劉云龍 宋 卓 彭冰潔 許詩豪 朱 琪 王 征(湖南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)生物科學(xué)技術(shù)學(xué)院,長沙410128)
?
綠原酸對高脂飼糧誘導(dǎo)非酒精性脂肪肝大鼠細胞凋亡相關(guān)基因表達的影響
劉云龍 宋 卓 彭冰潔 許詩豪 朱 琪 王 征?
(湖南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)生物科學(xué)技術(shù)學(xué)院,長沙410128)
摘 要:本試驗旨在研究綠原酸(CGA)對高脂飼糧所導(dǎo)致的非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFLD)大鼠細胞凋亡相關(guān)基因表達的影響。將40只雄性SD大鼠隨機分成對照組(NC組)、高脂飼糧模型組(HFD組)、高脂飼糧+低劑量綠原酸組[20 mg/(kg·d),HFD?LC組]和高脂飼糧+高劑量綠原酸組[90 mg/(kg·d),HFD?HC組],每組10只。每天稱量體重,12周后處死。取血清檢測谷丙轉(zhuǎn)氨酶(ALT)、總膽固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、游離脂肪酸(FFA)和高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(HDL?c)、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(LDL?c)含量;取新鮮肝臟組織制備蘇木精-伊紅(HE)染色切片觀察病理變化情況;稱量肝臟濕重,計算肝臟指數(shù);采用半定量逆轉(zhuǎn)錄PCR(RT?PCR)法測定肝臟組織腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF?α)、腫瘤壞死因子受體-1(TNFR?1)、半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶-8(caspase?8)、半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶-3(caspase?3)、B-細胞淋巴瘤/白血?。?原癌基因(Bcl?2)、Bcl?2相關(guān)基因(Bax)、核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子-κB(NF?κB)、白細胞介素-6(IL?6)的mRNA表達量。結(jié)果表明:與NC組對比,HFD組大鼠最終體重(P>0.05)、肝臟濕重(P<0.01)、肝臟指數(shù)(P<0.01)、凋亡相關(guān)因子mRNA表達量均有上升。與HFD組相比,低劑量綠原酸能夠降低最終體重(P>0.05)、肝臟濕重(P<0.05)、肝臟指數(shù)(P>0.05),降低凋亡相關(guān)因子mRNA表達量;高劑量綠原酸能夠降低最終體重(P<0.05)、肝臟濕重(P<0.05)、肝臟指數(shù)(P>0.05),降低凋亡相關(guān)因子mRNA表達量。切片結(jié)果顯示HFD組細胞出現(xiàn)大量脂肪空泡,大量細胞出現(xiàn)凋亡形態(tài),綠原酸能夠降低脂肪性空泡的數(shù)量,改善肝細胞的生理狀態(tài),并且高劑量綠原酸作用效果更加明顯。由此可見,綠原酸能夠緩解高脂飲食所導(dǎo)致的肝細胞凋亡,改善體內(nèi)的脂肪代謝,對肝臟具有保護作用。
關(guān)鍵詞:肥胖;非酒精性脂肪肝;綠原酸;細胞凋亡
非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFLD)是人在未飲酒的情況下出現(xiàn)了和酒精性脂肪肝一樣的癥狀[1],主要病理特征為肝細胞的脂肪性變,脂肪空泡在肝細胞的細胞質(zhì)中積累,肝細胞內(nèi)甘油三酯(TG)過度堆積[2]。Grattagliano等[3]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)游離脂肪酸(FFA)及其代謝產(chǎn)物是導(dǎo)致脂肪肝的主要原因,特別是FFA介導(dǎo)的肝細胞過度脂性凋亡是NAFLD發(fā)生發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵。即使在不同性別和年齡的個體內(nèi),NAFLD均會出現(xiàn)個體的氧化應(yīng)激現(xiàn)象[4]。氧化應(yīng)激將導(dǎo)致機體損傷,蛋白質(zhì)表達異常,同時DNA受到損傷,它不僅與糖尿病、高血壓和癌癥等有關(guān),也與細胞凋亡(apoptosis)有著十分密切的聯(lián)系[5-6]。Maliken等[7]的研究進一步發(fā)現(xiàn)氧化應(yīng)激是導(dǎo)致細胞凋亡的重要環(huán)節(jié)。
綠原酸(chlorogenic acid,CGA),又稱3-咖啡??崴?,是由1分子咖啡酸和1分子奎尼酸縮合脫水而成[8]。研究表明,綠原酸能夠調(diào)節(jié)糖代謝,顯著降低血漿葡萄糖峰值,明顯改善小鼠糖耐量[9-10];綠原酸還能改善脂類代謝,顯著降低肥胖個體血液中TG、FFA、高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(HDL?c)以及低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(LDL?c)的含量,同時也可降低肝臟中TG和FFA的含量[11-12];此外,綠原酸具有很強的抗氧化性能,還能夠抑制低密度脂蛋白的氧化,從而使得組織免受氧化應(yīng)激損害[13]。綠原酸具有調(diào)節(jié)糖脂代謝、抗氧化和清除自由基等生物活性。但綠原酸能否保護肝細胞由于高糖高脂飲食造成肝細胞氧化應(yīng)激所導(dǎo)致的細胞凋亡[14-15]及所需的劑量目前還不清楚。
綠原酸廣泛存在于藥膳、茶飲及果蔬中[16]。有學(xué)者指出每人每天可通過食物攝入25~800 mg的綠原酸,特別喜愛喝咖啡的人每天攝入的綠原酸可達到1 g[17]。依據(jù)這一數(shù)據(jù),本試驗以綠原酸為材料,設(shè)置20和90 mg/(kg·d)灌胃量(分別等效于體重為70 kg正常人每天攝入約300和1 000 mg綠原酸[18])。本試驗擬研究高脂飲食條件下,通過綠原酸干預(yù)對SD大鼠肝細胞凋亡相關(guān)基因表達的影響,探討綠原酸在肥胖所導(dǎo)致的肝細胞凋亡中的作用。
1.1 試驗材料
40只體重210~230 g的雄性SD大鼠,從湖南斯萊克景達實驗動物有限公司購買,SPF級,合格證編號為43004700000100。
綠原酸:成都普瑞法科技開發(fā)有限公司;Trizol:美國Invirtrogen公司;逆轉(zhuǎn)錄試劑盒:美國Fermentas公司;PCR Mix:天根生化科技有限公司;MarkerⅢ:天根生化科技有限公司;谷丙轉(zhuǎn)氨酶(ALT)檢測試劑盒:南京建成生物工程研究所;總膽固醇(TC)試劑盒:深圳邁瑞生物醫(yī)療電子股份有限公司;TG試劑盒:深圳邁瑞生物醫(yī)療電子股份有限公司;FFA試劑盒:南京建成生物工程研究所;HDL?c標準品:深圳邁瑞生物醫(yī)療電子股份有限公司;LDL?c測定試劑盒:深圳邁瑞生物醫(yī)療電子股份有限公司。
飼糧:基礎(chǔ)飼糧組成及營養(yǎng)水平見表1,能量密度為3 520 MJ/kg;高脂飼糧由65%基礎(chǔ)飼糧、15%豬油、13%雞蛋黃粉、5%全脂奶粉和2%白砂糖組成,能量密度為4 976.51 MJ/kg。本試驗所使用的飼糧均由湖南斯萊克景達實驗動物有限公司生產(chǎn)。
表1 基礎(chǔ)飼糧組成及營養(yǎng)水平(風(fēng)干基礎(chǔ))Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet(air?dry basis) %
1.2 方法
1.2.1 分組和建模
經(jīng)過7 d適應(yīng)期喂養(yǎng)后,將40只雄性SD大鼠隨機分成對照組(NC組,基礎(chǔ)飼糧)、高脂飼糧模型組(HFD組)、高脂飼糧+低劑量綠原酸組(HFD?LC組)和高脂飼糧+高劑量綠原酸組(HFD?HC組),每組10只。自由飲水?dāng)z食。其中,根據(jù)個體的體重,HFD?LC和HFD?HC組分別按照綠原酸20和90 mg/(kg·d)劑量進行灌胃;NC和HFD組則每天灌胃等體積超純水。每天09:30測定大鼠體重,12周后處死。
1.2.2 血清脂代謝指標
采用眼球取血法采血,血清經(jīng)過2 h靜置,2 000 r/min,離心15 min,分離血清,按照試劑盒說明書操作,檢測TG、TC、LDL?c、HDL?c、FFA、ALT含量。
1.2.3 肝臟凋亡相關(guān)因子mRNA表達量
逆轉(zhuǎn)錄PCR(RT?PCR)法檢測肝臟凋亡相關(guān)因子mRNA表達量。Trizol法提取肝臟組織總RNA,用微量光度計檢測純度和含量;取1 mg總RNA,按照試劑盒步驟反轉(zhuǎn)成cDNA;以cDNA為模板進行PCR。采用Primer Premier 5.0設(shè)計引物,以甘油醛-3-磷酸脫氫酶(GAPDH)基因作為管家基因。RT?PCR反應(yīng)體系:cDNA 1 μL,上、下游引物各1 μL,PCR Mix 12.5 μL,ddH2O 9.5 μL,總計25 μL。反應(yīng)條件:94℃預(yù)變性3 min;94℃變性30 s,55℃退火30 s,72℃延伸1 min,擴增29個循環(huán);最后再在72℃保持5 min。PCR擴增產(chǎn)物用1%瓊脂糖凝膠電泳30~40 min,使用凝膠自動成像系統(tǒng)掃描拍照,并用Quantity One軟件進行相對定量分析。
1.2.4 肝臟組織切片
取大鼠肝臟組織,用10%甲醛溶液固定24 h,常規(guī)石蠟包埋,切成3~5 μm的厚切片,脫蠟,先后用蘇木精-伊紅(HE)染色,脫水,透明,封片,電鏡下觀察肝細胞形態(tài)學(xué)變化。
1.3 數(shù)據(jù)分析
應(yīng)用SPSS 17.0軟件進行統(tǒng)計學(xué)分析,采用單因素方差分析(one?way ANOVA)進行統(tǒng)計,組間差異比較采用LSD法,所有數(shù)據(jù)均以平均值±標準誤表示,P<0.05時,認為具有顯著差異,P<0.01時,認為存在極顯著差異。
2.1 綠原酸對高脂飼糧飼喂大鼠體重的影響
由表2可知,飼喂12周后,相比于HFD組,HFD?HC組大鼠最終體重及增重顯著降低(P<0.05)。
表2 綠原酸對高脂飼糧飼喂大鼠體重的影響Table 2 Effects of CGA on BW of rats fed high?fat diet g
同列數(shù)據(jù)肩標?和??分別表示與NC組相比差異顯著(P<0.05)和極顯著(P<0.01),#和##分別表示與HFD組相比差異顯著(P<0.05)和極顯著(P<0.01)。下表同。
In the same column,values with?and??superscripts were significantly(P<0.05)and extremely significantly(P<0.01)different from NC group,respectively,and with#and##superscripts were significantly(P<0.05)and extremely significantly (P<0.01)different from HFD group,respectively.The same as below.
2.2 綠原酸對高脂飼糧飼喂大鼠肝臟濕重和肝臟指數(shù)的影響
由表3可見,相比于NC組,HFD組大鼠肝臟濕重和肝臟指數(shù)極顯著增加(P<0.01)。相比于HFD組,HFD?LC和HFD?HC組的肝臟濕重顯著降低(P<0.05)。
表3 綠原酸對高脂飼糧飼喂大鼠肝臟濕重和肝臟指數(shù)的影響Table 3 Effects of CGA on liver wet weight and hepatic index of rats fed high?fat diet
2.3 綠原酸對高脂飼糧飼喂大鼠血清脂代謝指標的影響
由表4可知,與NC組相比,HFD組血清HDL?c和FFA含量顯著增加(P<0.05),血清TC 和LDL?c含量極顯著增加(P<0.01)。與HFD組相比,HFD?LC組的血清TC和FFA含量顯著下降(P<0.05);HFD?HC組血清HDL?c和FFA含量顯著下降(P<0.05),血清TC和LDL?c含量極顯著下降(P<0.01),血清HDL?c/LDL?c顯著升高(P<0.05)。
表4 綠原酸對高脂飼糧飼喂大鼠血清脂代謝指標的影響Table 4 Effects of CGA on serum fat metabolism indexes of rats fed high?fat diet
2.4 綠原酸對高脂飼糧飼喂大鼠肝細胞死亡受體通路相關(guān)因子mRNA表達量的影響
由圖1可知,與NC組相比,HFD組肝臟組織中腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF?α)和腫瘤壞死因子受體-1(TNFR?1)mRNA表達量極顯著升高(P<0.01),半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶-8(caspase?8) mRNA表達量顯著升高(P<0.05);與HFD組相比,HFD?LC組TNF?α mRNA表達量顯著降低(P<0.05),TNFR?1和caspase?8 mRNA表達量差異不顯著(P>0.05),HFD?HC組TNF?α和TNFR?1 mRNA表達量分別極顯著(P<0.01)和顯著降低(P<0.05),caspase?8 mRNA表達量差異不顯著(P>0.05)。
圖1 綠原酸對大鼠肝臟組織TNF?α、TNFR?1和caspase?8 mRNA表達量的影響Fig.1 Effects of CGA on mRNA expression levels of TNF?α,TNFR?1 and caspase?8 in liver of rats
數(shù)據(jù)柱形標注?和??分別表示與NC組相比差異顯著(P<0.05)和極顯著(P<0.01),#和##分別表示與HFD組相比差異顯著(P<0.05)和極顯著(P<0.01)。下圖同。
Data columns with?and??were significantly(P<0.05)and extremely significantly(P<0.01)different from NC group,respectively,and with#and##were significantly(P<0.05)and extremely significantly(P<0.01)different from HFD group,respectively.The same as below.
2.5 綠原酸對高脂飼糧飼喂大鼠肝細胞線粒體依賴性通路相關(guān)因子mRNA表達量的影響
由圖2可知,與NC組相比,HFD組的肝臟組織中B-細胞淋巴瘤/白血病-2(Bcl?2)相關(guān)基因(Bax)和半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶-3(caspase?3)mRNA表達量分別顯著(P<0.05)和極顯著升高(P<0.01),Bcl?2 mRNA表達量顯著降低(P<0.01);與HFD組相比,HFD?LC組中Bax mRNA表達量顯著下降(P<0.05),Bcl?2和caspase?3 mRNA表達量差異不顯著(P>0.05),HFD?HC組中Bax和caspase?3 mRNA表達量顯著下降(P<0.05),Bcl?2 mRNA表達量差異不顯著(P>0.05)。
圖2 綠原酸對大鼠肝臟組織Bax、Bcl?2和caspase?3 mRNA表達量的影響Fig.2 Effects of CGA on mRNA expression levels of Bax,Bcl?2 and caspase?3 in liver of rats
由圖3可知,與NC組相比,HFD組的肝臟組織中Bcl?2和Bax mRNA表達量比值(Bcl?2/Bax)極顯著降低(P<0.01);與HFD組相比,HFD?HC組肝臟組織中Bcl?2/Bax顯著上升(P<0.05)。
圖3 綠原酸對大鼠肝臟組織Bcl?2和Bax mRNA表達量比值的影響Fig.3 Effects of CGA on the ratio of mRNA expression levels of Bcl?2 and Bax in liver of rats
2.6 綠原酸對高脂飼糧飼喂大鼠肝臟組織轉(zhuǎn)錄因子-κB(NF?κB)、白細胞介素-6(IL?6)mRNA表達量的影響
由圖4可知,與NC組相比,HFD組的肝臟組織中NF?κB和IL?6 mRNA表達量極顯著升高(P<0.01);與HFD組相比,HFD?LC組肝臟組織中NF?κB mRNA表達量顯著下降(P<0.05),IL?6 mRNA表達量差異不顯著(P>0.05),HFD?HC組肝臟組織中NF?κB和IL?6 mRNA表達量均極顯著下降(P<0.01)。
2.7 綠原酸對高脂飼糧飼喂大鼠肝臟組織病理形態(tài)學(xué)變化的影響
由圖5可知,NC組細胞呈梭形,細胞排列致密,細胞之間空隙少,細胞質(zhì)分布均勻,無空泡,胞核染色明顯,形態(tài)正常。與NC組相比,HFD組細胞呈圓形,胞核深染皺縮,并有核分裂現(xiàn)象,胞核中可見多個核仁,胞質(zhì)濃縮,出現(xiàn)大量的脂肪性空泡,細胞出現(xiàn)凋亡小體等典型的凋亡形態(tài)現(xiàn)象。HFD?LC組中空泡數(shù)量、細胞核碎片數(shù)有所減少,較HFD組有所改善。HFD?HC組細胞形態(tài)則更接近于NC組,幾乎沒有大型空泡出現(xiàn),細胞核結(jié)構(gòu)也更加完整。
圖4 綠原酸對大鼠肝臟組織NF?κB和IL?6 mRNA表達量的影響Fig.4 Effects of CGA on mRNA expression levels of NF?κB and IL?6 in liver of rats
圖5 綠原酸對高脂飼糧飼喂大鼠肝臟組織病理形態(tài)學(xué)變化的影響(HE染色)Fig.5 Effects of CGA on pathological changes of liver in rats fed high?fat diet(HE staining,400×)
NAFLD是以肝細胞脂肪變性為主要特征的臨床病理綜合征。高脂飼糧導(dǎo)致氧化應(yīng)激損傷,破壞膜性結(jié)構(gòu),導(dǎo)致線粒體膜和細胞膜的破壞,進而引起細胞凋亡[19]。肝細胞的凋亡是NAFLD發(fā)展的中間狀態(tài)之一。Feldstein等[20]的研究就發(fā)現(xiàn)脂肪肝與肝細胞凋亡有著密切聯(lián)系,肝細胞脂肪病變越嚴重,肝細胞凋亡的越多。本試驗HFD組大鼠肝臟顏色變暗,體積偏大,質(zhì)地較硬,表面顆粒感明顯。HFD組大鼠肝臟濕重和肝臟指數(shù)也極顯著高于NC組;從切片觀察,肝細胞內(nèi)部存在大量空泡,細胞體積明顯大于NC組細胞,部分肝細胞細胞核碎裂。說明長期高脂飲食會導(dǎo)致脂肪在肝細胞的大量堆積,而綠原酸能夠減少高糖高脂飲食所導(dǎo)致的脂肪在肝臟的堆積。
HFD組血清ALT含量升高說明肝臟損傷。TG、FFA含量提高可通過細胞色素P450 2E1表達的增強,導(dǎo)致脂肪酸β氧化過程中產(chǎn)生大量的活性氧,引起脂肪過氧化,造成氧化應(yīng)激,最終導(dǎo)致肝細胞凋亡[21]。引起肝細胞線粒體代謝紊亂,線粒體膜流動性降低,造成線粒體受損,進而導(dǎo)致肝細胞凋亡[22]。本研究中,HFD組大鼠體內(nèi)TNFR?1與其配體TNF?α mRNA表達量與NC組相比均有提高,凋亡相關(guān)因子caspase?3和caspase?8 mRNA表達量也有所上升。在死亡受體通路中,TNFR?1為死亡受體,屬于腫瘤壞死因子受體超家族成員、與其相應(yīng)的配體TNF?α結(jié)合時通過其下游的接頭蛋白Fas相關(guān)死亡域蛋白(FADD)或TNFR?1相關(guān)的死亡結(jié)構(gòu)域蛋白(TRADD)激活caspase?8,進而激活其下游的效應(yīng)蛋白酶caspase?3而使細胞凋亡[23]。Hui等[24]研究證實TNF?α mR?NA參與NAFLD的發(fā)生與發(fā)展,TNF?α mRNA表達量上升是在NAFLD患者中普遍存在的現(xiàn)象。Daugherity等[25]也發(fā)現(xiàn)在NAFLD中,均有明顯的肝細胞凋亡現(xiàn)象發(fā)生,并且與caspase?3 mRNA表達量有關(guān)。表明高脂飲食下試驗大鼠肝細胞凋亡信號傳導(dǎo)加強,在HFD?LC和HFD?HC組,通過綠原酸的干預(yù),發(fā)現(xiàn)這些因子的表達量較HFD組有了下降,并且高劑量作用效果更好,綠原酸能夠降低TNF?α mRNA表達量,減少細胞膜上TNF?α與TNFR?1的結(jié)合,減緩半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶(caspase)所激發(fā)的“死亡級聯(lián)反應(yīng)”,說明綠原酸能夠緩解因高脂飼糧誘導(dǎo)的非酒精性脂肪所導(dǎo)致的細胞凋亡,對肝細胞具有保護作用。
在線粒體通路中,Oltval等[26]就曾提出,抗凋亡和促凋亡基因兩者的比率是決定細胞存亡的關(guān)鍵因素。Bcl?2、Bax分別是主要的抑制凋亡和促進凋亡因子,當(dāng)Bax mRNA表達量高時細胞凋亡,相反,Bcl?2 mRNA表達量高時則細胞存活。NC組大鼠肝細胞內(nèi)的Bcl?2/Bax較高,說明Bcl?2 mRNA表達量較高,細胞凋亡率較低。HFD組中Bcl?2/Bax顯著性降低,說明HFD組肝細胞出現(xiàn)凋亡現(xiàn)象。HFD?LC以及HFD?HC組Bcl?2/Bax有所上升,且隨綠原酸劑量的增加Bcl?2/Bax進一步上升,說明綠原酸對肝細胞的凋亡具有一定的保護作用。
在肝臟組織中,NF?κB與肝臟的炎性反應(yīng)、氧化應(yīng)激以及肝細胞凋亡存在十分密切的聯(lián)系[27]。NF?κB能夠被多種細胞因子所激活,不同類型的激活因子將會有不同生物學(xué)效應(yīng)[28]。與NC組相比,HFD組中NF?κB mRNA表達量顯著性上升。Arunkumar等[29]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)NF?κB能夠激活c?myc癌基因和死亡受體通路中FasL的受體Fas蛋白的表達,從而誘導(dǎo)細胞凋亡。IL?6在肥胖個體的脂肪組織中過度表達,它還能夠誘導(dǎo)肝內(nèi)脂肪的生成,并且具有促炎癥作用,激活Kupffer細胞,導(dǎo)致肝臟纖維化,進而引起細胞的凋亡[30-31]。楊斌等[32]發(fā)現(xiàn)綠原酸能夠降低TNF?α、IL?6等炎癥因子mRNA表達量的結(jié)論與本試驗結(jié)果一致。綠原酸干預(yù)之后,較HFD組有了下降。綠原酸可通過調(diào)控NF?κB的mRNA表達,對肝細胞凋亡起到調(diào)控作用。
HFD組的血清TG、TC、LDL?c、HDL?c、FFA 和ALT含量顯著升高。HFD組大鼠血清TG、TC含量升高,說明體內(nèi)糖脂代謝紊亂;較NC組的HDL?c/LDL?c下降,說明膽固醇從肝臟運送到全身組織受阻,從而造成TC含量增加;與NC組相比,F(xiàn)FA含量上升,說明體內(nèi)脂肪含量增加,本試驗發(fā)現(xiàn)經(jīng)過綠原酸干預(yù)后,HDL?c和LDL?c含量均有下降,但是通過對比各組HDL?c/LDL?c,NC、HFD、HFD?LC和HFD?HC組的HDL?c/LDL?c分別為1.82、1.59、1.78、2.02,呈現(xiàn)上升趨勢,并且HFD?HC與HFD組存在顯著性差異,所以經(jīng)過綠原酸干預(yù)后,HDL?c含量相對于LDL?c含量呈現(xiàn)上升趨勢。這與胡健萍[33]代謝綜合征小鼠模型及中藥復(fù)方干預(yù)以及Huang等[12]的研究結(jié)果類似。
肝臟是新陳代謝的重要器官,在肝臟內(nèi)進行著糖類代謝、脂類代謝和蛋白質(zhì)代謝等。當(dāng)機體攝入能量過多時,將會導(dǎo)致體內(nèi)脂肪的堆積,造成體內(nèi)脂代謝的紊亂,進而引起脂肪肝,使得機體產(chǎn)生氧化應(yīng)激現(xiàn)象,最終導(dǎo)致肝細胞受損,誘發(fā)肝細胞凋亡。綠原酸作為一種廣泛存在與植物和水果中的天然產(chǎn)物,能抑制高糖高脂飲食造成地脂肪在肝臟內(nèi)的堆積,減少肝臟的負荷;綠原酸還具有抗氧化,防止機體內(nèi)氧化應(yīng)激現(xiàn)象發(fā)生等作用。由此可見,綠原酸對肝細胞凋亡具有調(diào)控作用。
本試驗研究發(fā)現(xiàn)一定劑量的綠原酸能夠減輕體重,減少肥胖發(fā)生率,緩解高脂飲食所導(dǎo)致的NAFLD癥狀,緩解肝細胞凋亡,對肝細胞具有一定的保護作用。
參考文獻:
[1] LUDWIG J,VIGGIANO T R,MCGILL D B,et al.Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis:Mayo clinic experiences with a hitherto unnamed disease[C]//Mayo Clinic Proceedings.1980,55(7):434-438.
[2] PETTA S,MURATORE C,CRAXì A.Non?alcoholic fatty liver disease pathogenesis:the present and the fu?ture[J].Digestive and Liver Disease,2009,41(9):615-625.
[3] GRATTAGLIANO I,DE BARI O,BERNARDO T C,et al.Role of mitochondria in nonalcoholic fatty liv?er disease?from origin to propagation[J].Clinical Bio?chemistry,2012,45(9):610-618.
[4] NARASIMHAN S,GOKULAKRISHNAN K,SAM?PATHKUMAR R,et al.Oxidative stress is independ?ently associated with non?alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)in subjects with and without type 2 diabe?tes[J].Clinical Biochemistry,2010,43(10/11):815-821.
[5] BECK M A.Selenium and host defence towards viru?ses[J].Proceedings of the Nutrition Society,1999,58 (3):707-711.
[6] OZAKI M,DESHPANDE S S,ANGKEOW P,et al.Inhibition of the Rac1 GTPase protects against nonle?thal ischemia/reperfusion?induced necrosis and apop?tosis in vivo[J].The FASEB Journal,2000,14(2):418-429.
[7] MALIKEN B D,NELSON J E,KLINTWORTH H M,et al.Hepatic reticuloendothelial system cell iron deposition is associated with increased apoptosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease[J].Hepatology,2013,57(5):1806-1813.
[8] CHO A S,JEON S M,KIM M J,et al.Chlorogenic acid exhibits anti?obesity property and improves lipid metabolism in high?fat diet?induced?obese mice[J].Food and Chemical Toxicology,2010,48(3):937-943.
[9] BASSOLI B K,CASSOLLA P,BORBA?MURAD G R,et al.Chlorogenic acid reduces the plasma glucose peak in the oral glucose tolerance test:effects on he?patic glucose release and glycaemia[J].Cell Biochem?istry and Function,2008,26(3):320-328.
[10] 梁秀慈,孟文,鐘英麗,等.綠原酸對高脂乳誘導(dǎo)小鼠胰島素抵抗形成的影響[J].中國藥理學(xué)通報,2013,29(5):654-658.
[11] LI S Y,CHANG C Q,MA F Y,et al.Modulating effects of chlorogenic acid on lipids and glucose me?tabolism and expression of hepatic peroxisome prolif?erator?activated receptor?α in golden hamsters fed on high fat diet[J].Biomedical and Environmental Sci?ences,2009,22(2):122-129.
[12] HUANG K,LIANG X C,ZHONG Y L,et al.5?Caf?feoylquinic acid decreases diet?induced obesity in rats by modulating PPARα and LXRα transcription[J].Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,2015, 95(9):1903-1910.
[13] SATO Y,ITAGAKI S,KUROKAWA T,et al.In vitro and in vivo antioxidant properties of chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid[J].International Journal of Pharma?ceutics,2011,403(1/2):136-138.
[14] MUBARAK A,HODGSON J M,CONSIDINE M J,et al.Supplementation of a high?fat diet with chloro?genic acid is associated with insulin resistance and he?patic lipid accumulation in mice[J].Journal of Agri?cultural and Food Chemistry,2013,61(18):4371-4378.
[15] BONITA J S,MANDARANO M,SHUTA D,et al.Coffee and cardiovascular disease:in vitro,cellular,animal,and human studies[J].Pharmacological Re?search,2007,55(3):187-198.
[16] WANG Z,CLIFFORD M N.Comparison of the pro?files of chlorogenic acids and their derivatives from three Chinese traditional herbs by LC?MSn[J].Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica,2008,43(2):185-190.
[17] CLIFFORD M N.Chlorogenic acids and other cin?namates:nature,occurrence and dietary burden[J].Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,1999,79(3):362-372.
[18] 黃繼漢,黃曉暉,陳志揚,等.藥理試驗中動物間和動物與人體間的等效劑量換算[J].中國臨床藥理學(xué)與治療學(xué),2004,9(9):1069-1072.
[19] KASS G E N.Mitochondrial involvement in drug?in?duced hepatic injury[J].Chemico?Biological Interac?tions,2006,163(1/2):145-159.
[20] FELDSTEIN A E,CANBAY A,GUICCIARDI M E,et al.Diet associated hepatic steatosis sensitizes to Fas mediated liver injury in mice[J].Journal of Hepatolo?gy,2003,39(6):978-983.
[21] 梅玫,陸偉.細胞色素P450 2E1在脂肪性肝病中致病作用研究進展[J].實用肝臟病雜志,2007,10 (1):61-64.
[22] LI Z Z,BERK M,MCINTYRE T M,et al.The lysoso?mal?mitochondrial axis in free fatty acid?induced he?patic lipotoxicity[J].Hepatology,2008,47(5):1495-1503.
[23] ZHANG W,KUDO H,KAWAI K,et al.Tumor nec?rosis factor?α accelerates apoptosis of steatotic hepato?cytes from a murine model of non?alcoholic fatty liver disease[J].Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications,2010,391(4):1731-1736.
[24] HUI J M,HODGE A,F(xiàn)ARRELL G C,et al.Beyond insulin resistance in NASH:TNF?α or adiponectin?[J].Hepatology,2004,40(1):46-54.
[25] DAUGHERITY E K,BALMUS G,AL SAEI A,et al.The DNA damage checkpoint protein ATM promotes hepatocellular apoptosis and fibrosis in a mouse model of non?alcoholic fatty liver disease[J].Cell Cycle,2012,11(10):1918-1928.
[26] OLTVAL Z N,MILLIMAN C L,KORSMEYER S J.Bcl?2 heterodimerizes in vivo with a conserved homo?log,Bax,that accelerates programed cell death[J].Cell,1993,74(4):609-619.
[27] RIBEIRO P S,CORTEZ?PINTO H,SOLá S,et al.Hepatocyte apoptosis,expression of death receptors,and activation of NF?κB in the liver of nonalcoholic and alcoholic steatohepatitis patients[J].The Ameri?can Journal of Gastroenterology,2004,99(9):1708-1717.
[28] ELSHARKAWY A M,MANN D A.Nuclear factor?κB and the hepatic inflammation?fibrosis?cancer axis [J].Hepatology,2007,46(2):590-597.
[29] ARUNKUMAR N,LIU C H,HANG H Y,et al.Toll? like receptor agonists induce apoptosis in mouse B?cell lymphoma cells by altering NF?κB activation[J].Cel?lular&Molecular Immunology,2013,10(4):360-372.
[30] QURESHI K,ABRAMS G A.Metabolic liver disease of obesity and role of adipose tissue in the pathogene?sis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease[J].World Jour?nal of Gastroenterology,2007,13(26):3540-3553.
[31] HONG F,KIM W H,TIAN Z G,et al.Elevated inter?leukin?6 during ethanol consumption acts as a potential endogenous protective cytokine against ethanol?in?duced apoptosis in the liver:involvement of induction of Bcl?2 and Bcl?xL proteins[J].Oncogene,2002,21 (1):32-43.
[32] 楊斌,丘岳,王柳萍,等.廣西山銀花綠原酸體外抗炎作用及分子機制研究[J].中國藥理學(xué)通報,2009,25(4):542-545.
[33] 胡健萍.代謝綜合征小鼠模型的建立及中藥復(fù)方干預(yù)[D].碩士學(xué)位論文.北京:北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院,2009.
Effects of Chlorogenic Acid on Apoptosis?Related Gene Expressions in Rats with Non?Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Caused by High?Fat Diet
LIU Yunlong SONG Zhuo PENG Bingjie XU Shihao ZHU Qi WANG Zheng
?
(責(zé)任編輯 王智航)
(College of Bioscience&Biotechnology,Hunan Agriculture University,Changsha 410128,China)
Abstract:To investigate the effects of chlorogenic acid(CGA)on the expressions of apoptosis?related genes in rats with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)caused by high?fat diet.Forty male SD rats were ran?domly divided into 5 groups:control group(NC group),high?fat diet model group(HFD group),high?fat diet+low dose CGA group[(20 mg/(kg·d),HFD?LC group],and high?fat diet+high dose CGA group[(90 mg/(kg·d),HFD?HC group].Each group had 10 rats.All rats were weighed everyday and were kill?ed after 12 weeks.Serum contents of alanine transarninase(ALT),total cholesterol(TC),triglyceride (TG),free fatty acid(FFA),high?density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL?c)and low?density lipoprotein cho?lesterol(LDL?c)were detected;histological changes of the liver were examined by hematoxylin and eosin staining;liver wet weight and hepatic index were weighed;the mRNA expression levels of tumor necrosis fac?tor?α(TNF?α),tumor necrosis factor receptor?1(TNFR?1),caspase?8,caspase?3,B cell lymphoma/leuke?mia?2(Bcl?2),Bcl?2 related gene(Bax),nuclear factor?κB(NF?κB),and interleukin 6(IL?6)were as?sessed by semi?quantification RT?PCR.The results showed as follows:compared with NC group,final body weight(P>0.05),liver wet weight(P<0.01),hepatic index(P<0.01),and the mRNA expression levels of apoptosis?related genes were much higher in HFD group.Compared with HFD group,final body weight(P>0.05),liver wet weight(P<0.05),hepatic index(P>0.05),and the mRNA expression levels of apoptosis?related genes were reduced after the treatment of low dose CGA;and high dose of CGA could induce more on those indices[final body weight(P<0.05),liver wet weight(P<0.05),hepatic index(P>0.05)]than low dose CGA could do.The histological study revealed that there were a lot of fatty vacuoles,a large number of cells with apoptotic morphology.CGA dose dependently reduced the quantity of fatty vacuoles,and improve the physiological state of hepatic cells.It is concluded that CGA can reduce the chance of hepatic apoptosis caused by high?fat diet,improve fat metabolism,and has protection effects on rat liver.[Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2015,27(7):2140?2149]
Key words:obesity;non?alcoholic fatty liver disease;chlorogenic acid;apoptosis
Corresponding author?,professor,E?mail:wz8918@163.com
通信作者:?王 征,教授,博士生導(dǎo)師,E?mail:wz8918@163.com
作者簡介:劉云龍(1988—),男,湖南衡陽人,碩士研究生,從事天然產(chǎn)物利用及營養(yǎng)與藥理研究。E?mail:liuyunlong0527@126.com
基金項目:國家自然科學(xué)基金項目(31071531);湖南省教育廳重點項目(14A071)
收稿日期:2015-01-22
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006?267x.2015.07.019
文章編號:1006?267X(2015)07?2140?10
文獻標識碼:A
中圖分類號:S852.2