countries in the name of environmental protection.[11]When insisting on the green development philosophy, we should stick to our own development path.

There are several levels for us to understand the specific requirement concretely in the "suggestion". First is the individual field. The green lifestyle means that the notion of green development can be incorporated into everyone' s mind to conduct a low carbon lifestyle and consumption mode. Second is the technological field. We employ the research and development and the application of green technology to dramatically increase the exploration efficiency of the energy resources. We also employ creative market means to make use of the financial market' s rights for energy, water, pollution emissions and carbon emissions. Thus we would reach the goal of energy consumption reduction and pollutant emissions reductions at the same time. Third is the national field. Some western scholars emphasize that nations play the most significant role to achieve the public ecological goal and grant economic and political incentive for the ecological problems. As a result, the solution to ecological problems needs a fully new "endured countries."[12]It is necessary for nations to build and improve the main function layout and the ecological security safeguard through the advancement of top layer design. Countries also need to protect and develop the regional ecology and responsibly safeguard ecological security for the future.

2.5 Promote the development of politics, economy, army and Party construction to build an open and vigorous socialist institutional system with Chinese characteristics

Complementing a well-off society in an all around way proposed by the "suggestion" requires the achievement of objectives in economy, livelihood, culture and ecology, which leads to the success of institutions. The goal of "a more advanced system in various fields" represents the emphasis of the Party for institutionalconstruction.

First of all, the preliminary objective of institutional construction lies in "The great progress of national modernization in governance system and ability and the basic formation of institutional systems from diversified aspects". Through the arduous exploration of 60 years from the founding of the People' s Republic of China, China has formulated a set of institutional systems, including the fundamental and basic political system, the basic economic system, and the specific institution and legitimate system of socialism with Chinese characteristics. These institutional systems safeguard the completion of a well-off society in an all around way. We should deepen reforms of the existing systems, erase the drawbacks and foster sound institutional operational mechanisms and environments in order to achieve the preliminary objectives of institutional construction. The purpose is to give full play to the advantage to promote productivity, advance democracy, safeguard social justice and handle the international and domestic risks and challenges.

Second, the connotation of institution in the "suggestion" develops the factors of different levels and elements into the system from the following aspects; politics, economy, culture, society, ecological civilization, army, party construction and legislation. What merits attention is the "Improvement of modern military systems with Chinese characteristics" first being written into the new objective of a well-off society in the "suggestion". It represents the contribution of the Party to the connotation of institutional construction.

The third key point of institutional construction is the Party' s system advancement. The Communist Party of China (CPC) is the core of leadership of the socialist construction with Chinese characteristics. The insistence and development of socialist institutions with Chinese characteristics cannot be carried out without the leadership of the Party. At the same time, the progress of the Party' s institutional construction will also accelerate the socialism system with Chinese characteristics. Since the beginning of the third plenary session of the 11thCPC Central Committee, the Party has recovered and developed democratic centralism, collective leadership and discipline inspection systems in its own institutional system, as well as explored and created the CPC' s congress and cadre system. These all represent the Party' s institutional construction and vigorous promotion of the formation of people' s democracy at the national level. During the sprint phase of the completion of a well-off society, a further advancement of the Party' s institutional systems will contribute to a more advanced socialism system with Chinese characteristics and underpin the completion of a well-off society.

3. Three relationships are needed to achieve the objectives of construction a well-off society.

The construction of a well-off society is not an overnight process. It needs to be further explored theoretically and practically depending on reality to blaze a trail toward a well-off society with abundant and clear connotations. Nowadays, China has entered a sprint phase for the completion of a well-off society, and therefore we need to deal with the three relationships as follows to offer advantageous conditions for the completion of a well-off society.

3.1 The relationship between the economicoriented notion and the integrated five aspectslayout

The proposal of a well-off society is about the economy to a large extent. Although the connotation enriches and deepens constantly, the GNP and per-capita GNP have attracted the most attention during the achievement of the completion of a well-off society. There are two reasons for this situation. The economic accounting is more simple and direct than the criteria of politics, culture and other areas. Also it is affected by the international and domestic surroundings in the original formation of the well-off society theory. The "culture revolution" disrupted the construction process of "four modernizations". After the "culture revolution", a thousand things were waiting to be done. However, we rushed and made mistakes during the recovery of the national economy, resulting in an imbalance in growth rates brought on by "foreign leaps". Then, many batteries of delegates were sent out for foreign study under the promotion of Deng Xiaoping, therefore increasing the leaders' awareness of the achievements of foreign modernization. In 1978, when Deng Xiaoping visited North Korea, he said to Kim Il Sung," Recently, our comrades go out and realize we have fallen behind. And what' s modernization? It means the economy of 1950s is different from that of 1960s, as well as that of 1970s."[13]Therefore, the perception of this gap makes the Party attach more emphasis on the economic indicators in the exploration of the construction of a well-off society.

In fact, the economic-oriented construction is the basic conclusion of the Party' s acquisition to the nature of socialism. The ultimate goal of socialism is to achieve common prosperity. In order to achieve this goal, the liberation and development of productivity is the basic material premise. During the primary phase of socialism, the backward social productivity takes the economic construction and productivity development as the most urgent task." Nation prosperity and people' s well-beings ultimately mean the economic reality. The international competition is also an economic one. Only by developing economically and strengthening national power can we tackle any natural and social obstacles and resist any foreign pressure and threat, as well as achieve the national rejuvenation and make great contributions to humankind."[14]

However, there are some potential hazards during the process of economic construction, i.e. taking the economic development and GDP as the top goal. It leads to severe consequences, such as the declining of social morals, sharp social contradictions, and destroyed ecological environments. Therefore, we need to handle the relationships between economic oriented construction and the five aspect layout, including the economy, politics, culture, society and ecological civilization, which means we should grasp the inherent relationships of the five aspects comprehensively and correctly. The primary contradiction of the preliminary socialism phase determines that economic construction is the central task for us. Furthermore, economic development underpins the material basis for political, cultural, social and ecological civilization construction. In China, economic development is the main task and the key point for all problems. However, the importance of the five aspects layout can' t be ignored. They all have their own functions. For example, political construction offers the institutional guarantee for other fields of construction. Cultural construction infuses soul for other fields, i.e. it is the spiritual driver providing intellectual support and ideological guarantees for other fields. Social construction, especially the people' s livelihood, provides a sound social environment. The development of ecologicalcivilization offers good physical environments. During the process of complementing a well off society, the development of these five aspects is an integrated part without separation.

3.2 The relationship between economic development and social justice

Economic development is the basis and preliminary condition for the solution to other problems. However, there are some adverse consequences to ignoring social justice while blindly pursuing the practical process of completing the construction of a well-off society. The Gini Coefficient of China keeps increasing at a high rate. According to the data released by the National Bureau of Statistics, the Gini coefficient of the GDP per capita was 0.469 in 2014.[15]Despite a gradual fall in recent years, it is still above the red line of 0.4, indicating that the unfair distribution of social income remains a serious problem. With a closer look at the data, it can be seen that the ratio of urban and rural residents' income was 2.57, 2.79, and 2.97 in 1978, 2000, and 2014.[16]That reveals the gap between urban and rural incomes is increasing. Therefore, it is essential to handle the relationship between economic development and social justice to promote the formation of a basic layout of social justice.

Theoretically, we need to better understand the relationship between efficiency and fairness. Economic efficiency reflects the validity of resource allocation, while social justice adjusts the people' s interest naturally. When describing the characteristics of a communist society in the future, Marx wrote," During the advanced phase of a communist society, the antagonism between mental and manual labor will disappear, so will the work division which makes an individual subjected to working like a slave. Labor is no more than a means of making a living, but the first need for people. And with the comprehensive development of the individual, their productivity will increase accordingly and their collective wealth will spring out. Not until then can we overcome the narrow vision of capitalists, with the society banner of letting everyone do his best and distribute the wealth according to the demand."[17]These words present the consistent attitude to the relationship between efficiency and fairness, namely the rapid and full flowing out of social development and wealth is the material premise to eliminate the exploitation and three major gaps and other social injustice and to achieve the distribution according to the demand and people' s free and overall development. At the same time, this productivity also results from the overall development of people. As we all know, people are the most creative and revolutionary factor in productivity and efficiency is driven by justice sometimes. The unity of efficiency and fairness is based on public ownership.

Practically, from the fundamental reality of China, namely in the preliminary phase of socialism, the report of the 18thNational Congress of the CPC outlined the relationship between efficiency and fairness according to current development needs. It displays "Both efficiency and fairness should be paid enough attention to in the primary distribution while more emphasis should be attached to fairness in the redistribution."[18]Compared with the statements of "Priority to efficiency and due consideration to fairness" in the 15thand 16thNational Congress of the CPC, the achievement of social fairness has been raised to new heights. In the administration, governments realize that "Fairness is the source of social creativity, as well as a steelyard of people' s satisfaction. Social fairness is able to mobilize the positive factors tremendously." According tothis principle and the major problems arising in the social development, we should pay attention to these issues as follows. We need to establish the basic social security and insurance systems to meet the main living needs of most people by means of fiscal and social investments. We also need to balance the urban and rural development through accelerating socialist new rural construction, enhancing rural poverty relief, and safeguarding the lawful benefits of rural laborers moving out for work. Thus we can narrow the urban and rural gaps. Third, we need to adjust the stratum differentiation by means of establishing and advancing a just and reasonable income distribution system, as well as the interest expressing mechanism of different social strata to safeguard the interests of vulnerable groups.

3.3 The relationship between the international and the domestic situation

The two primary points of the Chinese revolution and construction led by the CPC are based on real national conditions as well as an international vision. During the period of revolution, the Party realized and implemented this principle. After reform and opening up, the Party increasingly realized that "China' s development cannot be achieved without the world. Opening up to the outside world is an inevitable choice to accelerate our modernization, and meet the requirements of current characters and the global economic and technical laws of development. It is also a basic state policy needing long-term adherence."[19]Besides, an historical change has taken place in the relationship between contemporary China and the world." The prospect and fate of China is closely interconnected with that of the world." In order to ensure a better development of China, we must "consider the overall international and domestic situations."[20]

The completion of a well-off society in an all around way is closely related to the relationship between international and domestic situations, and we need to grasp the trends of international and domestic patterns. Since 2008, a profound change has taken place in the global economy and in political patterns. Economically, the international division system dominated by developed countries is changing. The force of emerging developing countries, represented by China, is springing up everywhere in manufacturing and their power of discourse in financial and international trade has increased significantly. All of these pose a challenge to the international economic order, dominated by the United States, which is making competition and cooperation for international reform systems more ardent in the world. Politically, with even minor changes in economic patterns, the trend toward world multi-polarization is more highlighted and China' s international status and influence is rising in order to initiate our participation in the global cooperation proactively and responsibly. Meanwhile, the rise of global terrorism and religious extremism puts pressure on China' s security and development. Therefore, the judgment of "three unchangeable" was proposed during the 18thNational Congress of the CPC, namely "There is no change in the fundamental reality that China is and will remain at the early stage of socialism for a long time to come. There is no change in the social principal contradiction between the ever growing material and cultural needs of the people and the backward production. There is no change in China' s international status that we are the largest developing country in the world."[21]This is a clear portrait for China' s national conditions at the present stage, as well as a fundamental basis of formulating correlated policies and calmly facing international opportunities and challenges.

Based on the above cognitions for the international and domestic situations, the management of this relationship aims for practical interactions between the two environments for the achievement of the new objectives of a well-off society in an all around way. More attention should be paid to foreign opportunities to drive domestic development. First, during some period in the future, the opportunity of international economic and political patterns will bring benefits to China. As a result, we must hang on to these opportunities to promote the domestic development. During the change in the global division system, we need to positively utilize the international transfer of market, capital, technology, talent and other resources to proactively accelerate the domestic industrial transition toward the middle and high-end mode. In the end, we can promote the creative transition of economic structure. Second, the reconstruction of international trade and economic cooperation patterns is conducive to a greater voice for China and the infusion of more Chinese philosophies during the rule-making procedure, thus increasing China' s international discourse rights and influence power. Third, in the course of further opening up and international cooperation, the establishment of FTA (Free Trade Area) and the implementation of "the Belt and Road" will also promote a new round of domestic reform and innovation, such as studying new mechanisms and measures for governments to serve the economy and the strengthening of the capacity of governments to plan and coordinate various forces. Attention should also be focused on domestic reforms to deal with the foreign challenges. Opening up brings challenges as well as opportunities, such as foreign economic risks, political hazards, and the input of foreign ideology. Confronted with foreign economic risks, we should work hard to strengthen the governmental regulative ability in such key areas as finance, energy and national defense and proactively respond to challenges in the national economy security field. Confronted with foreign political hazard and the input of foreign ideology, we need to meet the requirement of fundamental reality to defuse social tension and root out the soil for terrorism, separatism and extreme religious forces. At the same time, we need to intensify government' s ability for risk control and the publicity for the ideological sphere, while combating the threats to social security and development. Thus, we can ensure the achievement of the magnificent blueprint for the completion of a well-off society in an all around way.

Free Trade Area in Shanghai

This paper has been translated and reprinted with the permission of Shandong Social Sciences, No.2, General No. 246, 2016

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*Xiao Guiqing, the vice-president, professor and doctoral supervisor of Marxism College in Tsinghua University.

Li Ge, doctor, Marxism College in Tsinghua University.

Foundation item: this thesis is the phased results of national major projects on social science fund in 2014 on "the theory innovation research on a series of important speeches by Xi Jinping, the general secretary" (project item: 14& ZDA 002).