劉東明,陳璐,田垚,張希昊,李強(qiáng)
混合型肝癌的最新研究進(jìn)展
劉東明,陳璐,田垚,張希昊,李強(qiáng)△
混合型肝癌是一類兼具肝細(xì)胞肝癌和膽管細(xì)胞癌分化特點(diǎn)的原發(fā)性肝腫瘤。其發(fā)病原因可能與乙型、丙型肝炎病毒感染有關(guān)。混合型肝癌的治療方式以手術(shù)治療為主,同時(shí)輔以射頻消融(RFA)、經(jīng)導(dǎo)管動(dòng)脈內(nèi)化療栓塞術(shù)(TACE)及綜合治療。在臨床工作中,由于混合型肝癌的發(fā)病率較低,且其癥狀、體征不典型,常與另外2種原發(fā)性肝癌發(fā)生混淆。因此,對(duì)于混合型肝癌最新進(jìn)展的了解就顯得尤為重要,本文就目前混合型肝癌的流行病學(xué)和臨床特點(diǎn)、治療方式和預(yù)后及基因分子生物學(xué)前沿等方面的研究進(jìn)行綜述。
癌,肝細(xì)胞;膽管腫瘤;綜述;混合型肝癌
原發(fā)性肝癌的類型主要包括上皮細(xì)胞型、間質(zhì)型及混合型,這3種類型分別對(duì)應(yīng)著肝細(xì)胞肝癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)、膽管細(xì)胞癌(cholangiocarcinoma,ICC)及混合型肝癌(combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma,HCCCC)。HCC-CC在1949年首次被Allen等[1]發(fā)現(xiàn)并報(bào)道,他們將HCC-CC分為3個(gè)亞型,其中B型(HCC和ICC相鄰,互相混合生長(zhǎng))在臨床較常見(jiàn)。1985年,Goodman等[2]又重新將HCC-CC分型,主要類型為碰撞型腫瘤、移行型腫瘤和纖維板層樣腫瘤。目前移行型腫瘤被公認(rèn)為臨床常見(jiàn)的HCC-CC。WHO定義的HCC-CC為:同時(shí)含有HCC和ICC的少見(jiàn)腫瘤,且2種成分關(guān)系緊密難分[3]。
HCC-CC是一類罕見(jiàn)的原發(fā)性肝癌,其發(fā)病率遠(yuǎn)低于HCC和ICC,由于其具有發(fā)病的地域差異、發(fā)病誘因的多樣性等因素,使得近年來(lái)對(duì)于HCC-CC的總體研究進(jìn)展較為緩慢[4]。
1.1HCC-CC的發(fā)病率不同研究中心對(duì)于HCC-CC發(fā)病率的報(bào)道存在著較大的差異。Yin等[5]報(bào)道了一組7 656例的原發(fā)性肝癌患者,其中HCC-CC的發(fā)病率為1.5%。Lee等[6]回顧了2 174例原發(fā)性肝癌患者的資料,HCC-CC的發(fā)病率為2.9%。目前公認(rèn)的世界范圍內(nèi)的HCC-CC發(fā)病率約為0.4%~14.2%[4]。
1.2HCC-CC的臨床特點(diǎn)患者多為中老年,男性居多,亞洲人群的發(fā)病誘因多為肝炎病毒感染,歐洲人群的發(fā)病誘因則較為復(fù)雜,尚未定論[7-8]。Chu等[9-10]認(rèn)為,HCC-CC與HCC存在著多種相似之處,其相似點(diǎn)在于患者以男性為主、血清標(biāo)志物甲胎蛋白(AFP)陽(yáng)性、肝硬化病史以及肝炎病毒相關(guān)性。因而多數(shù)研究者認(rèn)為,在亞洲范圍內(nèi)HCC-CC是HCC的變異。然而Cong等[4,11]認(rèn)為,在病理學(xué)特點(diǎn)上,如微血管浸潤(rùn)、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移以及莢膜形成等方面,HCC-CC與ICC類似。Chu等[9]回顧了390例乙型肝炎病毒感染HCC-CC的患者資料,50%的患者AFP陽(yáng)性。Groeschl等[12]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在54例HCC-CC患者中,平均發(fā)病年齡為61.5歲,男性居多(66.7%)。
1.3HCC-CC的潛在發(fā)生機(jī)制關(guān)于HCC-CC起源的相關(guān)研究鮮有報(bào)道,且觀點(diǎn)不一。Terada[7]認(rèn)為在HCC-CC中膽管反應(yīng)與炎性壞死和纖維化程度密切相關(guān),HCC-CC細(xì)胞可產(chǎn)生促纖維化因子,或由其他膽管細(xì)胞依賴的機(jī)制促進(jìn)纖維化的發(fā)展,因此他提出HCC-CC起源于膽管細(xì)胞,其生物學(xué)特性與膽管細(xì)胞類似;Lo等[8]則認(rèn)為大部分慢性肝臟疾病是原發(fā)性肝癌的強(qiáng)烈致病因素,因此肝祖細(xì)胞在慢性肝炎的情況下是潛在的癌變靶點(diǎn),肝祖細(xì)胞的激活與原發(fā)性肝癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展密切相關(guān);同時(shí)他提出HCC-CC可能起源于肝祖細(xì)胞,其具有向肝細(xì)胞和膽管細(xì)胞雙向分化的能力。
1.4HCC-CC的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)目前HCC-CC診斷的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)仍為組織病理學(xué)檢測(cè),活檢標(biāo)本常以2個(gè)單克隆起源的肝細(xì)胞與膽管細(xì)胞分化,在同一腫瘤細(xì)胞中密切融合為標(biāo)志[3-4]。然而在臨床的診療過(guò)程中,術(shù)前對(duì)于疾病類型的確診往往直接與手術(shù)的術(shù)式以及患者的預(yù)后密切相關(guān),目前對(duì)于HCCCC的術(shù)前診斷主要依靠血清腫瘤標(biāo)志物結(jié)合影像學(xué)的檢查。Terada等[7,13-14]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),AFP和CA19-9同時(shí)升高可大致判定該病為HCC-CC。HCC-CC的影像學(xué)特點(diǎn)很難描述,需要借助放射科醫(yī)師對(duì)HCC-CC成像特點(diǎn)的了解加以識(shí)別。Kong等[15]報(bào)道HCC-CC的超聲表現(xiàn)是非特異性的,但超聲對(duì)于影像學(xué)引導(dǎo)下活檢組織的提取十分重要。Nayyar等[16]認(rèn)為HCC-CC在CT平掃上瘤體表現(xiàn)無(wú)特異性;Ijichi等[17]研究表明,動(dòng)態(tài)增強(qiáng)CT掃描時(shí)顯示以ICC為主且邊緣出現(xiàn)HCC的強(qiáng)化特征、不合并肝內(nèi)膽管擴(kuò)張時(shí)應(yīng)考慮HCCCC。HCC-CC的MRI特征較為復(fù)雜,目前僅有十余項(xiàng)研究涉及到此方面[18]。HCC-CC的MRI成像特點(diǎn)在T1W1序列可能表現(xiàn)為低信號(hào),T2W2序列通常表現(xiàn)為高強(qiáng)度信號(hào)伴或不伴有中央低密度強(qiáng)化,符合ICC的成像特點(diǎn)[19]。Fowler等[13]表明HCC-CC的動(dòng)態(tài)成像也符合其強(qiáng)化CT的某些特點(diǎn)。陸倫等[20]研究表明MRI是HCC-CC檢出的重要依據(jù)。因此,臨床醫(yī)生應(yīng)將提高HCC-CC術(shù)前診斷的正確率作為重點(diǎn)。de Campos等[21]表明由于HCC-CC成分的復(fù)雜性,建議應(yīng)根據(jù)術(shù)前擴(kuò)大范圍的影像學(xué)引導(dǎo)下穿刺活檢并結(jié)合腫瘤血清標(biāo)志物結(jié)果來(lái)明確診斷HCC-CC。
2.1HCC-CC的治療方式目前國(guó)際上公認(rèn)的關(guān)于HCCCC的治療方式主要包括手術(shù)切除、肝移植、射頻消融(RFA)和經(jīng)導(dǎo)管動(dòng)脈內(nèi)化療栓塞術(shù)(transcatheter arterial chemoembolization,TACE)等,在這幾種治療方式中以手術(shù)治療的預(yù)后為最佳,而對(duì)于不能接受手術(shù)治療的患者則采取其他的治療手段[4-6]。
2.1.1手術(shù)切除原發(fā)性肝癌根治性切除的適應(yīng)證[22]:(1)完全切除腫瘤結(jié)節(jié)。(2)在門靜脈、肝靜脈及膽管無(wú)癌栓形成。(3)腫瘤結(jié)節(jié)數(shù)目小于3個(gè)。(4)無(wú)肝外轉(zhuǎn)移。Lee等[6]通過(guò)對(duì)65例HCC-CC患者臨床治療效果的回顧性分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)手術(shù)切除組患者的預(yù)后總生存期明顯優(yōu)于非手術(shù)切除組。Groeschl等[12]發(fā)現(xiàn)經(jīng)手術(shù)切除后HCC和HCC-CC患者的3年生存率較為相似,分別為55%和46%。
2.1.2肝移植由于HCC-CC早期無(wú)明顯癥狀,發(fā)現(xiàn)時(shí)便屬于中晚期,錯(cuò)過(guò)最佳根治性切除時(shí)間,因此可將肝移植作為治療HCC-CC的一種方式。但對(duì)于這種方式有必要制定嚴(yán)格的適應(yīng)證選擇標(biāo)準(zhǔn),減少術(shù)后腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移風(fēng)險(xiǎn),例如小肝癌及尚可切除的肝癌合并重度肝硬化或并發(fā)肝功能不全者;不能切除的大肝癌尚無(wú)門靜脈主干癌栓或遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移者;伴有門靜脈主干癌栓者應(yīng)作為肝移植的禁忌證[11-12]。Sacco等[23]發(fā)現(xiàn)晚期HCC-CC肝移植能取得較好效果的原因如下:(1)前期體外靜脈轉(zhuǎn)流后游離肝臟。(2)后期仍采用先阻斷出入肝血流再游離肝臟。(3)游離肝臟時(shí)盡量不擠壓腫瘤。
2.1.3RFA目前國(guó)際上已經(jīng)公認(rèn)對(duì)于3 cm以下的小肝癌RFA的治療效果與肝切除術(shù)的治療效果大致相同[23-25]。Liang等[24]研究表明,RFA可應(yīng)用于結(jié)節(jié)不多于3個(gè)且直徑小于3 cm的腫瘤。RFA治療HCC-CC的預(yù)后效果卻鮮有報(bào)道。Yin等[5]報(bào)道了3例接受RFA的HCC-CC患者,其平均生存期為10個(gè)月,遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)低于接受手術(shù)治療的患者,但卻高于接受TACE和綜合治療的患者。
2.1.4TACESchütte等[25]研究表明TACE在臨床上用于治療不可切除的肝癌或作為肝癌切除術(shù)后的輔助治療,其適應(yīng)證為中型大小的腫瘤或并發(fā)多結(jié)節(jié)疾病。與HCC相比,HCC-CC的血供不豐富,很多HCC-CC的病灶為乏血供腫瘤,這種類型的腫瘤常常對(duì)TACE并不敏感,因此TACE對(duì)HCC-CC的治療效果仍有待評(píng)估。
2.2HCC-CC的預(yù)后Lee等[26]認(rèn)為在細(xì)胞學(xué)層面上HCCCC的祖細(xì)胞樣表型提示其祖細(xì)胞起源,并且這一表型常常與較差的預(yù)后存在相關(guān)性。Kim等[27]報(bào)道根治性切除后HCC-CC平均復(fù)發(fā)時(shí)間(5.4個(gè)月)、平均生存期(18個(gè)月)和5年生存率(約23%~24%)均低于HCC或ICC。Chu等[9]研究了390例HCC-CC患者的術(shù)后生存期,其平均生存期為1.68年,5年生存率為32%,研究結(jié)果提示雖然手術(shù)切除、肝移植較其他治療方式相比可以顯著提高HCC-CC的總生存期,但是其預(yù)后顯著低于接受手術(shù)治療的相同分期的HCC患者。此外,雖然TACE、RFA等治療方式已經(jīng)成為當(dāng)前肝癌綜合治療中不可或缺的組成部分,然而考慮到HCC-CC特有的ICC纖維成分,使得其對(duì)于治療藥物的攝取能力較差,因此包括TACE在內(nèi)的一系列的介入、化療等局部治療的方式并不能使HCC-CC患者顯著受益[23-25]。
目前關(guān)于HCC-CC基因分子生物學(xué)方面的研究較少,對(duì)其發(fā)病機(jī)制的探究也沒(méi)有取得新的進(jìn)展。與研究較成熟的HCC和ICC不同的是,目前尚鮮有研究對(duì)HCC-CC的基因組構(gòu)成進(jìn)行揭示,因此只能借助常見(jiàn)的HCC、ICC的基因特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行比較研究[28]。HCC特異性的基因修飾主要表現(xiàn)為在染色體8p、17p、4q、1p、16q、13q、6q、16p和9p上的雜合缺失(loss of heterozygosity,LOH);同時(shí)HCC的發(fā)病機(jī)制也與抑癌基因TP53和活化基因CTNNB1/β-catenin有關(guān)[29],ICC的發(fā)病機(jī)制則與MSI-H、TP53和KRAS2有關(guān)[29-30]。
Gu等[31]研究表明在染色體3p和14q上的雜合缺失與HCC-CC和ICC有密切的關(guān)系。目前發(fā)現(xiàn)抑癌基因RASSF1在3p位置,而14q位置尚未發(fā)現(xiàn)存在抑癌基因[32-33]。因此在染色體3p和14q的雜合缺失可作為區(qū)別HCC和ICC的標(biāo)志。同時(shí),Goossens等[34]揭示了較常見(jiàn)的抑癌基因TP53的突變不能作為區(qū)別這3種原發(fā)性肝癌的標(biāo)志;Waisberg等[35]表明激活的CTNNB1或β-連環(huán)蛋白可作為鑒別HCC與其他2種原發(fā)性肝癌的標(biāo)志,主要由于其在HCC中的突變率為20%,而在HCC-CC或ICC中不突變。
目前關(guān)于HCC-CC的基因治療方式主要包括:(1)TP53、p16、Rb、NF等抑癌基因的治療。目前在大多數(shù)腫瘤中發(fā)現(xiàn)TP53突變,包括HCC-CC在內(nèi)的人類惡性腫瘤中至少有50%發(fā)生TP53基因改變,失去了有功能的TP53蛋白,因此TP53基因成為肝癌基因治療的最佳靶點(diǎn)之一[36]。(2)白細(xì)胞介素(IL)-2、IL-12、腫瘤壞死因子(TNF)-α等免疫基因的治療。IL-2對(duì)肝癌有直接抗癌作用,可明顯抑制肝癌細(xì)胞的侵襲力和轉(zhuǎn)移力,其已成為肝癌免疫治療領(lǐng)域的一種主要細(xì)胞因子[37]。此外,還可利用反義基因、自殺基因等方式對(duì)HCC-CC進(jìn)行治療[38],由于樣本量較小,仍需大樣本量的實(shí)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證其可行性,但基因治療已成為目前治療HCC-CC的一種突破性手段。
綜上所述,HCC-CC的主要臨床特點(diǎn)包括了乙型、丙型肝炎病毒感染、發(fā)病人群以中老年男性為主、血清AFP陽(yáng)性和既往肝硬化病史等。隨著近年來(lái)腫瘤診斷技術(shù)的進(jìn)步,結(jié)合腫瘤血清標(biāo)志物和影像學(xué)檢查的方法更容易甄別出HCCCC,大大提高了HCC-CC的檢出率,這種新方法對(duì)于檢出HCC-CC有著重要的意義。HCC-CC的治療方式以手術(shù)切除和肝移植為主,輔以RFA、TACE及綜合治療,盡管近年來(lái)各研究中心逐步提高了其術(shù)前檢出率,但其預(yù)后仍顯著劣于接受同種治療的相同分期的HCC患者。因此,近年來(lái)很多科研人員將研究重心從HCC-CC的臨床病理學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)移到基因分子生物學(xué)上,從HCC-CC的遺傳學(xué)和基因組學(xué)方面對(duì)其進(jìn)行深入的探究,從基因水平揭示了HCC-CC發(fā)生發(fā)展的過(guò)程。在今后臨床醫(yī)師治療HCC-CC的過(guò)程中,可借助其分子結(jié)構(gòu)、基因特性、起源等方面的研究成果,將基因診斷和基因靶向治療融入到HCC-CC的診療體系中,從而改善這部分患者的預(yù)后。
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(2016-01-15收稿2016-05-22修回)
(本文編輯魏杰)
Current update on combined hepatocellular and cholangiocarcinoma
LIU Dongming,CHEN Lu,TIAN Yao,ZHANG Xihao,LI Qiang△
Tianjin Medical University Cancer Hospital,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy,Tianjin 300060,China△
E-mail:liqiang4016@yahoo.com
Combined hepatocellular and cholangiocarcinoma(HCC-CC)is a rare primary hepatic neoplasm(PHN)with features of both hepatocellular and biliary differentiation.Hepatitis B and hepatitis C are the major causes of HCC-CC. Surgical treatment is the main therapeutic method for HCC-CC.For patients with unresectable lesions,curative or palliative locoregional therapy is applied,including radiofrequency ablation(RFA),transarterial chemoembolization(TACE)and supportive treatment.Because of the rare occurrence and ambiguous clinical features of HCC-CC,it is most often misdiagnosed with the other two types of primary liver cancer.Thus,the realization of the current progress of combined hepatocellular and cholangiocarcinoma is particularly important for us.This article aims to summarize the epidemiology and clinical futures,the treatment and prognosis,the progress of genetics and molecular analysis of HCC-CC.
carcinoma,hepatocellular;bile duct neoplasms;review;combined hepatocellular and cholangiocarcinoma
R735.7
A
10.11958/20160019
天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)腫瘤醫(yī)院,國(guó)家腫瘤臨床醫(yī)學(xué)研究中心,天津市“腫瘤防治”重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室(郵編300060)
劉東明(1991),男,碩士在讀,主要從事肝膽腫瘤方面研究
E-mail:liqiang4016@yahoo.com