刊首語

文化景觀的概念雖始于19世紀(jì)末，但它早已在人類漫長的演進(jìn)歷程中悄然形成。

自人類繁衍于一片土地開始，文明便在這片土地上孕育孵化，被賦予地域色彩的文化也隨即在人與土地共養(yǎng)生息的過程中落地生根，經(jīng)歲月的洗禮，文化景觀從地域中衍生而成，記錄著人與土地的親密關(guān)系，反映著他們之間一種最持久的聯(lián)系。

土地是人類活動最堅(jiān)實(shí)的舞臺，它無處不在，地球上幾乎大部分土地都留下了人類干預(yù)的痕跡，因此呈現(xiàn)出多元化的文化景觀是各個國家的國土景觀中占地面積最廣闊的組成，特別是在已有5 000年歷史，國土面積遼闊，人口眾多的中國。

在前工業(yè)時期，出于生存本能，人類在土地上進(jìn)行最直接的大面積開發(fā)活動即是農(nóng)業(yè)耕種，隨之形成的農(nóng)業(yè)景觀便成為文化景觀的本源，這一說法在西方的拉丁語“culture”一詞中可得印證。該詞最原初的意思指“耕作、開墾或耕作農(nóng)業(yè)”，后在英語中逐步引申至“對人的教化、集體智慧的結(jié)晶”，遂形成“文化”的含義?？梢哉f，文化景觀主要指的就是“第二自然”，即生產(chǎn)的自然，或者說是勞作的自然，或經(jīng)過生產(chǎn)而改變的自然。

“人與自然”、“人工干預(yù)”、“景觀疊加”等是解讀文化景觀內(nèi)涵的關(guān)鍵。文化景觀是歷史長河中，人類與自然之間在經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化和社會等因素驅(qū)動下，相互影響并緊密結(jié)合的共同杰作，并隨著人類活動的作用而不斷變化，能深刻反映出人類與自然之間的和諧進(jìn)化歷程。

在一系列人工干預(yù)自然的過程中不斷改變，千百年后，呈現(xiàn)在人們面前的文化景觀是一個對地表不斷復(fù)寫，由不同時期的景觀逐步融合而成的結(jié)果。換言之，它是人類為滿足實(shí)際生存、生產(chǎn)、生活需要，以特定地域文化為主體，以自然環(huán)境為媒介，在基于土地的自然景觀之上逐步疊加人工景觀而形成的地表綜合體。

文化景觀的營造與形成并不一定是人們有意為之，也并非是滿足純粹的欣賞需求或有意識地要為后世留下景觀遺產(chǎn)，它是反映特定時期人生活狀態(tài)的最鮮活見證，亦是體現(xiàn)“人與天調(diào)”的最佳力證。

文化景觀遺產(chǎn)是當(dāng)代的人們?yōu)檫@些國土上廣泛存在的文化景觀賦予評價體系和價值體系的標(biāo)記方式，以更好的保留保護(hù)使其得以永續(xù)。某種意義上說，無論如何客觀的制定評價體系，也無法擺脫被當(dāng)代人的審美與價值觀所左右。而面對的評價對象卻是人類千百年來對土地的重寫而呈現(xiàn)的風(fēng)貌。

文化景觀遺產(chǎn)是文化景觀的一部分，而不論人們評價與否，文化景觀就在那里，顯而易見的是，無論我國北方的村落抑或江南的水鄉(xiāng)都是人們最為知悉的文化景觀，盡管他們并沒有列入文化景觀遺產(chǎn)的名錄。

要用長遠(yuǎn)的眼光看待保護(hù)和發(fā)展文化景觀的問題，文化景觀是基于生存形成的，而維系它的根本是使其依然能體現(xiàn)當(dāng)下人們的生存方式，使其永葆活力。唯如此，文化景觀才能向著永續(xù)的方向發(fā)展，這也是本期《風(fēng)景園林》的主題。

刊首語

Although the concept of cultural landscape begins at the late 19th century， it had already existed over the course of gradual progress of human development before the 19th century.

Since human appeared on this piece of land， the human civilization developed with great evolution. Culture with regional landscape identity emerges in the interaction between land and human. After decades of years， cultural landscape gradually derive from regional landscape， recording a close relationship between human and the land we live on， and reflecting the everlastingconnection between us.

The land is everywhere on earth， all human activities are based on the land and we have left our trace on almostevery piece of the land on earth. Therefore the largest part of the national landscape is always the distinctive diversified cultural landscape， especially in China， a nation with long history over five thousand years， the vast land area and huge population.

In the pre-industrial age， to survive， human must widely use the land for agricultural activity and farming.In this way， the cultural landscape initially originated from the old agricultural landscape. This could also be proved by the evolution towards a Latin word “culture”.The original meaning of the word “culture” is "farming，cultivation and reclamation". Then， the meaning extendedto "educating people and collective wisdom"， initially turned into the concept of "culture" we own today. To some extent， cultural landscape refers to the “second nature”， the productive nature， or the modified nature after human productive interference.

“Human live with the nature”， "human intervention” and “superposition of landscape” are three key points for understanding the cultural landscape. Cultural landscape represents the combined masterpiece of the interaction between nature and human driven by the elements of economy， culture and society. It is constantly influenced by and evolved with human activities， to reflect the bond connection between human and the nature.

Over the course of thousands years of human interference on the process of nature， current cultural landscape we see is the outcome of the overlaid landscape from different periods. To put it in another way， cultural landscape is the comprehensive earth-surface superposing artificial landscape constantly upon the natural landscape， using specific regional culture as the main body， natural environment as the medium， for meeting the need of human survival， producing and living.

But the formation and creation of cultural landscape is not always determined by human. Generally， cultural landscape was not intentionally created for enjoyment or as permanent landscape heritage. It is the vivid witness of the human's living state of specific historical period. It fully communicates “the harmony of man with nature”.

We define cultural landscape heritage as the evaluation system to assess and label cultural landscapes for better protection and further continuation. To some extent， in term of the long history natural landscape， no matter how non-subjective the evaluation system is， our evaluation is more or less affected by contemporary aesthetics and values.

Cultural landscape heritage is a part of the cultural landscape. No matter how people evaluate it， cultural landscape is natural landscape created by long time human culture such as the typical villages in the north of China and well-known Jiangnan Watertown. They are famous cultural landscape in China even if they are not listed as the cultural landscape heritage.

The conservation and development of cultural landscape should be taken long-term vision towards it. Cultural landscape is derived from human life， thus the best way to keep it lasting is to maintain the origin human lifestyle on the landscape. Only in this way could the cultural landscape develop towards sustainability. This issue of Landscape Architecture is exactly based on this topic.

WANG Xiang-rong August 18， 2015