Guide for Authors

Introduction

T ypes of paper

Contributions f alling into the follo wing cate gories will be considered for publication: changes in climate system, impacts of climate change, adaptation to climate change, greenhouse gas emissions, and policy forum.

Please ensure that you select the appropriate article type from the list of options when making your submission. Authors contributing to special issues should ensure that they select the special issue article type from this list.

Before You Begin

Et hics in publishing

For information on Ethics in Publishing and Ethical guidelines for journal publication see http://www .elsevier.com/ publishingethics and http://www .elsevier.com/ethicalguide lines.

Conf lict of interest

All authors are requested to disclose an y actual or potential conflict of interest including an y financial, personal or other relationships with other people or or ganizations within three years of be ginning the submitted w ork that could inappropriately influence, or be percei ved to influence, their work. See also http://www.elsevier.com/conflictsofinterest.

Submi ssion declaration

Submission of an article implies that the w ork described has not been published pre viously (e xcept in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture or academic thesis), that it is not under consideration for publication else where, that its publication is appro ved by all authors and tacitly or explicitly by the responsible authorities where the w ork was carried out, and that, if accepted, it will not be published elsewhere including electronically in the same form, in English or in any other language, without the written consent of the copyright-holder.

Chang es to authorship

This policy concerns the addition, deletion, or rearrangement of author names in the authorship of accepted manuscripts:

Before the accepted manuscript is published in an online issue: Requests to add or remove an author, or to rearrange the author names, must be sent to the Journal Manager from the corresponding author of the accepted manuscript and must include: (a) the reason the name should be added or removed, or the author names rearranged and (b) written confirmation (e-mail, fax, letter) from all authors that they agree with the addition, remo val or rearrangement. In the case of addition or remo val of authors, this includes confirmation from the author being added or remo ved. Requests that are not sent by the corresponding author will be forwarded by the Journal Manager to the corresponding author, who must follow the procedure as described above. Note that: (1) Journal Managers will inform the Journal Editors of an y such requests and (2) publication of the accepted manuscript in an online issue is suspended until authorship has been agreed.

After the accepted manuscript is published in an online issue: Any requests to add, delete, or rearrange author names in an article published in an online issue will follow the same policies as noted abo ve and result in a corrigendum.

Copyr ight

Upon acceptance of an article, authors will be ask ed to complete a ‘Journal Publishing Agreement’. Acceptance of the agreement will ensure the widest possible dissemination of information. An e-mail will be sent to the corresponding author confirming receipt of the manuscript together with a‘Journal Publishing Agreement’ form or a link to the online version of this agreement.

Permission of the society is required for resale or distribution outside the institution and for all other deri vative works, including compilations and translations (please consult accre@cma.gov.cn). If excerpts from other copyrighted works are included, the author(s) must obtain written permission from the cop yright owners and credit the source(s) in the article.

Role of the funding source

You are requested to identify who pro vided f inancial support for the conduct of the research and/or preparation of the article and to briefly describe the role of the sponsor(s), if any, in study design; in the collection, analysis and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; and in the decision to submit the paper for publication. If the funding source(s) had no such involvement then this should be stated. Please see http://www.elsevier.com/funding.

Langua ge and language services

Please write your te xt in good English (American or British usage is accepted, b ut not a mixture of these). Authors who require information about language editing and cop yediting services pre- and post-submission please visit http://webshop. elsevier.com/languageediting or our customer support site at http://support.elsevier.com for more information.

Submis sion

Submission to this journal proceeds totally online. Use the following guidelines to prepare your article. Via the homepage of this journal (http://ees.else vier.com/ACCRE) you will be g uided stepwise through the creation and uploading of thevarious files. The system automatically converts source files to a single Adobe Acrobat PDF version of the article, which is used in the peer-review process. Please note that even though manuscript source files are converted to PDF at submission for the re view process, these source f iles are needed for further processing after acceptance. All correspondence, including notification of the Editor’s decision and requests for re vision, tak es place by e-mail and via the author’s homepage, removing the need for a hard-cop y paper trail. If you are unable to provide an electronic version, please contact the editorial office prior to submission (e-mail: accre@cma. gov.cn).

Additio nal information

Tables and figures may be presented with captions within the main body of the manuscript; if so, f igures should additionally be uploaded as high resolution files.

Preparation

Use o f w ordprocessing software

It is important that the file be saved in the native format of the wordprocessor used. The te xt should be in single-column format. Keep the layout of the te xt as simple as possible. Most formatting codes will be remo ved and replaced on processing the article. In particular , do not use the wordprocessor’s options to justify text or to hyphenate words. However, do use bold f ace, italics, subscripts, superscripts etc. When preparing tables, if you are using a table grid, use only one grid for each individual table and not a grid for each row. If no grid is used, use tabs, not spaces, to align columns. The electronic text should be prepared in a w ay very similar to that of con ventional manuscripts (see also the Guide to Publishing with Else vier: http://www.elsevier.com/guide publication). Note that source files of figures, tables and text graphics will be required whether or not you embed your figures in the te xt. See also the section on Electronic illustrations.

To avoid unnecessary errors you are strongly advised to use the “spell-check” and “grammar-check” functions of your wordprocessor.

LaTeX

I f the LaTeX file is suitable, proofs will be produced without rekeying the te xt. The article should preferably be written using Elsevier’s document class “elsarticle”, or alternati vely any of the other recognized classes and formats supported in Elsevier’s electronic submissions system, for further information see http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/authorsview.authors/ latex-ees-supported.

The Elsevier “elsarticle” LaTeX style file package (including detailed instructions for LaT eX preparation) can be obtained from the Quickguide: http://www.elsevier.com/latex. It consists of the file: elsarticle.cls, complete user documentation for the class file, bibliographic style files in various styles, and template files for a quick start.

Article str ucture

Subdivision - numbered sectionsDivide your article into clearly def ined and numbered sections. Subsections should be numbered 1.1 (then 1.1.1, 1.1.2, ...), 1.2, etc. (the abstract is not included in section numbering). Use this numbering also for internal crossreferencing: do not just refer to “the te xt”. Any subsection may be given a brief heading. Each heading should appear on its own separate line.

Introductio n

State the objecti ves of the w ork and pro vide an adequate background, a voiding a detailed literature surv ey or a summary of the results.

Material an d methods

Provide sufficient detail to allow the work to be reproduced. Methods already published should be indicated by a reference: only relevant modifications should be described.

Theory/calc ulationA Theory section should e xtend, not repeat, the background to the article already dealt with in the Introduction and lay the foundation for further work. In contrast, a Calculation section represents a practical development from a theoretical basis.

ResultsRe sults should be clear and concise.

Discussion

This should e xplore the signif icance of the results of the work, not repeat them. A combined Results and Discussion section is often appropriate. Avoid e xtensive citations and discussion of published literature.

Conclusions

The main conclusions of the study may be presented in a short Conclusions section, which may stand alone or form a subsection of a Discussion or Results and Discussion section.

Appendices

If there is more than one appendix, the y should be identified as A, B, etc. Formulae and equations in appendices should be given separate numbering: Eq. (A.1), Eq. (A.2), etc.; in a subsequent appendix, Eq. (B.1) and so on. Similarly for tables and figures: Table A.1; Fig. A.1, etc.

Essential t itle page information

∑Title.Concise and informati ve. Titles are often used in information-retrieval systems. Avoid abbre viations and formulae where possible.

∑Author names and affiliations.Where the family name may be ambiguous (e.g., a double name), please indicate this clearly. Present the authors’ affiliation addresses (where the actual work was done) below the names. Indicate all affiliations with a lowercase superscript letter immediately after the author’s name and in front of the appropriate address. Provide the full postal address of each affiliation, including the country name, and, if available, the e-mail address of each author.

∑Corresponding author.Clearly indicate who will handle correspondence at all stages of refereeing and publication, also post-publication.Ensure that telephone and fax numbers (with country and ar ea code) ar e provided in addition to the e-mail address and the complete postal address. Contact details must be kept up to date by the corr esponding author.

∑Present/permanent address.If an author has moved since the work described in the article was done, or was visiting at the time, a “Present address” (or “Permanent address”) may be indicated as a footnote to that author’s name. The address at which the author actually did the work must be retained as the main, affiliation address. Superscript Arabic numerals are used for such footnotes.

A concise and factual abstract is required. The abstract should state briefly the purpose of the research, the principal results and major conclusions. An abstract is often presented

Authors are invited to submit keywords associated with their paper.

Abbreviatio ns

Define abbreviations that are not standard in this field in a footnote to be placed on the first page of the article. Such abbreviations that are una voidable in the abstract must be defined at their first mention there, as well as in the footnote. Ensure consistency of abbreviations throughout the article.

Acknowledge ments

Collate acknowledgements in a separate section at the end of the article before the references and do not, therefore, include them on the title page, as a footnote to the title or otherwise. List here those indi viduals who pro vided help during the research (e.g., providing fund support, language help, writing assistance or proof reading the article, etc.).

Nomenclatur e and units

Follow internationally accepted rules and con ventions: use the international system of units (SI). If other quantities are mentioned, give their equi valent in SI. Authors wishing to present a table of nomenclature should do so on the second page of their manuscript.

Math formul ae

Present simple formulae in the line of normal te xt where possible and use the solidus (/) instead of a horizontal line for small fractional terms, e.g., X/Y. In principle, variables are to be presented in italics. Po wers of e are often more con veniently denoted by e xp. Number consecuti vely any equations that have to be displayed separately from the te xt (if referred to explicitly in the text).

Footnotes

Footnotes should be used sparingly . Number them consecutively throughout the article, using superscript Arabic numbers. Many wordprocessors build footnotes into the text, and this feature may be used. Should this not be the case, indicate the position of footnotes in the te xt and present the footnotes themselves separately at the end of the article. Do not include footnotes in the Reference list. Table footnotes

Indicate each footnote in a table with a superscript lowercase letter.

Artwork

E lectronic artwork

General points

∑ Make sure you use uniform lettering and sizing of your

original artwork.

∑ Save text in illustrations as “graphics” or enclose the font.

∑ Only use the follo wing fonts in your illustrations: Arial, Courier, Times, Symbol.

∑ Number the illustrations according to their sequence in the text.

∑ Use a logical naming convention for your artwork files.

∑Provide captions to illustrations separately.

∑ Produce images near to the desired size of the printed v ersion.∑Submit each figure as a separate file.

A detailed guide on electronic artw ork is a vailable on our website: http://www.elsevier.com/artworkinstructions

You are urged to visit this site; some excerpts from the detailed information are given here.

Formats

Regardless of the application used, when your electronic artwork is finalised, please “save as” or convert the images to one of the following formats (note the resolution requirements for line dra wings, halftones, and line/halftone combinations given below):

EPS: Vector drawings. Embed the font or sa ve the te xt as“graphics”.

TIFF: color or grayscale photographs (halftones): always use a minimum of 300 dpi.

TIFF: Bitmapped line drawings: use a minimum of 1000 dpi. TIFF: Combinations bitmapped line/half-tone (color or grayscale): a minimum of 500 dpi is required.

If your electronic artw ork is created in a Microsoft Of fice application (Word, PowerPoint, Excel) then please supply “as is”.Please do not:

∑ Supply files that are optimised for screen use (lik e JPG,

GIF, BMP, PICT, WPG); the resolution is too low;

∑Supply files that are too low in resolution;

∑ Submit graphics that are disproportionately lar ge for the content.

Color artwor k

Please make sure that artwork files are in an acceptable format (TIFF, EPS or MS Of fice files) and with the correct resolution. If, together with your accepted article, you submit usable color f igures then Else vier will ensure, at no additionalcharge, that these f igures will appear in color on the Web (e.g., ScienceDirect and other sites) re gardless of whether or not these illustrations are reproduced in color in the printed version.

Figure capti ons

Ensure that each illustration has a caption. Supply captions separately, not attached to the figure. A caption should comprise a brief title (noton the figure itself) and a description of the illustration. K eep text in the illustrations themselv es to a minimum b ut explain all symbols and abbreviations used.

Tables

Num ber tables consecuti vely in accordance with their appearance in the te xt. Place footnotes to tables belo w the table body and indicate them with superscript lo wercase letters. Avoid vertical rules. Be sparing in the use of tables and ensure that the data presented in tables do not duplicate results described elsewhere in the article.

Please ensure that e very reference cited in the te xt is also present in the reference list (and vice v ersa). Any references cited in the abstract must be given in full. Unpublished results and personal communications are not recommended in the reference list, b ut may be mentioned in the te xt. If these references are included in the reference list the y should follow the standard reference style of the journal and should include a substitution of the publication date with either “Unpublished results” or “Personal communication” Citation of a reference as “in press” implies that the item has been accepted for publication.

Web referenc es

As a minimum, the full URL should be given and the date when the reference w as last accessed. Any further information, if known (DOI, author names, dates, reference to a source publication, etc.), should also be gi ven. Web references can be listed separately (e.g., after the reference list) under a different heading if desired, or can be included in the reference list.

References i n a special issue

Please ensure that the w ords ‘this issue’ are added to an y references in the list (and an y citations in the te xt) to other articles in the same Special Issue.

Reference ma nagement software

This journal has standard templates available in key reference management packages EndNote (http://www .endnote.com/ support/enstyles.asp) and Reference Manager (http://refman. com/support/rmstyles.asp). Using plug-ins to wordprocessing packages, authors only need to select the appropriate journal template when preparing their article and the list of references and citations to these will be formatted according to the journal style which is described below.

Reference styl e

Text: All citations in the text should refer to:

1. Single author: the author’s name (without initials, unless there is ambiguity) and the year of publication;

2. Two authors: both authors’ names and the year of publication;

3. Three or more authors: first author’s name follo wed by “et al.” and the year of publication. Citations may be made directly (or parenthetically). Groups of references should be listed f irst alphabetically, then chronologically. Examples: “as demonstrated (Allan, 1996a, 1996b, 1999; Allan and Jones, 1995). Kramer et al. (2000) ha ve recently shown ....”

List: References should be arranged f irst alphabetically and then further sorted chronologically if necessary. More than one reference from the same author(s) in the same year must be identif ied by the letters “a”, “b”, “c”, etc., placed after the year of publication.

Examples:

Reference to a journal publication:

Van der Geer, J., Hanraads, J.A.J., Lupton, R.A., 2000. The art of writing a scientific article. J. Sci. Commun. 163, 51-59. Reference to a book:

Strunk Jr., W., White, E.B., 1979. The Elements of Style, third ed. Macmillan, New York.

Reference to a chapter in an edited book:

Mettam, G.R., Adams, L.B., 1999. Ho w to prepare an electronic version of your article, in: Jones, B.S., Smith, R.Z. (Eds.), Introduction to the Electronic Age. E-Publishing Inc., New York, pp. 281-304.

Journal abbrev iations source

Journal names should be abbreviated according to List of title word abbreviations: http://www.issn.org/2-22661-LTWA-online.php.

Submission chec klist

The following list will be useful during the final checking of an article prior to sending it to the journal for review. Please consult this Guide for Authors for further details of an y item.

Ensure that the following items are present:

One Author designated as corresponding Author:

∑E-mail address

∑Full postal address

∑Telephone and fax numbers

All necessary files have been uploaded

∑Keywords

∑All figure captions

∑All tables (including title, description, footnotes)

Further considerations

∑ Manuscript has been “spellchecked” and “grammar-checked”

∑References are in the correct format for this journal

∑ All references mentioned in the Reference list are cited in the text, and vice versa

∑ Permission has been obtained for use of cop yrighted material from other sources (including the Web)

∑ Color f igures are clearly mark ed as being intended for color reproduction on the Web (free of charge) and in print or to be reproduced in color on the Web (free of char ge) and in black-and-white in print

∑ If only color on the Web is required, black and white versions of the figures are also supplied for printing purposes For any further information please visit our customer support site at http://support.elsevier.com.

After Acceptance

Use of the Di git al Object Identifier

The Digital Object Identifier (DOI) may be used to cite and link to electronic documents. The DOI consists of a unique alpha-numeric character string which is assigned to a document by the publisher upon the initial electronic publication. The assigned DOI ne ver changes. Therefore, it is an ideal medium for citing a document, particularly

‘Articles in press’ because the y have not yet recei ved their full bibliographic information. The correct format for citing a DOI is shown as follows (example taken from a document in the journal Physics Letters B): doi:10.1016/j.physletb. 2010.09.059.

When you use the DOI to create URL hyperlinks to documents on the web, they are guaranteed never to change.

Proofs

One set of page proofs (as PDF files) will be sent by e-mail to the corresponding author or, a link will be provided in the e-mail so that authors can do wnload the f iles themselves. Elsevier now provides authors with PDF proofs which can be annotated; for this you will need to do wnload Adobe Reader version 7 (or higher) a vailable free from http://get. adobe.com/reader. Instructions on ho w to annotate PDF files will accompan y the proofs (also gi ven online). The exact system requirements are gi ven at the Adobe site: http://www.adobe.com/products/reader/systemreqs.

If you do not wish to use the PDF annotations function, you may list the corrections (including replies to the Query Form) and return them to Else vier in an e-mail. Please list your corrections quoting line number. If, for any reason, this is not possible, then mark the corrections and an y other comments (including replies to the Query Form) on a printout of your proof and return by fax, or scan the pages and e-mail. Please use this proof only for checking the typesetting, editing, completeness and correctness of the te xt, tables and figures. Signif icant changes to the article as accepted for publication will only be considered at this stage with permission from the Editor. We will do everything possible to get your article published quickly and accurately - please let us have all your corrections within 72 hours. It is important to ensure that all corrections are sent back to us in one communication: please check carefully before replying, as inclusion of any subsequent corrections cannot be guaranteed. Proofreading is solely your responsibility. Note that Elsevier may proceed with the publication of your article if no response is received.

Offprints

The co rresponding author, at no cost, will be provided with a PDF file of the article via e-mail. F or an extra charge, paper offprints can be ordered via the of fprint order form which is sent once the article is accepted for publication. The PDF file is a watermarked version of the published article and includes a cover sheet with the journal co ver image and a disclaimer outlining the terms and conditions of use.

More information about article of fprint is a vailable here: http://webshop.elsevier.com/

Author Inquiries

For inquiries relating to the submission of articles (including electronic submission) please visit this journal’s homepage. Contact details for questions arising after acceptance of an article, especially those relating to proofs, will be pro vided by the publisher. You can track accepted articles at http://www. elsevier.com/trackarticle. You can also check our Author FAQs (http://www.elsevier.com/authorFAQ) and/or contact Customer Support via http://support.elsevier.com.

Notice

No responsibility is assumed by KeAi Communications Co., Ltd. nor Elsevier for any injury and/or damage to persons, property as a matter of product liability, negligence, or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made.

Advertising information

Although all advertising material is expected to conform to ethical (medical) standards, inclusion in this publication does not constitute a guarantee or endorsement of the quality or value of such product or of the claims made of it by its manufacturer.

Covered in the abstract and citation database Scopus?. Full text available on ScienceDirect?.

in text

separately from the article, so it must be able to stand alone. For this reason, References should be avoided, but if essential, then cite the author(s) and year(s). Also, non-standard or uncommon abbreviations should be a voided, but if essential they must be defined at their first mention in the abstract itself.