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        蝶類成蟲覓食行為生態(tài)學(xué)研究進(jìn)展

        2015-12-18 20:07:07唐宇翀廣安職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院四川廣安638000
        安徽農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué) 2015年22期
        關(guān)鍵詞:蝶類蛺蝶蜜源

        唐宇翀 (廣安職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院,四川廣安638000)

        蝴蝶色彩艷麗、飛行姿態(tài)優(yōu)雅,因而被譽(yù)為“會飛的花朵”,是觀賞昆蟲中最重要、種類最多、最普及的一個大類群,具有極高的觀賞價值[1]。但是,由于工農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展和自然資源的開發(fā),破壞了蝴蝶的棲息地,使自然界中野生蝴蝶的種類和數(shù)量急劇下降。開展珍稀蝶種的保護(hù)及蝴蝶的規(guī)模化人工繁育變得十分迫切。研究表明,蝶類產(chǎn)卵所需要的營養(yǎng)主要直接來自雌成蟲的取食[2-3],成蟲的補(bǔ)充營養(yǎng)物不僅可以參加卵母細(xì)胞合成、提供日常生命活動的體能,而且能延長產(chǎn)卵期,對蝴蝶生殖繁衍具有重要意義[2,4-14]。蝶類成蟲補(bǔ)充營養(yǎng)物的獲得則依靠覓食行為來完成。因此,掌握不同食性蝴蝶成蟲的取食習(xí)性和食物信息利用機(jī)制可為制定蝴蝶的生境保護(hù)措施和開展蝴蝶的規(guī)?;斯し庇秃w舞景觀營造提供理論和試驗依據(jù)。

        1 蝶類的食性

        根據(jù)補(bǔ)充營養(yǎng)物的類型可將蝶類成蟲劃分為訪花類、食腐類和既訪花又食腐類[15-20]。訪花種類占蝶類中的大部分,尤其是在溫帶地區(qū)主要以花蜜為補(bǔ)充營養(yǎng)物,個別種類取食花粉[15],就目前所知,鳳蝶科、粉蝶科和弄蝶科以及蛺蝶科斑蝶亞科的所有種類均屬此類。與訪花種類相比,食腐種類多見于熱帶和亞熱帶地區(qū),主要取食腐爛水果、樹干蟲蛀傷口流出的樹液、動物尸體和糞便中的液體[18,21-23],許多蛺蝶科種類為食腐蝶類。此外,還有一些成蟲兼性訪花或兼性食腐的過渡類型[19-20]。

        2 蝶類成蟲的食物搜尋機(jī)制

        昆蟲必須通過覓食尋找適宜的補(bǔ)充營養(yǎng)物。在覓食過程中,蝴蝶主要利用視覺和嗅覺信號搜尋、發(fā)現(xiàn)、定向食物[24-27]。通常情況下,視覺和嗅覺信號對訪花蝶類的覓食都有影響,只是對這2種信號的利用程度因蝶種不同而有所差異;而食腐蝶類由于所取食的腐爛食物通常缺乏可靠的視覺信號,所以在覓食過程中嗅覺發(fā)揮主導(dǎo)作用。

        2.1 視覺搜尋 花冠的顏色、形狀和樣式被認(rèn)為是吸引訪花者的重要視覺信號[28],尤其是花色對蝴蝶的蜜源搜尋相當(dāng)重要[29-32]。Ilse[29]證實蝴蝶對某些顏色有天性偏好,而且這種偏好在蝶種間存在差異。與藍(lán)色和綠色相比,Heliconius charitonius和 H.erato 更喜歡黃色和橙色[33-36];柑橘鳳蝶天性偏好紅色和黃色[37];達(dá)摩鳳蝶(Papilio demoleus)天性偏好紫色和藍(lán)色[38];暗脈粉蝶(Pieris napi)利用花色覓食[31];洋玉葉金花(Mussaenda frondosa)的白色苞片是吸引印度裳鳳蝶(Troides minos)訪花的重要視覺信號[39]。詩神袖蝶(Heliconius melpomene)通常利用花的視覺特征決定訪問哪一朵花[25]。在含有菜粉蝶偏好氣味的人工化模型中,黃色是引導(dǎo)新羽化菜粉蝶取食的必要視覺信號之一[40]。Tiple等[41]研究了印度中北的阿姆勞蒂大學(xué)校園內(nèi)的12科19種寄主植物的花部特征與5科48種訪花蝴蝶的相互關(guān)系,發(fā)現(xiàn)蝴蝶對紅、黃、藍(lán)和紫色花的訪花次數(shù)高于白色和粉色花。此外,已有研究表明蝴蝶具有對顏色本身的辨識能力,這種識別能力與光線無關(guān)[37,42-44]。

        2.2 嗅覺搜尋 氣味通常在近距離的識別、刺激取食及持續(xù)取食中發(fā)揮作用[25,45]。

        2.2.1 訪花蝴蝶對氣味的反應(yīng)?;ǖ臍馕秾ξx媒昆蟲至關(guān)重要,特定的香味揮發(fā)物可激發(fā)昆蟲的感覺反應(yīng)、定向和覓食行為[46-48]。例如,2-苯乙醇(2-phenylethanol)和苯乙醛(Phenylacetaldehyde)對菜粉蝶(Pieris rapae)取食起關(guān)鍵作用[27,40,45,49]。新羽化孔雀蛺蝶(Inachis io)、蕁麻蛺蝶(Aglais urticae)和鉤粉蝶(Gonepteryx rhamni)表現(xiàn)出對喜好的蜜源植物絲路薊(Cirsium arvense)和歐洲山蘿卜(Knautia arvensis)花香的偏好,并將花香作為最初鑒定花朵和隨后識別花朵以及區(qū)分蜜源回報的一個重要信號之一[50]。

        Honda[51]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),當(dāng)蝴蝶成蟲遇到特定的氣味化合物時,會表現(xiàn)出喙伸張反應(yīng)(Probosics extension reflexes,PER)。激發(fā)較大喙伸張反應(yīng)的的化合物能顯著增加蝴蝶對氣味模型的訪問次數(shù)[40]。因此,喙伸張反應(yīng)可以被視為判斷蝴蝶覓食時對氣味偏好的準(zhǔn)則[20],而觸角電位(Electroantennogram,EAG)反應(yīng)則是評價觸角感知能力的感覺判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[20]。研究表明,既食腐又訪花的朱蛺蝶(Nymphalis xanthomelas)、琉璃蛺蝶和大紅蛺蝶(Vanessa indica)和僅訪花的姬紅蛺蝶(Cynthia cardui)、琉球紫蛺蝶(Hypolimnas bolina)和黑端豹蛺蝶(Argyreus hyperbius)都對花種廣泛存在的幾種芳香族化合物(如苯甲醛和苯乙醛)表現(xiàn)出較高的PER,大部分的芳香族化合物都激發(fā)中度的 EAG[20]。Andersson[50]利用氣相色譜觸角電位技術(shù)(GC-EAD)檢測了孔雀蛺蝶(Inachis io)、龜甲蝶(Aglais urticae)和鉤粉蝶(Gonepteryx rhamni)的電生理反應(yīng),發(fā)現(xiàn)蜜源植物揮發(fā)物中的苯乙醛、芳樟醇和含氧異佛樂酮,所激發(fā)的觸角反應(yīng)最強(qiáng)。當(dāng)人工合成的氣味混合物中的存在這些化合物時,也能引起強(qiáng)烈的觸角反應(yīng)。在對熱帶蝴蝶詩神袖蝶(Heliconius melpomene)成蟲的GC-EAD檢測中發(fā)現(xiàn),幾種花香揮發(fā)物尤其是來自花部的特有揮發(fā)物,對詩神袖蝶成蟲有極大的生物學(xué)意義[52]。

        2.2.2 食腐蝴蝶對氣味的反應(yīng)。許多生活在熱帶森林里的蝴蝶都取食落在地上的水果或闊葉樹干蟲蛀傷口滲出的樹液。與花朵相比,腐爛食物為食腐蝶類提供的視覺信息十分有限,因此氣味對這些蝴蝶的覓食就顯得格外重要。

        ?mura等[22]分析了樹液的揮發(fā)物組分,發(fā)現(xiàn)乙醇和乙酸是其主要成分。既食腐又訪花的朱蛺蝶和琉璃蛺蝶對樹液揮發(fā)物中的乙醇和乙酸有極高的喙伸張反應(yīng),當(dāng)乙醇和乙酸與一定濃度的糖類混合后,可激發(fā)和提高2種蝴蝶的取食和喙反應(yīng)[20,22]。同時,乙醇和乙酸與低濃度糖類混合后,對刺激大紅蛺蝶取食也有增效作用[53-54]。覓食的枯葉蛺蝶對乙醇有強(qiáng)烈的偏好[55-56]。僅醇類和糖類是叢林斜眼褐蝶(Bicyclus anynana)的取食信號。通常食腐蝶類可將醇類則作為遠(yuǎn)程信號,引導(dǎo)蝴蝶定向食物[13]。

        2.3 覓食過程中視覺和嗅覺的利用權(quán)重 在覓食選擇中,鱗翅目成蟲可利用多種信號通道,并對這些信號通道的偏好層次因種類而異[57]。?mura 和 Honda[27]發(fā)現(xiàn)大紅蛺蝶訪花過程中主要依靠顏色,其次依靠氣味;而新羽化大紅蛺蝶主要依靠視覺,其次依靠嗅覺訪花。新羽化的詩神袖蝶(Heliconius melpomene)綜合利用視覺和嗅覺定向食物,花的視覺特征決定訪問哪一朵花,花的香味則激發(fā)最初的取食及持續(xù)覓食行為[25]。視覺和嗅覺對覓食的遷粉蝶同等重要[58]。

        總而言之,在蝶類覓食過程中某些種類以視覺信號為主導(dǎo)定位蜜源,另一些種類中則可能主要依靠嗅覺信息,另外還有一些種類則是綜合利用了這 2 種感知通道[40,45,48,50,58]。不同訪花昆蟲在利用蜜源的視覺信息和嗅覺信息時可賦予不同的權(quán)重[59]。多通道的信號利用有利于蝴蝶在不斷變化的食物資源分布中分辨無回報的花朵,提高訪花效率[25,27,40,60-62]。

        3 影響覓食的其他因素

        3.1 蜜源和蝴蝶的兼容性 在蜜源植物-訪花蝶種的相互關(guān)聯(lián)中,最根本的動力是植物和蝴蝶在形態(tài)上的兼容性[63-64]。Corbet[65]將其劃分為 2 個因素:從植物角度來看,蜜源的吸引力由花蜜的質(zhì)量、數(shù)量(花蜜供應(yīng)量和花朵聚集度)和傳粉者的可利用性(如花冠深度)決定;從蝴蝶角度來看,能否吸食到花蜜由喙長決定,是否適合開發(fā)利用則由蝴蝶的翅翼載決定。潛在蜜源的最大花冠深度決定了訪問該花的蝴蝶必須具備足夠長的喙,喙較短的蝴蝶物種無法取食花冠深度大的花朵,因此花冠深度被認(rèn)為是對訪花蝴蝶開采設(shè)置的一個限制[63,65]。此外,取食花蜜還依賴于蜜源植物花期與蝴蝶成蟲羽化在時間上的同步性[66]。

        3.2 學(xué)習(xí)行為 在野外,為了適應(yīng)分散的、不穩(wěn)定的食物資源,對單個蜜源信號的偏好有可能隨蝴蝶成蟲覓食經(jīng)驗的改變而變化[27]。一旦與食物回報結(jié)合后,顏色偏好則很容易轉(zhuǎn)變[31-32]。Andersson[50]發(fā)現(xiàn)孔雀蛺蝶、蕁麻蛺蝶和鉤粉蝶,很容易將它們的花香偏好轉(zhuǎn)移到其最近訪問到的與回報相關(guān)聯(lián)的氣味中。Heliconius charitionius經(jīng)過學(xué)習(xí)行為訓(xùn)練后,其對黃色和綠色假花的取食百分比分別由訓(xùn)練前的9.1%和2.0% 分別提高到 49.6% 和 55.3%[34]。君主斑蝶(Danaus plexippus)在覓食中表現(xiàn)出強(qiáng)烈的天性偏好,但在有回報的情況下君主斑蝶很容易學(xué)會將第2個顏色與回報關(guān)聯(lián)起來[44]。暗脈菜粉蝶(Pieris napi)、美洲藍(lán)鳳蝶(Battus philenor)和柑橘鳳蝶都具有能通過學(xué)習(xí)改變其對花色的偏好,而且對天性偏好顏色的學(xué)習(xí)比非天性偏好顏色的學(xué)習(xí)更快[31,37,67]。

        這種學(xué)習(xí)能力使得它們能夠及時調(diào)整覓食策略,更好更快地適應(yīng)蜜源在時間或空間上的變化[31,44,67]。

        4 小結(jié)

        總而言之,蝴蝶的覓食行為除了受成蟲視覺和嗅覺影響外,還受蝴蝶自身體型與花朵的兼容性以及蝴蝶學(xué)習(xí)能力的影響。通過這些多重信號的整合,有利于蝴蝶制定最有利的覓食策略,快速適應(yīng)野外復(fù)雜多變的蜜源景觀[57,61-62],為成蟲的日?;顒雍头毖芎蟠峁┯辛ΡU稀U莆盏N覓食行為是制定不同蝶種棲息地的保護(hù)措施的理論基礎(chǔ),也可為蝴蝶規(guī)模化人工繁育提供技術(shù)指導(dǎo),對蝶種的保護(hù)具有重大意義。

        今后對蝶類成蟲覓食行為的研究還可以進(jìn)一步結(jié)合分子生物學(xué)中對視覺、嗅覺、觸覺等感覺機(jī)制的研究結(jié)果,從視覺色素、嗅覺感受器、氣味結(jié)合蛋白和神經(jīng)元分子圖像等生理角度尋找行為反應(yīng)的調(diào)控機(jī)制和關(guān)鍵物質(zhì)[68],從蝴蝶覓食行為調(diào)控的角度實現(xiàn)對昆蟲取食行為的有效調(diào)控[64],并在蝴蝶生態(tài)觀賞園中通過調(diào)控劑的應(yīng)用,結(jié)合覓食的飛行行為,營造蝴蝶飛舞景觀,更好地實現(xiàn)蝴蝶在觀賞上的經(jīng)濟(jì)價值。

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