Yuxiang CHEN，Jianhong LlU

School of Arts and Design，Qiqihar University，Qiqihar 161006，China

Design of Low Carbon and Energy-saving New Rural Residential Buildings in Western Parts of Heilongjiang Province

Yuxiang CHEN，Jianhong LlU*

School of Arts and Design，Qiqihar University，Qiqihar 161006，China

It is researched that rural residential buildings in Heilongjiang consume high energy and the living environment is poor.The research aimed at designing low-carbon and energy-saving buildings in order to reduce energy consumption by applying energy storage.Besides，the research used composite solar panel，waste based inorganic foam materials，and polystyrene board as construction materials and integrated energy collection，living environment and farming by energy storage system.It is notable that the research would reduce pollution on environment caused by residential buildings，which coincides with national economy development and energy strategy，promoting construction material industry development，with high social and economic benefits.

Low-carbon and energy-saving；New residential buildings；Energy storage system

R ural residential buildings are mostly made of earth，wood，and brick in Heilongjiang.It is obvious that thermal insulation properties are poor of the buildings，because of air leakage problem of doors，windows and walls，increasing heating costs.With economy development，urbanization is increasingly accelerating and people have a growing demand on livelihood，which deteriorates waste issue of natural resources.At present，it is notable that environment pollution and resource waste have become major problems preventing economy evolvement.Therefore，it is necessary for construction of rural residential buildings to adapt to development of well-off society in order to enhance living environment and standard.It is of great significance to construct low carbon and energy-saving buildings in rural areas in Heilongjiang.Led by innovation，the research conducted design and practice work of residential buildings and presented characteristics of low-carbon and energy-saving new residential buildings on basis of data simulation and analysis and design of building appearance and inner functions.

The research concerns multiple subjects，including environtology，ecology，materials science and physics and covers inner function design，energy transmission，transformation，and storage.Besides，based on residential building data，measurements and analysis，the research concluded the rural residential building is low-carbon and energy-saving.

Feasibility Study

Western areas of Heilongjiang are abundant with solar resources. The project targets achieving average daily radiation quantity of 4-5 kWh/m2per year，which amounts to heats burnt with 0.5-0.6 of standard coals. Low-carbon and energy-saving residential buildings almost consume none energy from design to application，improving environment and saving natural resources.According to farmers' lifestyle，the design of new residential buildings integrates char-acteristics of living room and greenhouse and of living buildings and production houses.Therefore，hot winds in the residential buildings would be transmitted to the spaces under floors，with a ventilation system，increasing room temperature and enhancing living comfort.Therefore，besides，by the integration design，improvements are made on micro-climate of residential buildings，which effectively controls room temperature and reduces building energy consumption.

Technical Route

Low-carbon and energy-saving targets at reducing amount of fossil fuel.With solar energy，the research made use of hollow double frosted glass and common glass as the south wall to collect solar energy.Water-layer is designed in the house and water temperature is improved by the greenhouse.Specifically，water is injected into underground aquifer and heat is stored in regenerative materials.In winter，heat would be released into water by heat exchange for living room and greenhouse.As for roof，integrated structure of composite solar panel is used to convert solar energy into electric energy for daily use.It is notable that polystyrene boards（200 mm）and inorganic foam insulation materials are used，and grounds and surrounding walls are designed with thermal insulation material.Besides，inorganic foam insulation materials are injected into hollow bricks in order to improve heat preservation.

As shown in Fig.1，outdoor cold airs can be preheated before entering room with an air-exchange channel.At air exchanging，the air would be transported into the greenhouse to collect after heat in case of substantial fluctuation of temperature.

Low-carbon and energy-saving residential buildings are supported by self-developed energy storage system，with low manufacturing costs，high thermal storage，high heat conductivity coefficient，and low price.It is notable that heat preservation and energy storage depend on waste foam and glass，and phase-change material.

The Innovation Points of Design

The use of innovative material

Phase-change materials and inorganic foam and glass are made into energy-storage bricks which are paved in the south of the builds for heat preservation.What's more，inorganic thermal insulation material is characterized by low cost，good heat preservation，light weight，high intensity，little toxicity，and stable property.

The integration design of rural residential building and planting

The complementarity and energy storage system of air and water source

Low carbon and energy-saving rural residential buildings is on basis of heat accumulation layer，foam glass based insulating layer and solar energy storage room，integrating luminous energy and thermal energy supplied by solar cells，solar thermal collectors and water source heat pumps.Besides，solar radiation energy is fully made use of，such as underground energy storage system and composite solar panel.During the testing period，average temperature reached 15℃at room in winter.

Practice of Design

As shown in Fig.2，improvements were made on testing building in terms of thermal insulation material，and energy-storage system based on improved design and tests.Specifically，the testing building has an area of 200 m2，and bearing structure includes concrete-based foot stones， steel frames and high-insulation block work. In conclusion，the building integrates living environment with solar-based greenhouse（Fig.3）.

The greenhouse has an area of 200 m2，and living space has 70 m2. Furthermore，heat collection is performed by direct collection and thermal storage wall.Besides，greenhouse glass has an area of 50 m2，and thermal storage wall is 11 m2.

Specifically，the wall is high-insulation brickwork（390×190×190 mm）.

The steel column is galvanized steel pipe（50×30×1.5 mm/40×20×1.2 mm）.

The south slope of roof is 60°and double-layer sun boards were arranged on the back slope.

The brickwork of walls are filled with inorganic foam and glass，and covered with 200mm polystyrene board and inorganic foam glass.

The location 2 m deep of walls is covered with 200mm polystyrene board for heat preservation.

The phase-change heat storage bricks are used to construct thermal storage walls and bricks are blacked，covered with sun board.

The thermal storage walls are designed three vents and back walls in the greenhouse are designed with 7 vents in order to formulate an air current circulation between vent andgreenhouse.

Three PVC pipes with diameter of 100 mm are used to transport heated water from greenhouse top into underground heat storage layer for energy preservation.

The bricks made of waste materials and foam and glass-based heat preservation materials are used in construction of rural residential buildings，characterized by low weight and excellent heat preservation capacity. Besides，armored glass and polished plate are used on the southern slope of the buildings，reducing energy consumed by crops.

The heat transfer coefficient of maintenance averaged0.3W/m2K，and the maintenance area totaled 203 m2.

The heating period last for 120 d and temperature differences averaged 30°.The heat dissipation totaled 5261.76 kW·h.

The heat transfer coefficient of lighting surface was 1 W/m2K，with an area of 142 m2，and the heat dissipation totaled 12 268.8 kW·h.

About 17 530.56 kW·h energy would be dissipated annually in order to maintain 15°.

About 68 160 kW·h energy would be obtained from lighting surface during heating period.

By energy balancing technology，146 kW·h energy can be stored every day and 17 530.56 kW·h energy can be balanced during heating period.

According to estimates，mean temperature can be as high as 15℃in winter in the building，which meets living conditions and agricultural production，such as cultivation and planting of off-seasonal vegetables. What's more，the efficiency is higher than traditional agricultural houses.Therefore，low-carbon and energy saving buildings should be further promoted.

In conclusion，the low-carbon and energy-saving buildings allow production and living all year round depending on self-produced energy.Furthermore，the scientific arrangement improves productivity and makes intensive and three-dimensional planting possible.

Different with traditional houses，low-carbon and energy-saving buildings（Fig.4）increases economic benefits，and saves lands.In winter，farmers conduct heating，consuming natural resources，but new-type farmers simply require solar energy and stored heats.

Conclusions

In rural areas in Heilongjiang，houses are mainly built for living，and heating relies on straw or coal firing. However，such practice results in hazy weather，and destroys environment.

The low-carbon and energy-saving buildings，in contrast，make use of new heat preservation materials by scientific design in order to minimize energy consuming.On the other hand， solar energy can be stored in the form of heat for winter use.

The market is so broad with urbanization，and low-carbon and energy-saving buildings could even consume none energy，so that it is a way accomplishing social，economic and environment benefits.

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Responsible editor：Xiaoxue WANG

Responsible proofreader：Xiaoyan WU

黑龍江西部地區(qū)低碳節(jié)能新型農(nóng)居設(shè)計

陳雨祥，劉劍虹*（齊齊哈爾大學美術(shù)與藝術(shù)設(shè)計學院，黑龍江齊齊哈爾 161006）

對黑龍江龍村地區(qū)住宅的研究調(diào)查，黑龍江農(nóng)村地區(qū)農(nóng)居耗能高、居住環(huán)境差。該研究旨在設(shè)計一種低碳節(jié)能的新型農(nóng)居，通過蓄能設(shè)計的應(yīng)用，農(nóng)居在寒冷的冬季可以減少傳統(tǒng)能源的消耗。采用復合太陽能電池板、廢棄物為原料的無機泡沫保溫材料、聚苯板作為建造材料，采用水源熱泵蓄能系統(tǒng)，使能源采集、居住環(huán)境、農(nóng)業(yè)種植一體化，從而達到農(nóng)居零能耗的目標。該節(jié)能新居可以減少農(nóng)居對環(huán)境造成的污染，符合國家經(jīng)濟發(fā)展、能源戰(zhàn)略要求，可以帶動相關(guān)建筑材料產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展，具有巨大的社會效益和經(jīng)濟效益。

低碳節(jié)能；新型農(nóng)居；蓄能系統(tǒng)

陳雨祥（1989-），男，山東棗莊人，碩士研究生，研究方向：工業(yè)設(shè)計工程。*通訊作者，博士，教授，新能源保溫材料，環(huán)境功能材料設(shè)計，E-mail：yzljhl@sohu.com。

2015-09-03

*Corresponding author.E-mail:yzljhl@sohu.com

Received:September 3，2015 Accepted:October 15，2015

修回日期 2015-10-18