Lei WU, Bin LIU, Li-gang DING

(1Equipment Manufacturing Department, Zhongshan Torch Polytechnic, Zhongshan 528437, China)(2School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China)

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A process design for large diameter of flanging hole and the calculation of the flanging force

Lei WU1, Bin LIU2, Li-gang DING1

(1Equipment Manufacturing Department, Zhongshan Torch Polytechnic, Zhongshan 528437, China)(2School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China)

It cannot be processed in the existing hole-flanging process when the flanging hole and tube have the same diameter. Therefore, a new process is proposed. Taking the deformation characteristics of new process, the work-hardening ability and the thickness change in the deformation zone into consideration, this paper presents a calculative method for tube flanging force. The simulation data in Abaqus show that the flanging force in this paper is more accurate than the sheet flanging force formula.

Flange, Flanging force, Work-hardening, FEM simulation

1 Introduction

Collection tube is an important component for air conditioning and refrigeration equipment. The quality of tee flanging process affects the merits of the collection tube products. Currently, the hole-flanging process is mainly based on the principle of stamping which is powered by pneumatic or hydraulic systems. Punch stamps the tube out directly from the inside of the tube under the combined action of metal tube punching device and flanging die [1-2]. This process requires simple equipment. However, because the metal punching device is placed in a metal tube, flanging hole is much smaller than the diameter of the metal tube, and it cannot be processed in this hole-flanging process when the flanging hole and tube have the same diameter as shown in Fig. 1. Therefore, a new process is proposed to process flanging hole which has the same diameter with the metal tube.

Fig.1 Size requirements of hole-flanging process

2 Process design

2.1 Equipment

The equipment of hole-flanging is shown in Fig.2. To achieve the hole- punching and external hole-flanging of the metal tube, the equipment consists of punch, die, gas supply and other components. The fins on the both sides of the punch are connected with the spring. Therefore, the fins expand in a natural state and shrink into the punch under the pressure in the radial direction.

1.punch; 2.die; 3.metal tube; 4.gas supply equipment; 5.head

Fig.2 The equipment of hole-flanging

2.2 Flanging process

The process is shown in Fig.3. Metal tube is placed in the die, and then the die merges. Then one side of the tube connects to the gas supply equipment and the other connects to the head. High pressure gas supplied by gas supply equipment is passed into the tube. Then the punch punches hole is shown in Fig.3(a). Because the high pressure gas acts as the die, deformation of the metal tube is small. After the formation of punching, the gas supply is stopped and the fins shrink into the punch under the pressure of the tube in the radial direction, as shown in Fig.3(b). When the fins are entering into the tube completely, the fins expand under the action of the spring, and the pre-punched hole has formed, as shown in Fig.3(c). Then, the punch with high-speed rotation moves up slowly. A hole-flanging is formed under the combined action of the punch and die, as shown in Fig.3(d).

Fig.3 The process of hole-flanging

3 Calculation of flanging force

To calculate the flanging force, the model for flanging is simplified appropriately. Because the punch is high-speed rotation in the flanging process, the punch is simplified as a circular truncated cone. The model diagram is shown in Fig.4.

Flanging force formulas have been proposed by literature [3-4]. But work hardening influences in the flanging have not been taken into account. Later, the work hardening effects have been taken into consideration in the literature [5-7] where the work hardening law has been represented by a slope-intercept form or a power function. However, the flanging force in the above literature is calculated for sheet instead of the tube. Until now, few calculations of the flanging force for tube are found.

1.punch; 2.metal tube; 3.die

Fig.4 Zone position state deformation of hole-flanging

According to the derivation of the flanging force for sheet, the hole-flanging for sheet in analogy with the hole-flanging for tube is proposed. To simplify the calculations, only radial section deformation of the tube is considered. The hole-flanging deforms from position A to position B. Position C, which is the initial state of the sheet flanging, is equivalent to the position A.

The wall thickness of the tube is ignored. Tube radius is R0. While the pre-punched hole radius is r0and flanging hole radius is R. The distance between a point in position A and the center is supposed to be r, and the distance between the certain point in position C and the center can be expressed as

(1)

The punch shoulder is ignored, and the distance between the certain point in deformation region and the center can be expressed as

(2)

whereαis the wrap angle between deformation region of tube and die, and the fillet radius of die is rd. Work hardening law is expressed as a power function, namely that the stress-strain curve of tube can be expressed as

(3)

where K is a material constant, MPa, n is the material strain hardening exponent, andεis the logarithmic strain of a point in the deformation region, that is

It is assumed that the tangential stress of a point in deformation region is σθ, and the radial stress is σp. Compared with the other two principal stress, the stress in the thickness direction is much smaller, therefore, the stress in the thickness direction σt≈ 0. The equilibrium equation of stress can be expressed as

(4)

The yield criterion is

That is

(5)

Combining Eqs. (2) ～ (5), the equilibrium equation of stress can be expressed as

(6)

Because the flanging coefficient is usually greater than 0.5, that is the right part of Eq. (6) can be simplified by

(7)

(8)

where rtis the radius of the hole in deformation region of a deformation moment. That is

(9)

When the material is exposed to the sharp part of the punch, friction between the tube and the punch should be taken into consideration for the radial stress. It can be simplified by the formula given by literature [8]

(10)

where μ is the coefficient of friction between the material and the punch.

What’s more, there will be an increment of deformation stress when the material is exposed to the sharp part of the punch [9], namely that the radial stress σpcan be expressed as

(11)

Accordingtoaboveliteratures,whenthedeformationregionislocatedinthegapbetweenthepunchandthedie,thematerialdeformationisthemaximum.Whenthewrapanglebetweendeformationregionoftubeanddiesatisfiesα =π/2andr=R,thatisρ=R,themaximumradialstresscanbegotten

(12)

where

The formula for flanging force is

(13)

where m′ is the deformation coefficient. Because the thickness of material thins when it deforms, m′ = 0.9-0.99. Combining Eqs. (12) and (13), the formula for flanging force can be gotten.

4 Simulation and experiment of flanging force

4.1 Validation

The finite element method (FEM) with DEFORM [10-12] or ABAQUS [13-16] have been utilized to simulate the flanging process. And all of the finite element results were validated by experimental results. Because of the simulation of nonlinear dynamics in ABAQUS, flanging force numerical calculation is conducted by the software. In this simulation, the material of the tube is brass and the Young’s modulus is 115 GPa. The Poisson’s ratio is 0.34 and the yield strength is 240 MPa. And the experiment is conducted by simple flanging dies and universal tensile machine, as shown in Fig. 5.

Flanging force for different diameters, different wall thicknesses and different pre-punched holes are shown in Table 1. The flange force formula for sheet flanging was given by literature [6]. Data for the column of literature [6] is the flanging force corresponding to the same material, the same sheet thickness and the same pre-punched hole. m′ = 0.95, n = 0.328, K=452 MPa, and μ= 0.2.

According to the data of Table 1, if the parameters of tube flanging are substituted into the formula in literature [6] directly, there will be a deviation about 15% from the simulation and experiment data. However, the formula in this paper, its deviation from the simulation data, is about 7%. Thus the formula in this paper is more suitable for engineering applications.

Fig.5 Experiment material and equipment

Table 1 Comparison of maximum flanging force

FlangingholeradiusR/mmPre-punchedholeradiusr0/mmTuberadiusR0/mmTubethicknesst/mmFlangingforceinthispaperF/NFlangingforceinliterature[6]F/NFlangingforceofsimulationF/NFlangingforceofexperimentF/N4.22.550.31918.872072.441791.121853.33.7250.21142.191200.571150.231162.64.62.750.32017.172268.171881.811845.76.23.270.21870.22036.661905.191890.16.63.570.32815.393222.022627.712732.463.770.43692.843992.703485.483466.0

4.2 Simulation and calculation

According to the size requirements of hole-flanging process in Fig. 1, simulation analysis is conducted in Abaqus, and the wall thickness of tube is 0.3 mm. The pre-punched hole radius is 3 mm. Simulation results that flanging force changes with the time of punch moving up are shown in Fig. 6, and the maximum flanging force is 1 724.05 N. While the maximum flanging force in Eq. (13) is 1 802.56 N. Both are almost identical, and the maximum flanging force should be 1 800 N.

Fig.6 Simulation results that flanging force changes with the time of punch moving up

5 Conclusions

1) A new flanging process is proposed to overcome the deficiencies of the existing tube flanging process. It can process flanging hole which has the same diameter with the metal tube.

2) According to the tube flanging process, and taking the difference between sheet flanging and tube flanging into consideration, flanging force for tube flanging is derived.

3) According to the simulation in Abaqus and the test, the formula in this paper is more suitable for tube flanging.

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圓管大直徑外翻邊孔加工工藝設(shè)計與翻邊力計算

吳磊1*，劉彬2，丁立剛1

1.中山火炬職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院 裝備制造系，廣東 中山528437 2.華南理工大學(xué) 機(jī)械與汽車工程學(xué)院, 廣州510641

針對現(xiàn)有圓管翻邊工藝無法加工與圓管直徑接近的外翻邊孔的缺陷，提出了一種新的加工工藝方法。考慮新工藝的變形特點(diǎn)、加工硬化特性以及變形區(qū)的材料厚度的變化情況，推導(dǎo)出針對圓管翻邊的翻邊力計算公式。Abaqus仿真數(shù)據(jù)表明：相對于板材翻邊力計算公式，本文的翻邊力計算公式更加精確。

翻邊；翻邊力；加工硬化;有限元仿真

22 April 2015; revised 15 June 2015;

Lei WU, Professor,

E-mail: lwu5885@126.com

10.3969/j.issn.1001-3881.2015.18.020 Document code: A

TG386

accepted 19 August 2015

Hydromechatronics Engineering

http://jdy.qks.cqut.edu.cn

E-mail: jdygcyw@126.com