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        火山亦“柔情”

        2015-12-31 00:00:00
        新東方英語(yǔ)·中學(xué)版 2015年11期

        炙熱的熔巖噴發(fā)而出只是火山生命周期的短暫一瞬。雖然滾燙的熔巖、遮天蔽日的火山灰和有毒的氣體讓人生畏,但火山運(yùn)動(dòng)也有其“柔情”的一面:它滋潤(rùn)了東非大裂谷的農(nóng)田,造就了哥斯達(dá)黎加海藍(lán)寶石般的酸性火山湖,滋養(yǎng)了冰島多彩的苔蘚群落,形成了屹立在世界各地的一座座灰色山峰,給地球留下了許多美麗又迷人的風(fēng)景。

        Mount Etna Summit

        Location: Sicily, Italy

        With a name meaning \"I burn\", Mount Etna remains the most active volcano in Europe, most recently erupting on May 16, 2015. Although tropical flora1) thrive at the base of this southern Italian stratovolcano2)—a tall, conical3) volcano composed of layers of hardened lava4), debris and pyroclastic5) ash—snow covers the steep slopes, mixing with black ash at the summit 3,350 meters high. Seen here are the summit's four craters6), emitting sulfurous7) steam.

        Maelifellsandur

        Location: Iceland

        As geologist Angelika Jung-Huttl writes, the only place where the boundary between the North American Plate and the Eurasian Plate is visible above water is in Iceland, where the Mid-Atlantic Ridge pushes Europe away from North America between 5 and 10 centimeters each year. The fourth largest glacier8) in Iceland, Myrdalsj?kull, weathered9) down a once-active cinder cone10) volcano, leaving behind a small hill colonized by bright green moss, red patches of iron oxide, and a black desert of lava and volcanic ash collectively known as Maelifellsandur.

        Crater Fields

        Location: Marsabit volcano, Kenya

        Located on the fringe of the East African Rift is Marsabit, a 5-million-year-old shield volcano—a broad volcano with gentle slopes formed by flowing lava—that \"rises about 1,000 meters above the Chalbi Desert in northern Kenya like a green island\", Jung-Huttl writes. Although northern Kenya is typically dry, with an average annual rainfall between 250 and 500 millimeters, agriculture is made possible by absorptive11) properties of the volcano's rock, which stores water from the short rainy season. New earth forms along the East African Rift and, according to scientists, a new ocean will split Africa into two in a few million years.

        Ghoubbet al Kharab

        Location: Gulf of Tadjoura, Djibouti

        \"Black lava fields, crisscrossed12) with fissures13) and strewn14) with cinder cones, meet crystal-clear sea water in which corals thrive,\" Jung-Huttl writes. Translated as \"the devil's gorge15),\" Ghoubbet al Kharab is a long, narrow bay situated above the Assal Rift, where the Earth's crust and upper mantle16) expand up to 2 centimeters per year, allowing lava flows and volcanic ash to build crater cones up to 100 meters high.

        Exhalation17) Structures

        Location: Dallol, Ethiopia

        Located in the Danakil Depression18) of northern Ethiopia—the hottest place on Earth, with an average temperature of 34℃—Dallol is the lowest land volcano in the world, at 48 meters below sea level. Zoom in19) on the bright yellow landscape dotted with white salt beds to find this scene of corrosive20) gases forcing sulfur and iron out of the soil. The minerals then crystallize into delicate bubbles up to 8 centimeters tall—the size of a large brown chicken egg—before shattering in a mild breeze.

        Painted Hills

        Location: Oregon, USA

        In this aerial view21) of the Painted Hills, a gully22) carved by runoff23) in heavy storms twists across the landscape. The hills themselves are layers of volcanic ash carried on the wind from nearby volcanoes more than 30 million years ago. \"This volcanic ash built up, layer after layer, continually burying the marshes24) and forests that flourished in the moist and warm tropical climate of the period,\" Jung-Huttl writes. Eroded25) volcanic materials stripe the fossil beds red, while the dark striations26) and flecks27) are the remains of dead vegetation.

        埃特納火山之巔

        位于意大利的西西里島

        埃特納火山名字的含義是“我燃燒”,它一直是歐洲最為活躍的火山,最近一次噴發(fā)是在2015年5月16日。這座火山位于意大利南部,是個(gè)高高聳立的圓錐狀成層火山,由一層層硬化的火山熔巖、火山碎屑和火山灰構(gòu)成。雖然山腳下的熱帶植物一片欣欣向榮,但是積雪卻覆蓋著陡峭的山坡,還在3350米高的山頂處與黑色的火山灰相混雜。從這張圖(編注:見(jiàn)上圖)上可以看到位于山頂?shù)乃膫€(gè)火山口,它們會(huì)噴出含有硫黃的蒸汽。

        瑪麗非桑朵火山

        位于冰島

        正如地質(zhì)學(xué)家安格莉卡·容-許特爾所描述的那樣,唯一可以從海面上方看見(jiàn)北美板塊和歐亞板塊之間邊界線(xiàn)的地方在冰島,在這里,大西洋中脊每年都要把歐洲大陸推離北美大陸5~10厘米。米達(dá)爾斯冰原是冰島的第四大冰川,在其風(fēng)化作用下,一座曾經(jīng)活躍的火山渣錐變成了一座小山,山上滿(mǎn)是翠綠色的苔蘚和一塊塊紅色的鐵氧化物,還有一片由熔巖和火山灰構(gòu)成的黑色沙漠,而這一切形成了瑪麗非桑朵火山。

        火山口的農(nóng)田

        位于肯尼亞的馬薩比特火山

        馬薩比特火山位于東非大裂谷的邊緣地帶,是一座有著500萬(wàn)年歷史的盾狀火山——一種頂面寬闊、具有由流動(dòng)熔巖形成的緩坡的火山。它“就像是一座比肯尼亞北部的查爾比沙漠高出大約1000米的綠色小島”,容-許特爾這樣描述道。盡管肯尼亞北部是典型的干旱氣候,年平均降雨量為250~500毫米,但由于火山巖具有吸水的特性,可以在短暫的雨季儲(chǔ)存水分,使得人們?cè)谶@里進(jìn)行農(nóng)業(yè)耕種成為可能。新的地貌正沿著東非大裂谷形成,而且據(jù)科學(xué)家稱(chēng),再過(guò)幾百萬(wàn)年,一個(gè)新大洋將會(huì)把非洲一分為二。

        魔鬼的咽喉

        位于吉布提的塔朱拉灣

        “在黑色的熔巖區(qū)上,一條條裂縫縱橫交錯(cuò),一座座火山渣錐星羅棋布,與之相連的是水晶般透明的海水,里面生長(zhǎng)著大量的珊瑚。”容-許特爾這樣寫(xiě)道。塔朱拉灣翻譯成英文意思是“魔鬼的咽喉”,它是一條長(zhǎng)而狹窄的海灣,位于阿薩爾裂谷的上方。每年,這里的地殼和上地幔都要上延兩厘米,致使熔巖流和火山灰堆積,形成高達(dá)100米的火山口錐。

        會(huì)呼吸的火山結(jié)構(gòu)

        位于埃塞俄比亞的達(dá)洛爾火山

        達(dá)洛爾火山處于海平面以下48米,是世界上地勢(shì)最低的陸地火山,坐落在埃塞俄比亞北部的達(dá)納吉爾洼地——這個(gè)洼地是地球上最熱的地方,平均氣溫為34攝氏度。如果把鏡頭推向這片點(diǎn)綴著白色鹽層的亮黃色風(fēng)景帶,則可以看到這樣的景象。具有腐蝕性的氣體迫使土壤中的硫和鐵不斷析出。隨后,這些礦物質(zhì)在被微風(fēng)吹散之前,會(huì)結(jié)晶成一個(gè)個(gè)高達(dá)八厘米的脆弱氣泡,就像一個(gè)紅皮大雞蛋那么大。

        彩繪山

        位于美國(guó)的俄勒岡州

        在彩繪山的這張鳥(niǎo)瞰圖(編注:見(jiàn)右下圖)上,暴風(fēng)雨沖刷形成的徑流在山上雕刻出一個(gè)小峽谷,蜿蜒穿過(guò)這片風(fēng)景。彩繪山本身是由一層又一層隨風(fēng)飄來(lái)的火山灰堆積而成的,這些火山灰來(lái)自坐落在附近、擁有3000多萬(wàn)年歷史的火山群?!斑@種火山灰層層堆積,使得當(dāng)時(shí)那些曾在溫暖潮濕的熱帶氣候中繁茂生長(zhǎng)的沼澤和森林不斷被掩埋?!比?許特爾這樣寫(xiě)道。被侵蝕了的火山物質(zhì)使化石層產(chǎn)生了紅色的條紋,而那些深色的條痕和斑點(diǎn)則是死去的植物留下來(lái)的殘骸。

        1.flora [?fl??r?] n. (指某一地區(qū)的)植物群

        2.stratovolcano [?str?t??v?l?ke?n??] n. 【地】成層火山

        3.conical [?k?n?kl] adj. 圓錐形的

        4.lava [?lɑ?v?] n. 火山熔巖;火山巖

        5.pyroclastic [?pa?r???kl?st?k] adj. 火成碎屑的

        6.crater [?kre?t?(r)] n. 火山口;坑

        7.sulfurous [?s?lf?r?s] adj. 【化】硫的;含硫的

        8.glacier [?ɡl?si?(r)] n. 冰河;冰川

        9.weather [?wee?(r)] vi. 風(fēng)干;風(fēng)化

        10.cinder cone: 火山渣錐。cinder [?s?nd?(r)] n. 【地】火山渣。cone [k??n] n. 【地】火山錐

        11.absorptive [?b's??pt?v] adj. 有吸收性的;有吸收力的

        12.crisscross [?kr?s?kr?s] vt. (在某處)交叉

        13.fissure [?f???(r)] n. (巖石、地面等的)裂縫,裂隙

        14.strew [stru?] vt. 撒在……上;散落在……上

        15.gorge [ɡ??d?] n. <古>咽喉

        16.mantle [?m?ntl] n. 【地】地幔

        17.exhalation [?eksh??le??n] n. 呼氣;呼出

        18.depression [d??pre?n] n. 凹陷;洼地

        19.zoom in: (攝取特寫(xiě)鏡頭時(shí)攝影機(jī))推進(jìn)

        20.corrosive [k??r??s?v] adj. 腐蝕的;有害的

        21.aerial view: 鳥(niǎo)瞰圖,俯視圖

        22.gully [?ɡ?li] n. 小峽谷

        23.runoff [?r?n?f] n. (雨水、融雪等的地表)徑流(量)

        24.marsh [mɑ??] n. 沼澤;濕地

        25.erode [??r??d] vt. 侵蝕;腐蝕

        26.striation [stra??e??n] n. 【地】條痕,擦痕

        27.fleck [flek] n. 斑點(diǎn)

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