袁黎 胡同梅

倒裝是高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法的重要組成部分，分為語(yǔ)法倒裝和修飾倒裝。根據(jù)倒裝方式的不同又可將其分成三類(lèi)，即全部倒裝、部分倒裝、強(qiáng)調(diào)部分提前與主謂順序無(wú)關(guān)的倒裝。例如：

I write a book.

全部倒裝為： Write I a book. （全部倒裝要將整個(gè)謂語(yǔ)部分提到主語(yǔ)的前面）

部分倒裝為： Do I write a book. （部分倒裝就是將原句變?yōu)橐话阋蓡?wèn)句）

強(qiáng)調(diào)部分提前與主謂順序無(wú)關(guān)的倒裝為： a book I write.

一、全部倒裝

1. 以副詞如：表示地點(diǎn)的副詞here/there，表時(shí)間的副詞now/then，表位移的副詞up/down， in/out， away， off 等開(kāi)頭，且主語(yǔ)為名詞的句子要全部倒裝。例如：

①The bus comes here.

倒裝句為：Here comes the bus.

（此句滿足了以上兩個(gè)條件：以副詞開(kāi)頭；主語(yǔ)是名詞）

②When the bell rang， the children rushed out.

倒裝句為：When the bell rang， out rushed the children.

注意：下面這樣的句子就不能全部倒裝。

③He came here.

只能改為： Here he came.

（此句只滿足了副詞開(kāi)頭的條件，而另一個(gè)條件，主語(yǔ)必須是名詞沒(méi)有滿足，故不能改成全部倒裝句）

2. 表示方位的介詞短語(yǔ)開(kāi)頭（不管介詞短語(yǔ)是在主句的開(kāi)頭還是在從句的開(kāi)頭）。例如：

①A boy stood in front of the classroom.

倒裝句為： In front of the classroom stood a boy.

②A little girl sat between the old couple.

倒裝句為：Between the old couple sat a little girl.

③I used to live in a small village， throught which flowed a river.

陳述句為： A small river flowed a river.

④When we got to the playground， we found a sign on which was written “wet paint”.

陳述句為：“wet paint” was written on the sign.

3. 表語(yǔ)提前的倒裝（一般情況下含有be動(dòng)詞的短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成的句子都可以變成表語(yǔ)提前的倒裝形式）。例如：

①Chairman Xi was present at the meeting.習(xí)主席出席了這次會(huì)議。

倒裝句為：Present at the meeting was Chairman Xi. 出席會(huì)議的有習(xí)主席。

②Some students were seated on the ground. 一些學(xué)生坐在地上。

倒裝句為： Seated on the ground were some students. 地上坐著一些學(xué)生。

③His father is following him. 他的爸爸正跟著他。

倒裝句為：Following him is his father. 跟著他的是他的爸爸。

④Some tools he used when he was alive were buried with him. 一些他生前使用過(guò)的工具和他埋在一起。

倒裝句為：Buried with him were some tools he used when he was alive. 和他埋在一起的是一些他生前使用過(guò)的工具。

二、將句子變?yōu)橐话阋蓡?wèn)句的部分倒裝

1. only加狀語(yǔ)開(kāi)頭，例如：

①We can achieve success only by working hard.

倒裝句為：Only by working hard can we achieve success.

②I go to school on foot only when it rains.

倒裝句為：Only when it rains do I go to school on foot.

③The whole thing makes sense only if you show us the evidence.

倒裝句為：Only if you show us the evidence does the whole thing make sense.

④I realized that I would feel relieved only if I shared my feelings with my friends.

倒裝句為： I realized that only if I shared my feelings with my friends would I feel relieved.

2. 以否定詞或否定短語(yǔ)開(kāi)頭的句子。如否定詞 never， seldom， little， nowhere， hardly， not等，否定短語(yǔ)in no case， by no means， on no account， under no circumstances， at no time等。例如：

①By no means will I help you with your trouble.

陳述句為： I will by no means help you with your trouble.

②陳述句： I have never heard such nonsense in all my life.

倒裝句為： Never have I heard such nonsense in all my life.

③陳述句： I didnt say a word at the meeting.

倒裝句為： Not a word did I say at the meeting.

④陳述句： The car was nowhere to be found. 倒裝句為： Nowhere was the lost car to be found.

注意：句型hardly ... when， no sooner ... than， scarcely ... when的時(shí)態(tài)和倒裝。例如：

①Hardly had I sat down when the doorbell rang.

②No sooner had I turned on the TV than he asked me to turn it off.

這兩個(gè)句型中前面的主句一般用過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)，后面的從句用過(guò)去時(shí)，翻譯為“一……就……”。

另：not only ... but also ...的倒裝，只倒裝前半部分。例如：

Not only does she like English but also she is fond of maths.

陳述句為： She not only likes English but also she is fond of maths.

3. 為加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣，“so（such） ... that ... ”結(jié)構(gòu)中的so或such位于句首用倒裝。例如：

①陳述句： She runs so fast that I cant catch up with her.

倒裝句為： So fast does she run that I cant catch up with her.

②陳述句： She found such a valuable coin that she became very excited.

倒裝句為： Such a valuable coin did she find that she became very excited.

注意：此句型只倒裝前半句。

4. 如果前面句子中所說(shuō)的情況也適用于后面的句子，后面的句子常用so（肯定句）、 nor或 neither（否定句）引導(dǎo)構(gòu)成倒裝句，并用do（does，did）代替實(shí)義動(dòng)詞。例如：

①They like swimming， so do I. （意思是：I like swimming， too.）

②she is used to living in the country， so am I.（意思是：I am used to living in the country， too.）

③The boy wasnt late for the class， neither was his deskmate. （意思是：His deskmate wasnt late for the class， either.）

④I dont know that you are here， nor do I care whether you are here.

注意：這種倒裝句如果前后兩句的“謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)”或者系表結(jié)構(gòu)部分相同，則相同的部分省略，用do/does或系動(dòng)詞將替換掉。如果前后兩句的謂語(yǔ)及其他部分不一樣時(shí)，將所有的內(nèi)容留下，句子變?yōu)橐话阋蓡?wèn)句的形式，如最后一個(gè)例句。

5. 虛擬語(yǔ)氣中省略if的倒裝

如果虛擬條件句中的謂語(yǔ)部分含有were， had或should，可以把if省略，將它們放在句首，變成倒裝句。例如：

①陳述句： If it were to rain tomorrow， we would have to stay at home.

倒裝句為： Were it to rain tomorrow， we would have to stay at home.

②陳述句： If I had taken an umbrella with me， I wouldnt have got wet all over.

倒裝句為： Had I taken an umbrella with me， I wouldnt have got wet all over.

③陳述句： If you should act like that again， I would have you punished.

倒裝句為： Should you act like that again， I would have you punished.

三、只將強(qiáng)調(diào)部分提前，主謂順序不變的倒裝

1.有as或though表示“盡管”的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句要倒裝，其結(jié)構(gòu)只將強(qiáng)調(diào)的形容詞（副詞，動(dòng)詞，分詞等）放到句首，然后接上as（/though）加主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)。

①Young as he is， he knows a lot. （前半句陳述語(yǔ)序?yàn)椋篴s he is young， 倒裝句中把young提到了句首）

②Child as he is， he is brave. （前半句陳述語(yǔ)序?yàn)椋篴s he is a child， 倒裝時(shí)將child提前，省略了冠詞。這里特別注明當(dāng)把名詞提前時(shí)去掉冠詞）

③Try as he will， he may fail again. （前半句的陳述語(yǔ)序?yàn)椋篴s he wil try，將動(dòng)詞try提到了句首構(gòu)成倒裝。）

2.the more...， the more...句型的倒裝。兩個(gè)并列句表示“越……，就越……”的倒裝方式與上面的規(guī)則一樣，只將強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分提前改為比較級(jí)，主謂順序不變。例如：

①The higher you stand， the farther you will see. 站得越高，看得越遠(yuǎn)。

陳述句為： You stand high， you will see far. （將句子中的high和far提前變?yōu)楸容^級(jí)加上the，構(gòu)成倒裝句）

②The harder you work， the more progress you will make.

陳述句為：You work hard， you will make much progress. （將句子中的hard和much progress變?yōu)楸容^級(jí)提前，加上the構(gòu)成倒裝句）

3.感嘆句也是倒裝句的一類(lèi)。先寫(xiě)出陳述句，再把要強(qiáng)調(diào)感嘆的詞提前，在形容詞前加how，名詞前加what，就構(gòu)成了感嘆句。例如：

①陳述句： The children are happy. 孩子們很開(kāi)心。

感嘆句為：How happy the children are. 孩子們是多么開(kāi)心呀！（happy是形容詞， 所以以how開(kāi)頭。

②陳述句： I found a beautiful flower. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)了一朵漂亮的花。

感嘆句為：What a beautiful flower I found. 或 How beautiful a flower I found.

注意：感嘆句有三種結(jié)構(gòu)：how+adj.+（a/an+n.）+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)；what+（a/an）+（adj.）+n+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)；how+adv.+主謂。