建筑設(shè)計(jì)：基蘭-廷伯萊克建筑師事務(wù)所

基蘭-廷伯萊克建筑師事務(wù)所，費(fèi)城，美國(guó)

建筑設(shè)計(jì)：基蘭-廷伯萊克建筑師事務(wù)所

1 改造后的廠房立面/Renovated fa?ade of the Ortlieb's brewing company

可持續(xù)工作空間的翻新

基蘭-廷伯萊克建筑事務(wù)所新落成的辦公地所在的歷史建筑曾經(jīng)是奧爾特利布釀酒公司的廠房。這家公司從1869年開(kāi)始就在費(fèi)城生產(chǎn)備受歡迎的德式啤酒。最初的一批釀酒廠很早就被拆除了，而建于1948年的亨利·奧爾特利布灌瓶車(chē)間得以保留，它位于北自由街區(qū)。這個(gè)制造中心在二戰(zhàn)后走向衰落，現(xiàn)在是重獲生機(jī)的居住和商業(yè)區(qū)。

當(dāng)斯蒂芬·基蘭和詹姆斯·廷伯萊克在為他們的公司尋找新家的時(shí)候，灌瓶車(chē)間激發(fā)了想象力的火花，成為理想的翻新目標(biāo)。這座建筑由威廉·克勒公司的理查德·克勒設(shè)計(jì)，他曾經(jīng)在賓夕法尼亞大學(xué)向保羅·克雷學(xué)習(xí)建筑。

建筑師將這座大型紅磚工廠的翻新視為可持續(xù)性的一次大膽試驗(yàn)，目標(biāo)是創(chuàng)造一個(gè)能耗最低的舒適工作環(huán)境。從事務(wù)所的環(huán)保理念和對(duì)建筑開(kāi)拓性研究的追求出發(fā)，他們渴望給一座過(guò)時(shí)的建筑帶來(lái)可持續(xù)的新生命，在保護(hù)與更新之間維持微妙的平衡，并制定以技術(shù)驅(qū)動(dòng)的資源保護(hù)策略。

灌瓶車(chē)間最初是自然通風(fēng)的，有坡屋頂和可開(kāi)啟的窗扇?？紤]到它在整個(gè)釀酒廠中的功能，車(chē)間用厚混凝土樓板建成，以支撐各種液體和機(jī)器的荷載。它開(kāi)敞的平面和高大的室內(nèi)空間讓熱氣升騰，沿坡屋頂一直上到監(jiān)測(cè)儀的位置，再排出室外。

這個(gè)既有的被動(dòng)通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)和厚混凝土樓板的蓄熱性能對(duì)基蘭-廷伯萊克事務(wù)所的可持續(xù)翻新非常有利。為了在費(fèi)城溫和的氣候中給近百人創(chuàng)造舒適工作的環(huán)境，又精心設(shè)計(jì)了3種運(yùn)行模式：被動(dòng)通風(fēng)、主動(dòng)通風(fēng)和除濕。

第一種模式是全被動(dòng)的，即打開(kāi)辦公空間和工作室頂部監(jiān)測(cè)儀的窗戶(hù)。一旦溫度超過(guò)了被動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的能力，第二種降溫模式就會(huì)啟動(dòng)：主動(dòng)通風(fēng)。監(jiān)測(cè)儀里的兩個(gè)排風(fēng)扇足以清除工作室內(nèi)的熱氣，而經(jīng)蓄熱體冷卻的空氣則通過(guò)抬高的實(shí)樓板送給每個(gè)人。所有員工都有兩個(gè)內(nèi)置于樓板的旋流風(fēng)口，開(kāi)閉它就可以控制每張桌子的微環(huán)境。由于靠近人體，樓板下的送風(fēng)系統(tǒng)的能耗要低于上空的；送風(fēng)壓力較小，也無(wú)需大幅冷卻就能保證舒適度。第三種降溫模式是除濕。這需要關(guān)閉窗戶(hù)，啟動(dòng)除濕系統(tǒng)，用液體干燥劑冷卻，去除空氣中的水分。降溫效果可達(dá)好幾度。

建筑的采光與滿(mǎn)足熱舒適度的可持續(xù)方案是一致的。為了避免因發(fā)熱而浪費(fèi)能源，人工照明很少使用。工作室主要靠西立面和監(jiān)測(cè)儀上的窗戶(hù)獲得充足的日照——即便是陰天也可以。車(chē)間中所有的人工照明都是LED燈，日光收集系統(tǒng)讓燈具和遮陽(yáng)板能根據(jù)日照情況進(jìn)行調(diào)整，以減少能耗。

在翻新的過(guò)程中，研究人員為了更好地了解建筑的性能進(jìn)行了監(jiān)測(cè)，并制定了保溫方案。特制的溫室傳感器安裝在墻內(nèi)、天花、監(jiān)測(cè)儀和窗戶(hù)表面的56個(gè)位置上。它們收集的數(shù)據(jù)將為不斷發(fā)展的個(gè)性化邏輯設(shè)置提供信息，以確定建筑適宜的運(yùn)行模式——在盡可能降低能耗的條件下保證事務(wù)所的建筑師和研究人員有一個(gè)舒適的工作室。（尚晉 譯）

項(xiàng)目信息/Credits and Data

設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)/Design Team: Stephen Kieran, James Timberlake, Laurent Hedquist, George Ristow, Jason Ciotti-Niebish, Ryan Wall, David Gale

功能/Program: 可適應(yīng)性辦公空間，會(huì)議室，制作工作室，廚房，車(chē)庫(kù) /Adaptable office space, conference rooms, fabrication studio, kitchen, garage

材料/Materials: 鋼結(jié)構(gòu)，磚石表皮，Tectum-E SIPs屋頂板，室內(nèi)高架活動(dòng)地板/Steel frame construction with masonry exterior envelope. Roof deck is Tectum-E SIPs panels. Interior fit-out incorporates raised panel access floor.

場(chǎng)地面積/Site Area: 2300m2

建筑面積/Floor Area: 6395m2

設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)間/Design Period: 2013

攝影/Photos: Michael Moran/OTTO(fig.2,8), the Ortlileb family(fig.3), KieranTimberlake(fig.1,4,5,9)

Retrofit for a Sustainable Workspace

The historic building that houses KieranTimberlake's new architecture studio was once part of a complex of properties belonging to Ortlieb's Brewing Company, a producer of popular German-style beers in Philadelphia beginning in 1869. Some of the original brewery buildings were demolished long ago, but the Henry F. Ortlieb Bottling House, constructed in 1948, remains. It stands in the Northern Liberties neighborhood, a center of manufacturing that declined after World War II but is now a vibrant, revitalizing residential and commercial district.

As Stephen Kieran and James Timberlake were seeking a new home for their innovative firm, the bottling house presented a viable structure for an imaginative retrofit. The building was designed by Richard Koelle of William F. Koelle & Co. who studied architecture under Paul Cret at the University of Pennsylvania.

The architects envisioned the retrofit of this large, red-brick industrial building as an opportunity to undertake an ambitious experiment in sustainability. the goal: to achieve a comfortable working environment with as little energy usage as possible. In keeping with the environmental ethic of the firm and its commitment to ground-breaking research that pushes the practice of architecture forward, they aspired to give new, sustainable life to an outdated building, maintaining a delicate balance of preservation and renewal while developing a technology-powered strategy to conserve resources.

2 改造后的工作室內(nèi)景/Interior view of KieranTimberlake

3 奧爾特利布釀酒廠舊照/The original interior view of the Ortlieb's brewing company

4.5 改造過(guò)程中/During renovation

The bottling house was originally built to be self-ventilating, with a sloped roof and operable windows. Given its function within the larger brewery, the building was constructed with thick concrete floors to support a heavy load of liquids and machinery. Its open floor plan and tall interior spaces allowed heat to rise and follow the sloped roof up to the monitor, where it could exit the building.

This passive ventilation system already in place, along with the energy-storing capacity of the thick concrete floors, worked to KieranTimberlake’s advantage in the sustainable retrofit. A careful strategy for maintaining a comfortable work environment for nearly 100 employees within the temperate climate of Philadelphia includes three operational modes for the building. These include passive ventilation, active ventilation, and dehumidification.

the first mode is entirely passive and involves opening both the floor-level windows in the office space and the windows in the monitor at the top of the studio. Once the temperature rises beyond the capacity of the passive system, a second mode for cooling can be engaged: active ventilation. Two exhaust fans within the monitor have the power to purge warm air from the studio while thermal mass cooled air is delivered to individuals via a raised floor plenum. Each staff member has two in-floor swirl diffusers that can be opened or closed to control the micro-environment at each desk. Because of the proximity to occupants, under-floor air distribution systems use less energy than overhead systems; air can be delivered at less pressure and does not need to be cooled as drastically in order to influence comfort. The third mode for cooling the building is dehumidification, which requires closing the windows and engaging a dehumidification system that uses liquid desiccant cooling to pull moisture from the air and cool it by a few degrees.

The lighting strategy in the building supports this sustainable approach to thermal comfort. To avoid heat gain and energy waste, artificial lighting is employed only sparingly, and the studio relies upon the many windows along the western fa?ade and in the monitor to bring an abundance of daylight even on cloudy days. Any artificial lighting in the building is LED, and both lights and shades make use of a daylight harvesting system that responds to available sunlight and reduces energy consumption.

During the renovation, researchers conducted monitoring to learn more about how the building functions as a thermal strategy was developed. Custom temperature and humidity sensors were created in house and installed at 56 points within the walls, ceiling, monitor, and on window surfaces in the building. Data gathered from this monitoring will inform the ongoing development of a customized logic set that determines the proper mode of operation for the building－ensuring a comfortable studio for the firm's architects and researchers while utilizing as little energy as possible.

6 首層平面/Floor 0 plan

7 二層平面/Floor 1 plan

8 會(huì)議討論區(qū)/Conference and meeting area

評(píng)論

鄭方：把啤酒公司廢棄的廠房改建為建筑師辦公室，最為貼切地表達(dá)了基蘭-廷伯萊克事務(wù)所對(duì)于可持續(xù)性的關(guān)注。灌裝生產(chǎn)線要求工人成為機(jī)器生產(chǎn)的一個(gè)組件，而設(shè)計(jì)則鼓勵(lì)建筑師的創(chuàng)造性和流動(dòng)性——工作特征的戲劇性對(duì)比使這一空間的歷史性更新充滿(mǎn)象征意義，即蘇珊·理查森在其博客中所評(píng)論的“工作空間適應(yīng)于人，而非讓人去適應(yīng)空間”。這個(gè)廠房采用的波隆梭型桁架在1960年代中期就達(dá)到了60m跨度。桁架結(jié)構(gòu)區(qū)分了壓桿和拉桿，并使壓桿垂直于斜撐，結(jié)構(gòu)桿件簡(jiǎn)潔，節(jié)點(diǎn)構(gòu)成優(yōu)雅輕巧，使建筑內(nèi)部能夠充滿(mǎn)瞬息萬(wàn)變的自然光線。巴黎的圣拉扎爾火車(chē)站是最早采用這種結(jié)構(gòu)的空間之一，莫奈的系列畫(huà)作記錄了穿透桁架和玻璃頂棚的光線照亮蒸汽和煙塵的感覺(jué)。結(jié)構(gòu)和透過(guò)結(jié)構(gòu)的光呈現(xiàn)了技術(shù)的整體意義，并且穿越綿延的時(shí)光，完美地再現(xiàn)于這個(gè)改建的辦公室中。范路：運(yùn)用可持續(xù)的能源策略，是奧爾特利布釀酒公司廠房改造項(xiàng)目的核心主題。改造后的灌瓶車(chē)間，不僅滿(mǎn)足了基蘭-廷伯萊克建筑工作室的空間使用要求，更為其近百名員工創(chuàng)造了舒適且低能耗的工作環(huán)境。被動(dòng)通風(fēng)和混凝土樓板蓄熱是最基本的考慮，新技術(shù)的引入帶來(lái)了更精細(xì)化的能源保護(hù)策略——被動(dòng)通風(fēng)、主動(dòng)通風(fēng)和除濕3種運(yùn)行模式。建筑采光設(shè)計(jì)也與熱舒適的策略保持一致。所有這些都表明，形式追隨舒適與可持續(xù)。

9 外景/Exterior view

Comments

ZHENG Fang: The renovation of an abandoned brewery factory into an architectural office is the aptest expression of KieranTimberlake's concern for sustainability. Canning production lines require workers to become a component of the machine production, while the design is to encourage architects' creativity and flexibility. This dramatic contrast endows the historic space with symbolic meaning, just as what Susan Richardson comments in the blog: "A workspace adapted to people, not the other way around". The span of the Polonceau truss that the plant adopted had reached 60m in the mid-1860s. the truss structure is distinguished between the strut and the tie rod, in which the strut is perpendicular to the batter brace, with simple structural members and light, elegant nodes, so that the interior are filled with ever-changing natural light. Saint-Lazare train station in Paris is one of the earliest to use this structure, and Monet's paintings record the scene of beams of light penetrating the trusses and glass roof and illuminating the steam and smoke dust. the structure, with light passing through, demonstrates the overall technological significance, traveling through time to be perfectly reproduced in this renovated office.

FAN Lu: One may regard the adoption of sustainable energy strategy as the central theme of the renovation project of the Ortlieb's Brewery building. The retrofitted bottling house not only meets the spatial requirements of KieranTimberlake Architecture Studio, but provide nearly 100 employees with a comfortable and low-energy cost working environment as well. Besides basic considerations for passive ventilation system and energy-storing thick concrete floors, new technologies are introduced to bring more elaborate strategies for energy conservation, i.e. the three operational modes of passive ventilation, active ventilation and dehumidification. the lighting design in the building supports this sustainable approach to thermal comfort. All these strategies demonstrate that form follows comfort and sustainability.

the Architecture Studio of KieranTimberlake, Philadelphia, USA, 2015

Architects: KieranTimberlake