建筑設(shè)計(jì)：呼吸·奧地利小組，克勞斯·雷恩哈特

Architects: team.breathe.austria, Klaus K. Loenhart

自然氛圍：奧地利館

Natural Atmosphere: Austrian Pavilion

建筑設(shè)計(jì)：呼吸·奧地利小組，克勞斯·雷恩哈特

Architects: team.breathe.austria, Klaus K. Loenhart

1 外景/Exterior view

讓空氣成為城市實(shí)踐的營(yíng)養(yǎng)和催化劑

為了回應(yīng)本年度的米蘭世博會(huì)主題“滋養(yǎng)地球，生命之源”，奧地利館將我們的注意力吸引到了“空氣”這一重要的養(yǎng)分和寶貴資源上。作為生物圈中最基礎(chǔ)的組成部分，空氣、氣候和大氣將我們星球上的所有生物統(tǒng)合起來(lái)。因此，空氣既是生命的源泉，又是一種自然財(cái)產(chǎn)。

“呼吸·奧地利”，展館本身就是展品。作為一種原型，它通過(guò)揭示出由自然與技術(shù)組成的混合系統(tǒng)所具有的潛力來(lái)為未來(lái)自然環(huán)境與城市策略的互動(dòng)模式提供參考。展館的核心部分是一片茂密的奧地利森林。它靠技術(shù)元素的支撐而得以實(shí)現(xiàn)，創(chuàng)造出一片可以呼吸的微氣候。憑借氧和碳的生成內(nèi)核，展館成為了一個(gè)“空氣發(fā)生站”，而且是整個(gè)米蘭世博會(huì)上唯一一座不需要?jiǎng)佑脗鹘y(tǒng)空調(diào)就能抵御米蘭酷暑的展館。對(duì)于項(xiàng)目設(shè)計(jì)者們來(lái)說(shuō)，這種自然元素與技術(shù)系統(tǒng)的融合也預(yù)示著一次設(shè)計(jì)思考模式的轉(zhuǎn)移。

展館由一個(gè)名為“呼吸·奧地利小組”的多學(xué)科合作團(tuán)隊(duì)設(shè)計(jì)完成。該小組由建筑師、景觀師、克勞斯·雷恩哈特教授主持。

環(huán)保性能和集成技術(shù)

展館的建筑空間被12種取自?shī)W地利森林的生態(tài)型植物占滿(mǎn)——苔蘚、灌木，乃至12m高的參天大樹(shù)都層列其中，不一而足。190種以上的植物種類(lèi)構(gòu)成了豐富的生物多樣性，并使空間中的光影、空氣和清新的氣味相生成趣。在水霧噴頭和超細(xì)水射頭等技術(shù)手段的作用下，展館在其內(nèi)部創(chuàng)造出了一個(gè)微氣候，也為參觀者帶來(lái)了激動(dòng)人心的感官體驗(yàn)。自2015年5月初米蘭世博會(huì)開(kāi)幕以來(lái)，參觀奧地利館的游客就能夠完全沉浸在這清新美好的室內(nèi)環(huán)境中，動(dòng)用自己的全部感官去體驗(yàn)森林的表演。在3個(gè)月的時(shí)間里，超過(guò)12,800株的多年生植物、草類(lèi)和森林樹(shù)木被栽培到這片經(jīng)過(guò)精密的工程設(shè)計(jì)的復(fù)雜景觀當(dāng)中。

在天然富含水分的森林中，冷卻作用一般通過(guò)蒸發(fā)來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)，即通過(guò)水分從動(dòng)植物群體中，以及從土壤和水體表面蒸發(fā)來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。然而，在“呼吸·奧地利”里，技術(shù)手段加強(qiáng)了這種蒸發(fā)冷卻作用。雖然展館的室內(nèi)面積只有560m2，熱動(dòng)力高壓霧化噴頭可以激活所有植物的表面，讓它們進(jìn)行蒸發(fā)散熱，這樣總體的作用表面積就增加到了43,000m2之多。

雖然被限制在有限的空間之內(nèi)，但“呼吸·奧地利”成功地在一館之內(nèi)創(chuàng)造了一個(gè)獨(dú)特的氣候帶：一片清新、涼爽、使人留戀徜徉的空間。自然和技術(shù)高效的配合作用使室內(nèi)溫度下降了5～7℃，完全取代了傳統(tǒng)的空調(diào)系統(tǒng)。展館每小時(shí)產(chǎn)出62.5kgO2——足夠滿(mǎn)足1800個(gè)參觀者的需求。在一個(gè)560m2的空間內(nèi)，“呼吸·奧地利”成功實(shí)現(xiàn)了一座比它大得多的3hm2左右森林的生態(tài)效益。這個(gè)展館真正成為了一個(gè)呼吸著的“光合作用收納器”，為全球氧氣生產(chǎn)做出了卓越貢獻(xiàn)。

奧地利館是一個(gè)感官性和體驗(yàn)性的所在，它融合連接著看似不相融的元素——人工技術(shù)與自然多樣性——并在氣候上發(fā)揮著主動(dòng)作用。這種“自然氣候機(jī)”系統(tǒng)可以在功能上無(wú)縫嵌入各種尺度的城市區(qū)域，在世界各地的都市地區(qū)發(fā)揮效用。因此，“呼吸·奧地利”實(shí)際為我們提供了一個(gè)媒介性的原型，旨在激發(fā)人們關(guān)于新能源、智慧城市、全生命周期設(shè)計(jì)、零碳和綠色科技的探討和思考。“呼吸·奧地利”展館為未來(lái)城市實(shí)踐提供了一個(gè)模型。它揭示了構(gòu)建技術(shù)與自然環(huán)境之間的橋梁所帶來(lái)的巨大發(fā)展?jié)摿椭匾饬x，也將給眾多其他相關(guān)項(xiàng)目帶來(lái)啟發(fā)?！酰◤?jiān)Ｏ?譯）

2.3 內(nèi)景/Interior views

4 立面/Elevation

5 剖面/Section

項(xiàng)目信息/Credits and Data

建筑設(shè)計(jì)/Architects: team.breathe.austria, terrain: studio for architecture and landscape architecture BDA

主持設(shè)計(jì)/Principal: Klaus K. Loenhart

合作/Cooperation: Agency in Biosphere – Markus Jeschaunig; Hohensinn Architektur ZT GmbH – Karlheinz Boiger; LANDLAB, i_a&l, TU-Graz – Andreas Goritschnig und Bernhard K?nig; Lendlabor Graz – Anna Resch und Lisa Enzenhofer; Alexander Kellas; Engelsmann Peters Engineers – Stefan Peters; transsolar –Wolfgang Kessling; BOKU Wien IBLB – Bernhard Scharf

客戶(hù)/Client: Bundesministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Wirtschaft, Regierungsbeauftragter DI Josef Pr?ll, Wirtschaftskammer ?sterreich

攝影/Photos: Daniele Madia(fig.2,3,11), Marc Lins(fig.1,9,13,14), press@terrain(fig.6,12)

6 內(nèi)景/Interior view

7.8 圖解/Diagrams

Air as food and a catalyst for urban practices

In response to the theme of this year's Milan Expo, "Feeding the Planet, Energy for Life", the Austrian contribution breathe.austria draws our attention to an essential nutrient and one of our most precious resources: air. As fundamental components of the biosphere, air, climate and the atmosphere unite all living creatures on our planet. As such, air is both a source of sustenance and a natural asset.

At breathe.austria the pavilion itself is the exhibition. It functions as a prototype to address possible future interaction between the natural environment and urban strategies by demonstrating the potential of hybrid systems that integrate nature and technology. The central element is a dense Austrian forest brought together with technical elements in order to create a breathing microclimate. With this oxygen- and carbon-producing core, the pavilion becomes an "air generating station" – the only building on the entire Expo site to withstand the hot Milanese summer without conventional air conditioning. For the project designers, such combinations of natural and technological systems will initiate a paradigm shift in the future.

The pavilion was developed by the interdisciplinary project group team.breathe.austria under the direction of architect, landscape architect and university professor Klaus Loenhart.

Natural performance and integral technology

The pavilion's entire floor area is densely planted with 12 Austrian forest ecotypes, ranging from mosses and shrubs to towering, 12-metre trees. The biodiversity of plants with more than 190 different species creates an intense interplay of light, air and fresh scents. Through technical assistance with fog and fine water jets a unique microclimate is created, creating an intense sensual experience for visitors. From the opening of the Expo Milano in early May onwards the visitors to the Austrian Pavilion can immerse themselves in the fresh atmosphere and can experience theperformance of the forest with all their senses. More than 12,800 perennials, grasses and forest trees have been installed over three months in the highly complex engineered landscape.

In a natural, water-rich forest, cooling occurs through evapotranspiration, meaning the evaporation of water from flora and fauna as well as from the soil and water surface. At breathe. austria, however, the evaporative cooling process is technically augmented. While the pavilion surface area is only 560m2, thermodynamic high pressure misting nozzles are used to activate the total evaporation surface of the pavilion vegetation, amounting to around 43,000m2.

Despite the spatial constraints, breathe.austria succeeds in creating a unique climate zone within the pavilion: a pleasantly cool, fresh atmosphere that invites guests to linger. The effective interplay between nature and technology cools the interior space by 5 to 7°C and supplants conventional air conditioning. The pavilion produces 62.5 kg/h of oxygen – enough for 1,800 visitors. On its surface area of 560m2, breathe.austria achieves the equivalent of a much larger, 3-hectare natural forest. The pavilion serves as a breathing "photosynthesis collector" that contributes to global oxygen production.

The Austrian pavilion is a sensual, experiential site that connects the seemingly irreconcilable– technology and natural diversity – while being climatically active. This system of a "natural climate machine" can act functionally integrated in urban areas at different scales in various metropolitan areas worldwide. The prototype breathe.austria thus aims to act as an intermediary which encourages discourses and ideas towards renewable energy, smart cities, Cradle 2 Cradle, Zero-Carbon and Green-Tech. The contribution breathe. austria is a model for future urban practices. It demonstrates the great potential and importance of communicating the interaction of technology and natural environments, which can inspire countless other projects.□

9 平面/Floor plans

10.11 內(nèi)景/Interior views

評(píng)論

李翔寧：奧地利館是一個(gè)面向未來(lái)的項(xiàng)目。在極少主義的盒子里嵌入了一個(gè)人工的伊甸園。精心設(shè)置的游觀路線(xiàn)讓我們從不同方向、高度、視點(diǎn)沉浸在人工氧吧中?！昂粑W地利”供給的最概念化的食物：空氣。一個(gè)出人意表的概念以一貫始終的單純手法得以實(shí)現(xiàn)。自然科技渾然不覺(jué)地結(jié)合在一起，讓你的想像躍出人工建造的藩籬，飛上云端。

張昕：奧地利館的主題是“呼吸”與“空氣即食物”。同其他全球性話(huà)題一樣，一些國(guó)家面對(duì)“好不好吃”的問(wèn)題，一些國(guó)家面對(duì)“能不能吃”的問(wèn)題。每年采暖季開(kāi)始前的幾天，中國(guó)北方的有識(shí)之士更能感受到冷暖與呼吸之間、眼前與未來(lái)之間的選擇煎熬。將注意力集中于優(yōu)質(zhì)的呼吸感受是極具挑戰(zhàn)的。借助與主題無(wú)關(guān)的手段（諸如空間和景觀暗示），該館取得了成功。但遺憾的是，作為彰顯國(guó)家榮耀而存在的展館，作為選擇回字型平面和高技微氣候組合的“空氣制造廠”，因此回避了呼吸問(wèn)題也是心理問(wèn)題，更是區(qū)域性問(wèn)題，且首先是“能不能吃”的問(wèn)題。

Comments

LI Xiangning: Austrian Pavilion is a future-oriented project. It is an artificial Eden embedded in a box of Minimalism. Its dedicated touring routes indulge us in an artificial oxygen bar from different directions, altitudes and views. Austrian Pavilion provides us the most conceptualized food－the air. This is a concept beyond all expectations, realized through a simple and consistent approach. The harmonious combination of nature and technology was to free our imaginations from the man-made hedges and high up into the sky.

ZHANG Xin: The theme of the Austria Pavilion is "breathing" and "air is food". Like other global subjects, while some countries are facing the question of "delicious or not", others encounter the question of "edible or not". A few days before heating seasons each year, people in North China may better feel the difficulty choosing between warmth and breath, and between the present and future. While it is extraordinarily challenging to focus on qualified breath, the Pavilion is nevertheless a success story through theme-unrelated approaches (e.g. space and landscape). However, it is somehow regretful that the Pavilion, which embodies the national glory of Austria, chooses hollow-square planes and the "air manufacturer" combined by high technologies and micro-climate, which avoids to admit that the question of breath is also the question of psychology, of area, and above all, of "edibility or not".

12 夜景/Night view