胡燦 金建偉 芮鑫淼 陳柳瑩 陳宜濤★
JAK-STAT通路在胃癌致病及治療中的作用
胡燦 金建偉 芮鑫淼 陳柳瑩 陳宜濤★
JAK-STAT信號(hào)通路主要由酪氨酸激酶相關(guān)受體(tyrosine kinase associated receptor)、STAT轉(zhuǎn)錄因子(signal transducer and activator of transcription)以及JAK酪氨酸激酶(Janus kinase)構(gòu)成。在細(xì)胞增殖、生長(zhǎng)、分化、凋亡及免疫等方面發(fā)揮重要作用[1,2]。生理狀態(tài)下,JAK-STAT通路的激活快速而短暫,而在人類腫瘤細(xì)胞株及原位腫瘤中,JAK-STAT通路則持續(xù)激活[2],持續(xù)活化的STATs(尤其是STAT3)通過(guò)刺激細(xì)胞增殖和抑制細(xì)胞凋亡導(dǎo)致腫瘤的形成[3]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),RNA干擾靶向抑制STAT3或STAT3的顯性失活均能有效抑制腫瘤的增殖[4,5]。因此,試圖通過(guò)減弱JAK-STAT信號(hào)通路的傳導(dǎo)抑制腫瘤的增殖成為研究熱點(diǎn)[6]。胃癌發(fā)病在我國(guó)呈逐年上升趨勢(shì),隨著致病機(jī)制的深入研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)STAT3在胃癌患者中存在持續(xù)性激活,而且JAK-STAT信號(hào)通路與胃癌的增殖分化、浸潤(rùn)轉(zhuǎn)移以及治療預(yù)后密切相關(guān)[7]。本文就JAK-STAT信號(hào)通路在胃癌發(fā)病中所起的作用以及藥物研發(fā)現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行分析,以期為胃癌治療和干預(yù)提供借鑒。
JAK-STAT信號(hào)通路參與人體多種生命活動(dòng),通過(guò)細(xì)胞因子與相應(yīng)受體相結(jié)合,導(dǎo)致受體分子兩聚化,觸發(fā)與受體偶聯(lián)的JAKs,活化的JAKs催化酪氨酸(包漿段)磷酸化后,形成STAT的“停泊位點(diǎn)”,STAT通過(guò)SH2結(jié)構(gòu)域與受體結(jié)合,在JAKs的作用下實(shí)現(xiàn)磷酸化,進(jìn)而激活基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄和表達(dá)。此外JAKs還激活位于STAT蛋白C末端的殘基磷酸化,包括絲氨酸殘基(Ser727)和酪氨酸殘基(Tyr705),導(dǎo)致STATs蛋白產(chǎn)生同源二聚體或異源二聚體,最終游移進(jìn)入細(xì)胞核內(nèi)與相應(yīng)靶基因啟動(dòng)子結(jié)合,調(diào)控基因轉(zhuǎn)錄[8]。
1.1 正性調(diào)節(jié) 在JAK-STAT信號(hào)通路處于正性調(diào)節(jié)狀態(tài)下,信號(hào)通路異常活化,從而對(duì)人體細(xì)胞的新陳代謝有較大影響。細(xì)胞因子級(jí)聯(lián)在JAK-STAT調(diào)控中起調(diào)節(jié)作用,一旦受體與配體結(jié)合并使自身活化,鄰近受體會(huì)受到交互磷酸化的影響從而使自身活化,使得信號(hào)通路的傳導(dǎo)功能增強(qiáng)[9]。有相關(guān)研究表明,低閾值水平的IFNs(IFN-α/β)正性調(diào)節(jié)IFN-γ信號(hào)級(jí)聯(lián)是由低閾值濃度的IFN-α/β級(jí)聯(lián)產(chǎn)生的,從而增強(qiáng)IFN-αR1和IFN-γR2之間的互相作用和STAT1蛋白的酪氨酸磷酸化[10]。
1.2 負(fù)性調(diào)節(jié) 在正常生理狀態(tài)下,JAK-STAT信號(hào)通路通過(guò)自身嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)呢?fù)反饋機(jī)制短暫激活,維持細(xì)胞正常代謝和生理功能[11]。目前已經(jīng)明確的負(fù)反饋通路主要有以下三條:(1)細(xì)胞因子信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)抑制蛋白(SOCS):SOCS家族由CIS、SOCS1~7八個(gè)成員組成。其N末端長(zhǎng)度的差異導(dǎo)致作用各不相同,但因其有相同的SOCS盒構(gòu)造和SH2核心區(qū)域,抑制酪氨酸激酶活性的方式均是通過(guò)SH2區(qū)與JAKs酪氨酸激酶區(qū)的結(jié)合來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的?;罨腟TAT刺激SOCS基因,SOCS蛋白結(jié)合磷酸化的JAKs、STATs與受體的結(jié)合受阻,進(jìn)而抑制生物應(yīng)答[12]。通過(guò)SOCS家族相同的盒結(jié)構(gòu)可加強(qiáng)蛋白酶體降解途徑,例如,SOCS1可通過(guò)N-末端的激酶抑制區(qū),下調(diào)JAK酪氨酸激酶的活性;SOCS1可通過(guò)與JAK (JAK1~JAK3,TYK2)的JH1區(qū)結(jié)合,阻礙JAK-STAT通路信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)[13]。Walid等[14]研究表明,腫瘤的產(chǎn)生是由于SOCS蛋白缺少造成的STAT3過(guò)表達(dá)。持續(xù)性的STAT3激活對(duì)癌細(xì)胞增殖起重要作用,同時(shí)上調(diào)EGFR和IL-6的表達(dá)可共同降低癌細(xì)胞對(duì)負(fù)調(diào)節(jié)因子(特別是SOCS3)的敏感性[15]。(2)PIAS(激活的STATs蛋白抑制劑):PIAS家族有PIAS1、PIAS2(PIASx)、PIAS3、PIAS4(PIASy)。其具有AD結(jié)構(gòu)域、PINTT結(jié)構(gòu)域、RING型鋅鏈結(jié)構(gòu)域和N端SAP結(jié)構(gòu)域及LXXLL調(diào)節(jié)基序這五個(gè)共同特征。它們直接與磷酸化的STAT二聚體結(jié)合,阻止STATs與DNA的相互作用[16]。PIAS1的C端通過(guò)與具有活性的STAT1二聚體特異性結(jié)合形成復(fù)合物,與基因結(jié)合的靶位點(diǎn)被掩蓋,從而抑制轉(zhuǎn)錄過(guò)程;PIASx抑制STAT4基因轉(zhuǎn)錄是通過(guò)聚集HGAC等抑制因子形成轉(zhuǎn)錄抑制復(fù)合物來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的;PIAS3阻礙NF-κB及STAT1 和STAT2等轉(zhuǎn)錄因子與DNA的結(jié)合,從而抑制轉(zhuǎn)錄的發(fā)生;PLASy通過(guò)與STAT1的相互作用抑制STAT1基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄活性[17]。(3)磷酸酪氨酸磷酸酶(PTP):PTP一族由細(xì)胞質(zhì)中的PTP-SHP1/2、細(xì)胞膜中的PTP-CD45、T細(xì)胞中的PTP (TC-PTP)、核內(nèi)的PTP、PTPBL 、PTPTRT、 PTP1B等組成。它們能使活化的JAKs脫磷酸化而失活[18]。SHP1基因主要來(lái)源于造血細(xì)胞的抑癌基因,其能通過(guò)增強(qiáng)JAK激酶的活性從而促進(jìn)細(xì)胞的增殖,這種功能是JAK磷酸化實(shí)現(xiàn)的[19];SHP2對(duì)JAK-STAT信號(hào)通路有負(fù)性調(diào)節(jié)功能,這種功能是STAT1的脫磷酸化實(shí)現(xiàn)的[20]。
近年來(lái),越來(lái)越多的研究顯示胃癌增殖分化、浸潤(rùn)轉(zhuǎn)移與JAK-STAT信號(hào)通路(尤其是STAT3)的異常激活有密不可分的聯(lián)系[21]。
2.1 JAK-STAT信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)通路對(duì)細(xì)胞增殖分化、細(xì)胞凋亡及其周期的作用 STAT3是IL-6R、EGFR、JAK、Src等多個(gè)致癌性酪氨酸激酶信號(hào)通路的會(huì)聚點(diǎn),其持續(xù)性激活能上調(diào)Bcl-xL、Mcl-1、CyclinsD1/D2、C-myc和survivin基因的表達(dá),下調(diào)P53基因的表達(dá),縮短細(xì)胞在G1期的停滯時(shí)間,使其快速進(jìn)入S期,干擾正常細(xì)胞的增殖、分化、凋亡[22]。近年來(lái)多項(xiàng)研究表明,STAT3可與survivin結(jié)合來(lái)調(diào)節(jié)survivin的基因表達(dá),從而抑制細(xì)胞的凋亡[23,24]。Cuijuan等[25]研究顯示AG490在較高濃度(100μmol/L)時(shí)可致胃癌SGC7901發(fā)生S期、G2/M期的阻滯。Kanda等[26]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)STAT3處于激活狀態(tài)時(shí),其下游抗凋亡基因survivin的高表達(dá)能抑制胃癌細(xì)胞凋亡。Yu等[27]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)rhGH通過(guò)與GHR結(jié)合,激活胃癌MGC-803中的JAK2-STATs信號(hào)通路,促進(jìn)MGC-803的增殖。以上研究結(jié)果說(shuō)明STAT3對(duì)胃癌細(xì)胞的增殖、分化、凋亡及細(xì)胞周期均有重要影響。
2.2 JAK-STAT信號(hào)通路對(duì)胃癌浸潤(rùn)和轉(zhuǎn)移的作用 胃癌患者JAK-STAT通路中STAT3的異常激活可能通過(guò)以下方式導(dǎo)致胃癌細(xì)胞的浸潤(rùn)、轉(zhuǎn)移:細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)的降解和新生血管的形成?;|(zhì)金屬蛋白酶(matrix metallo prpteinases,MMP)是降解細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)成分最重要的酶之一,而降解的發(fā)生又是腫瘤浸潤(rùn)和轉(zhuǎn)移過(guò)程中至關(guān)重要的一步。Dey等[28]報(bào)道稱MMPs的基因表達(dá)會(huì)因JAK-STAT信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)通路的變化而受到影響。Wan等[29]的相關(guān)調(diào)研結(jié)果顯示胃癌組織中MMP-2和MMP-7的表達(dá)顯著增高,且與淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移、浸潤(rùn)深度及腫瘤分期具有相關(guān)性。Hong等[30]發(fā)現(xiàn)STAT3可通過(guò)MMP-2啟動(dòng)子上的結(jié)合位點(diǎn),上調(diào)MMP-2基因表達(dá)水平,進(jìn)而顯著提高胃癌細(xì)胞的轉(zhuǎn)移能力。Xu等[31]通過(guò)應(yīng)用AG490阻礙STAT3通路,進(jìn)而影響STAT3-DNA的結(jié)合能力,下調(diào)p-STAT3蛋白的表達(dá)水平,MMP-2蛋白和mRNA表達(dá)水平也會(huì)隨之下降,從而抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞的浸潤(rùn)和轉(zhuǎn)移。血管可給機(jī)體內(nèi)細(xì)胞的增殖提供充足的氧氣和營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì),對(duì)于腫瘤細(xì)胞而言,血管的形成幾乎是所有實(shí)體腫瘤生長(zhǎng)和轉(zhuǎn)移的必需條件之一。血管一旦不能形成,癌細(xì)胞的增殖便會(huì)受到抑制。因此具有刺激血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞增殖、遷移,進(jìn)而誘導(dǎo)血管形成的血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)對(duì)惡性腫瘤的浸潤(rùn)和轉(zhuǎn)移具有非常關(guān)鍵的作用。Zhong等[32]研究表明,STAT3在VEGF基因啟動(dòng)子區(qū)域有結(jié)合位點(diǎn),進(jìn)而調(diào)節(jié)VEGF的表達(dá),提示STAT3 與VEGF蛋白之間存在一個(gè)負(fù)反饋環(huán)。此外,Okamoto等[33]研究表明JAK-STAT通路中STAT3的過(guò)度激活有利于細(xì)胞的遷移。
2.3 JAK-STAT信號(hào)通路對(duì)胃癌預(yù)后的作用 JAK-STAT信號(hào)通路的持續(xù)激活(尤其是STAT3)能促進(jìn)胃癌的發(fā)展,并且STAT3的持續(xù)激活與胃癌患者的不良預(yù)后存在密切的關(guān)系,活化的STAT3是影響胃癌患者生存時(shí)間的一個(gè)重要指標(biāo)。Zhu等[34]發(fā)現(xiàn)STAT3和p-STAT3在胃癌組織中的表達(dá)水平明顯高于正常胃黏膜組織,而且p-STAT3與胃癌細(xì)胞分化低、浸潤(rùn)程度深、發(fā)生淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移呈正相關(guān),p-STAT3表達(dá)陽(yáng)性患者的預(yù)后情況比陰性患者更差。Li等[35]發(fā)現(xiàn)p-STAT3的活化程度與胃癌病情的發(fā)展呈正相關(guān),間接說(shuō)明p-STAT3可能與胃癌的發(fā)生和惡化有某種程度的相關(guān)。Yan等[36]研究得出胃癌樣本中SOCS2蛋白的表達(dá)水平明顯高于正常樣本,且SOCS2和STAT3表達(dá)水平呈負(fù)相關(guān),說(shuō)明抑制STAT3的表達(dá)可通過(guò)誘導(dǎo)或增強(qiáng)SOCS2的表達(dá)來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn),進(jìn)而達(dá)到治療胃癌的目的,并可為胃癌的早期診斷提供依據(jù)。因此可通過(guò)對(duì)p-STAT3、STAT3的組織活檢,從而對(duì)胃癌患者的預(yù)后進(jìn)行預(yù)后。
目前,關(guān)于胃癌治療藥物主要通過(guò)VEGF、IGF-1R、AKT、c-Met等通路,而通過(guò)JAK-STAT信號(hào)通路治療的藥物還處于研究階段。有研究表明JAK抑制劑AG490可顯著抑制JAK2、STAT3、p-STAT3蛋白的表達(dá),從而抑制胃癌細(xì)胞的增殖[37]。Zhang等[38]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)舒尼替尼是一種口服小分子多靶點(diǎn)酪氨酸激酶抑制劑,可抑制胃癌SGC7901細(xì)胞STAT3的表達(dá)并下調(diào)Bcl-2的表達(dá),從而抑制胃癌細(xì)胞的增殖,目前舒尼替尼已經(jīng)進(jìn)入臨床Ⅱ期試驗(yàn)。此外多項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)一些中草藥成分可通過(guò)JAK-STAT信號(hào)通路抑制胃癌細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)增殖[39,40]。因此結(jié)合針對(duì)JAK-STAT信號(hào)通路的分子靶向治療,有望在胃癌治療上取得更好的療效,減少不良反應(yīng)的發(fā)生。
JAK-STAT信號(hào)通路作為一條多因子調(diào)控的信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)通路,參與調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)體的病理生理反應(yīng)。在病理?xiàng)l件下,由于各種細(xì)胞因子的失調(diào),導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞的過(guò)度增殖、分化以及凋亡受阻,促進(jìn)腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展。因此以STAT3的上游調(diào)節(jié)基因或STAT3作為靶點(diǎn),通過(guò)直接或間接減弱STAT3的表達(dá)來(lái)抑制胃癌的發(fā)展和演變過(guò)程將成為今后抗胃癌藥物重點(diǎn)研究的方向。
目前對(duì)胃癌的治療主要以手術(shù)、放化療為主,藥物治療主要包括apatinib、ramucirumab、mTOR抑制劑等血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)抑制劑和西妥昔單抗等表皮生長(zhǎng)抑制劑,不能滿足臨床對(duì)胃癌有效控制的需要,而且這幾種治療方法的選擇性欠佳,對(duì)患者的正常組織影響較大,不利于疾病的康復(fù)。JAKSTAT信號(hào)通路(尤其是STAT3)的阻斷對(duì)抑制胃癌細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng),促進(jìn)胃癌細(xì)胞凋亡有明顯的作用[21~24],而對(duì)正常組織幾乎無(wú)影響,使JAK-STAT信號(hào)通路(尤其是STAT3)對(duì)胃癌的治療具有良好的靶向性。針對(duì)以JAK-STAT信號(hào)通路(尤其是STAT3)為靶點(diǎn),結(jié)合高通量藥物篩選手段,開(kāi)發(fā)特異性高、藥毒性低的新一代小分子胃癌治療藥物,將是今后胃癌治療研究的重點(diǎn)課題。
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國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(81374023);浙江省自然科學(xué)基金(Y207765);浙江省大學(xué)生科技創(chuàng)新活動(dòng)計(jì)劃(2014R410010)
310053 浙江中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)