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        轉基因

        2015-10-29 08:13:22全球視角轉基因作物與生物多樣性
        中國學術期刊文摘 2015年7期

        全球視角:轉基因作物與生物多樣性

        Peter H. Raven

        (美國密蘇里植物園)

        雙價抗蟲轉基因棉花研究

        郭三堆,崔洪志,夏蘭芹,等

        熱點追蹤

        轉基因

        ·編者按·

        二十世紀七十年代以來,隨著分子生物學和轉基因技術的出現,人類獲得了打破物種間固有屏障并根據意愿重塑生物的能力.轉基因技術就是將某些生物的優(yōu)良基因轉移到目標生物物種中,從而實現改造其遺傳物質的目的,使其具備或產生原有物種不具有的性狀或產物.轉基因生物(遺傳改良生物,genetically modified organism,GMO)是指利用基因工程技術在基因水平上對生物的某些性狀進行修飾和改良,用于農業(yè)生產或農產品加工的植物、動物、微生物及其產品.

        目前,轉基因技術在農業(yè)、工業(yè)、醫(yī)療、環(huán)保領域都有著廣泛的應用.農業(yè)方面的應用集中于新型優(yōu)良植物品種的培育,例如抗蟲、抗除草劑的轉基因大豆、玉米、水稻等.在工業(yè)方面,主要用來生產各種酶制劑、食品添加劑、培養(yǎng)各類益生菌等,以提高其性能和利用價值.在醫(yī)療方面,則利用此技術生產各種基因工程藥物、疫苗和抗體,或進行基因治療.在保護環(huán)境方面,轉基因技術已成為環(huán)境修復治理的新途徑,如利用轉基因微生物來降解塑料、用轉基因植物富集土壤中的重金屬、降解有機磷農藥等等.其中,轉基因作物技術是當今最具活力、效益最大的高技術,已成為近代農業(yè)史上發(fā)展最快的技術,產生了巨大的經濟、社會和環(huán)境效益.自1996年轉基因作物產業(yè)化以來,已累計推廣15億公頃,2014年全球種植面積達到1.815億公頃,是1996年的100多倍.目前,全世界有28個國家種植轉基因作物,美國是最大的轉基因作物種植國(7010萬公頃),約90%的玉米、大豆、棉花為轉基因品種.據統(tǒng)計,全球轉基因植物研究涉及至少35科200多個種,有近50個國家對60余種轉基因植物進行了田間試驗.同時,美國、俄羅斯、中國等20多個國家正在開展豬、牛、羊、雞、魚、兔等轉基因動物的研發(fā).

        環(huán)顧全球,基因組學、蛋白組學、代謝組學、系統(tǒng)生物學等新興基礎科學的飛速進步不斷向生物技術領域注入新的活力.轉基因技術作為一種定向改良作物性狀的手段,本質上與常規(guī)育種一樣,都是為人類和社會造福的.然而,轉基因作物技術的發(fā)展依然在一些國家受到各種阻力的影響,相關法律制度不完善、科學認知不足、科普教育不到位等也是重要的影響因素,在一定程度上限制和阻礙了該技術的產業(yè)化進程.為解決此類現狀,應從國家和社會層面制定積極的政策導向,確定重點項目,加大科研投入、健全法律制度,加強監(jiān)管和科普宣傳,引導公眾參與,從而使轉基因技術更好地造福人類.

        ·熱點數據排行·

        截至2015年3月10日,中國知網(CNKI)和Web of Science(WOS)的數據報告顯示,以轉基因(Genetically modified)為詞條可以檢索到的期刊文獻分別為5143與4271條,本專題將相關數據按照:研究機構發(fā)文數、作者發(fā)文數、期刊發(fā)文數、被引用頻次進行排行,結果如下.

        研究機構發(fā)文數量排名(C NKI)機構名稱 發(fā)文數量(篇)中國農業(yè)大學 185中國科學院遺傳遺傳與發(fā)育生物學研究所134揚州大學 120浙江大學122

        (數據來源:中國知網、Web of Science,檢索時間:2015-3-10)

        作者發(fā)文數量排名(CNKI)

        作者發(fā)文數量排名(WOS)

        期刊發(fā)文數量排名(CNKI)

        期刊發(fā)文數量排名(WOS)

        根據中國知網(CNKI)數據報告,以轉基因(Genetically modified)為詞條可以檢索到的高被引論文排行結果如下.

        國內數據庫高被引論文排行

        根據Web of Science統(tǒng)計數據,以轉基因(Genetically modified)為詞條可以檢索到的高被引論文排行結果如下.

        國外數據庫高被引論文排行

        ·推薦綜述·

        全球視角:轉基因作物與生物多樣性*

        Peter H. Raven

        (美國密蘇里植物園)

        能參與到討論轉基因植物在農業(yè)中的作用是一件很榮幸的事情.全球農業(yè)中轉基因作物的比重日益增多,但是這一特殊形式的植物育種為這個高速發(fā)展而又饑餓的世界在農作物增產方面所帶來的期望遠遠超過我們目前的認知.在這里,我們將討論目前已取得的成果、可能存在的問題以及未來的前景.

        作為背景知識,我們必須認識到以下幾點:基因的橫向轉移在自然界是普遍存在的;在對生物體成功進行轉基因操作1年后,也就是30年前,各種深思熟慮的討論均表明這種生物體的安全性沒有一般性的問題;數以億計的人和數十億計的家畜食用來源于轉基因生物體的食物將近20年,但是卻沒有一個疾病、異?;蛘咂渌麊栴}的案例與轉基因制品的食用有關.此外,幾乎全世界生產的所有啤酒和奶酪以及我們使用的很大比例的藥物均有利用轉基因生物體合成的產物,但是卻沒有登記在冊的反對聲.治療埃博拉病毒用的試驗藥物以及唯一可將全球柑橘產業(yè)從黃龍病中挽救回來的策略都涉及到轉基因生物體的應用.世界上每個國家科學院在對同行評審的證據和大量科學文獻全面研究后均已推斷這些方法是不存在內在問題的.基于這些事實,我認為那些仍然堅持認為轉基因存在一些潛在問題的人要么缺乏對科學的基本理解,要么是因為某些原因而完全不想去接受科學的發(fā)現和結論.

        根據國際農業(yè)生物技術應用服務組織[3]的數據,2013年有27個國家的1800萬農民種植轉基因作物,種植面積達到1.75億hm2.盡管這些轉基因作物得以快速應用,一些人仍堅持斷言它們有一些未知的、潛在的危險,企圖阻礙轉基因作物的應用.事實上,也沒有任何客觀原因使得中國或者其他國家在轉基因技術上的開發(fā)和使用上選擇落后,與此同時,其競爭對手在這一領域快速穩(wěn)步前進.如果違反科學結論和無視過去20年的實踐經驗,除了造成嚴重的經濟損失并同時增加緩解營養(yǎng)不良及解決饑餓問題的難度之外,不會有任何益處.舉例來說,中國的環(huán)境問題廣泛存在[4],任何延緩采用現代科學項目的舉措都將使這個國家的環(huán)境更加脆弱,同時增加更多的問題,并且令局部地區(qū)的貧困問題更加難以解決.

        在我們對于世界糧食形勢的綜述中,Perry Gustafson、Norman borlaug 和我[5]列出了7種常規(guī)改良作物遺傳特性的方法,這7種方法分別是:組織培養(yǎng)、花藥培養(yǎng)、誘變劑技術、分子標記輔助選擇的利用、基因組選擇的應用、全基因組測序以及可繞過有性生殖過程的植物轉化技術.這7種最新的方法均可以產生高產作物.令人匪夷所思的是,一些人堅持認為其中某一種方法產生的作物是很危險并且應該避免,但是對同一情景下的其他幾種方法卻絕口不提!

        1作物的馴化

        1.2萬年前,耕作農業(yè)由我們的祖先發(fā)展起來,往此前溯200萬年,整個世界人口才僅僅100萬.農業(yè)出現之前,人們通常是20至40人一起群居生活,他們都是采獵者,必須通過不停地搜尋食物并且立即吃掉來維持生命.早期農民不斷地選擇和播種繁殖能力強或者高大強壯的植株種子來改良這些植物的特性,用來獲得容易收獲的植株和在他們生活的地方長勢良好的植株.當農民從這些作物中獲得大部分食物之后,他們將盈余的食物儲存起來以度過艱難的時節(jié).因此,人們可以更大規(guī)模地聚集在村莊、小鎮(zhèn)或者城市生活.個人可以選擇在人口密集的中心地區(qū)從事更加專業(yè)化的工作,這種分工發(fā)展出了許多特色文明.5000多年前,書寫讓人類發(fā)展的進程更加快速,書寫可以保證事件和發(fā)現被準確地記錄下來,這樣人們就可以不斷傳閱、討論并用于將來的實踐.

        農業(yè)耕地在地球上不斷擴張,使得人口數目已增長到了72億,但是全球每天仍以25萬人的速度不斷增長,不幸的是,目前仍沒有確鑿的證據表明在下個世紀人口的增長速度會有所減緩.目前有將近10億人口處于營養(yǎng)失衡狀態(tài),這一龐大比例顯然會給我們帶來許多難題.由營養(yǎng)失衡導致的身心發(fā)育不正常,使得這些人難以成為可以正常生活的人.同時又有將近1億人飽受饑餓致死的困擾.考慮到我們目前已經使用全球可承受的生產能力估計值的156%,該比例還在增長,而我們的人口和消費需求均在不斷地膨脹,因此想要顯著地改善這一狀況將是非常困難的.

        2轉基因作物會導致生態(tài)破壞嗎?

        轉基因作物的耕種有多大可能性會導致生態(tài)破壞,這種破壞的本質又是什么呢?這些問題是我們必須弄清楚的.為了弄清楚這些關系,我們首先應該明白,農業(yè)本身可能是過去一直存在并延續(xù)至今的對生物多樣性最具破壞性的人類活動.人類用來生產糧食的面積在過去1.2萬年內從0到如今覆蓋全球約1/3的陸地面積.很顯然,伴隨著草地、森林以及其他自然植被在如此短的時間內轉變成耕地,必然導致成千上萬的不同物種滅絕殆盡,其中大多數物種甚至還不為人知就已滅絕.在現代農業(yè)中,我們通過限制雜草和蟲害以保持土壤肥力來達到最大的產量.當然,我們需要盡可能有效、高產地使用我們的耕地,這樣我們就不會試圖擴張到周圍那些低產的土地.這樣做也必然導致這些區(qū)域生物多樣性遭到更為嚴重的破壞,而且地球上適宜耕種或放牧的土地大都已經被人類所利用.由于這些因素的限制,以及人口數目增長過快,人類對糧食的需求不斷增加,更多富裕國家的出現需要更多的肉類和魚類,糧食產量的增長明顯趕不上人口數目的增加.據估計,到21世紀中葉,必須增加目前糧食產量的50%才能養(yǎng)活這個世界不斷增長的人口,要實現這一目標我們必須提高現有耕地的生產力.

        關于作物的馴化,我們必須強調以下幾點.當野生植物被人類栽培種植,這些植物的遺傳多樣性就開始減少.隨著2個世紀以前科學耕作和遺傳性狀的精確測量的出現,作物遺傳同質性加強,改良的步伐大大加快.在此基礎上,隨著20世紀30年代雜交玉米的開發(fā),耕種面積隨之大增.在此背景下,農民會自然而然地選擇種植已被證明比他們之前種植的品種更高產的轉基因作物或者通過其他手段改良的作物.斷言轉基因品種的種植會導致土地更加遺傳同質化明顯是毫無根據的:自從第1個轉基因作物得以培育種植以來這一過程就一直在進行中,不同之處在于我們現在可以更好地、更有效地控制這一過程.事實上,轉基因方法的應用有時會直接保護作物遺傳多樣性.當我們種植數百種遺傳背景不同的作物,例如種植美國大豆,都可以獲得每個品種轉基因作物的遺傳多樣性,因此,轉基因方法應用于作物改良對于作物的遺傳多樣性是沒有影響的.

        3兩類生物多樣性:農業(yè)生物多樣性(農作物多樣性)

        討論種植轉基因作物對生物多樣性的影響通常使人混淆特定作物和他們的近緣種的遺傳多樣性和生物多樣性殘存的關系.前面我已經指出,自栽培伊始,作物的遺傳多樣性一直在減少.同時,農民也在努力地、有意識地選育一致的、高產的作物,這一選育過程通過選擇特定性狀來實現,如抗旱、抗蟲或抗??;具有較大和較多的種子、果實、葉片或者其他被人類收獲后可利用的部位.這些對于作物遺傳多樣性保留所進行的努力也具有重大意義.尤其是在20世紀20年代至30年代俄國科學家N.I.Vavilov做出重要的基礎性研究之后,人們同時將注意力轉向了野生親緣種,以保持遺傳多樣性.作物起源的中心地帶保留著栽培作物與它的近緣種種間變異.這些中心地帶有玉米起源的墨西哥南部、誕生向日葵的美國西部平原、產生大豆的熱帶到亞熱帶的東亞.水稻的野生近緣種僅局部存在于印度到中國的部分地區(qū).

        改良的作物品種均是在最初產生此作物品種的地區(qū)培育種植的.自從人們開始栽培植物,基因流回野生或者似草的近緣種中已成為農業(yè)的不變特征.以Edgar Anderson為開端,許多學者揭示了不同屬和種之間的雜交在許多植物的進化中一直扮演重要角色.從植物進化的這一特征來看,作物與其野生或者似雜草的近緣物種之間的雜交是不足為奇的,這提高了這些作物的遺傳變異性并有助于一系列目標性狀的選擇.比如六倍體(2n=42)面包小麥(Triticum aestivum)的起源,雜交后有一個多倍體化過程,這樣就可以保證雜交種及其性狀的穩(wěn)定性,并作為后續(xù)混合種植的選擇目標.在另一個例子中,玉米起源于大約8000年前的野生雜草——大芻草,是對其部分農藝性狀進行選擇改良的過程.目前沒有自然存在的植物與面包小麥或者玉米類似,當然面包小麥僅可以與其他六倍體面包小麥雜交形成可育雜交種.相反,玉米可以與具有相同染色體數目(2n=20)的大芻草雜交,野生的和培育出的植物各自具有的性狀均可以在作物和他們的野生親緣種中以不同的方式進行重組.墨西哥及其他地方玉米的當地品種、農家種的多樣性與前述伴隨著雜交所得到的重組性狀有很大關系.在一個多世紀以前,當雜種玉米和其他改良品種被引入墨西哥之后,這些新品種的遺傳性狀與當地已存在的“農家種”進行組合.即便在這些品種引入之前,這些農家種也由于農民不斷選擇栽培它們和其他地方的玉米新品種的引入而不斷改變.將農家種認為是一個很多年都固定不變的品種是不合理的,而應該更準確地將它們看作是類似于萬花筒中不斷變化的顏色,是人們會根據自己的偏好與所得資源進行品種改良的結果.

        以上2個例子幾乎與其他所有栽培作物在起源及隨后的改良過程中均有類似之處.因此,轉基因作物與其他作物進化過程中發(fā)生的雜交具有相同的方式、相同程度[6-7],這一點是絲毫不足為奇的.但是,需要強調的是,從基因在同一物種的栽培種和野生種之間的擴散或可能對他們的棲息地產生的影響上來看,轉基因是否發(fā)生,對這些多樣性并沒有影響,可能會有影響的是,雜交可能導致某些特定的基因會發(fā)生作用并且一些新基因在新的環(huán)境中出現適應性問題.

        4基因轉移在作物和自然界中如何進行?

        由于這兩者已經廣泛討論,現在我們將注意力轉向基因轉移,來看看在栽培種和它們的野生及似草的近緣種群體中有哪些特殊表現.目前廣泛使用的轉基因產品主要是抗蟲的Bt轉基因作物、抗草甘膦除草劑的作物以及抗病毒作物.盡管這些基因在本質上是不同的,但是我們可以從這幾個例子來窺視整體情況.我們首先會問,如果這些基因存在于野生種或似草的近緣種中會產生什么樣的結果.如果似草或者野生植物從害蟲中獲得了Bt抗蟲特性并且這些害蟲在這一特定環(huán)境中產生了明顯的選擇壓力,那么這些基因可能會存留在似草的物種或似草的群體中.如果它們真被保留了下來,那么植物將會得到更好的保護不被害蟲侵食.Snow等[8]和Poppy和Wilkison[9]已經分析Bt基因從向日葵栽培種轉移到野生種的具體實例了.他們發(fā)現含有Bt基因的野生植株比不含Bt基因的同種野生植株更不易被蟲食且具有更強的繁殖力.這一基因轉移過程使得栽培種的田塊有更多的野生雜草,但是其他農藝操作可以除去這些轉基因雜草.

        除草劑耐受的問題就更復雜.不論何時使用除草劑,目標物種或其他物種由于經常暴露于除草劑之下,最終總會產生抗性品種.例如,廣泛使用的草甘膦除草劑就導致了不同地區(qū)尤其是美國,一些抗性雜草品種的出現.這是使用除草劑(或者農藥)必然會出現的問題,原則上是與轉基因作物沒有任何關系的,只與除草劑如何使用有關.與人類或其他動物解決抗生素抗性一樣,已有多種策略被用于處理對除草劑有抗性的雜草;不論是否涉及轉基因植物,這些策略將會一直在農業(yè)生產中發(fā)揮作用.在常綠草的例子中,盡管大多數基因擴散僅限2 km的范圍,但是草甘膦抗性品種在距離轉基因植株種植地21 km的地方出現了[10].由于草甘膦是控制某種草皮中雜草生長的主要方式(該種草皮引自歐洲,并在在森林和公園的空地中廣泛種植),這就成了一個不得不考慮的問題.這一例子也證明了花粉散播的方式對轉基因作物或其他栽培作物與他們的野生近緣種分隔種植具有很大的影響.雖然換一種除草劑可以對付這類侵襲,但是種植抗草甘膦除草劑草皮的優(yōu)勢和劣勢需要考慮整體環(huán)境中它們本身的優(yōu)點.

        以上實例說明了伴隨目前廣泛使用的基因轉移而產生的各種情況以及特定基因轉移到作物中與他們在自然中特定情況下的適應性并沒有任何關系.由于額外的基因被引入各種作物中,如果這些基因被轉移到野生近緣物種中,那么不管這些基因是以何種方式轉移到基因組中的,都必須評估這些基因可能的效應.除草劑抗性可以直接從一種作物擴散到與之種在一起的雜草中是毋庸置疑的,但是除草劑的濫用會更直接地導致同樣的結果.顯然,即便轉基因性狀不參與其中,每一種情形都必須用正確的農藝實踐來解決.

        5作物遺傳多樣性的保護

        為了保護現存于作物以及栽培植物和它們野生近緣種中的基因,我們應該做些什么呢?目前已了解到這些基因可能在未來急劇變化的世界對作物性狀的改良具有重要意義.對于農家種以及更古老的栽培品種,期望農民來栽培古老品種是不大可能的,因為這些古老品種產量低,而且與新品種或他們在古老品種與附近引入的品種進行雜交后代中選育出的品種相比,古老品種均不是理想選擇.理論上,我們可以資助農民來保持這些傳統(tǒng)品種的種植,但是實際上卻并沒有任何此類實際行動.最有效的保護遺傳多樣性的方法可能是保留代表遺傳多樣性的、某一給定物種的所有栽培種、雜草和野生植物的種子.位于墨西哥中部的非常重要的農業(yè)組織——國際玉米與小麥改良中心已經對玉米的種質資源進行了搜集.此外,我們可以嘗試在他們自然生長的地方保護野生種和這一作物的相關物種.總之,那些被轉入用來改良作物特性基因的轉基因作物在作物和他們的野生近緣種中的轉移對這種作物和他們的近緣種生物多樣性的幸存并不構成挑戰(zhàn),并且實際上還有可能促進了遺傳多樣性的保留.

        6生物多樣性總體概括

        第二種具有討論和分析價值的生物多樣性類型則是總體上的生物多樣性了.據估計,地球上目前有1200萬種原核生物和數百萬種細菌和古細菌,這些生物體是地球上生命的基礎.這些生物體數十億年的生命活動不僅改變了土地、水和大氣的特性,還使得他們生存了下來并支撐起我們的生命.植物則直接或間接地為我們提供糧食以及大部分的醫(yī)藥;作為一個整體的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)維持了我們賴以生存的土地和水;那些美麗、多樣的生物體則極大地豐富了我們的精神世界.人類未來的發(fā)展很大一部分需要依賴于我們維持生物多樣性以及可持續(xù)地利用生物體特性的能力.由于這些原因,轉基因作物的栽種是否會威脅到生物整體多樣性是至關重要的.我們知道物種會很快滅絕的許多原因.其中一個就是由于農業(yè)、城市擴張、林業(yè)或者其他原因所導致的自然棲息地的嚴重破壞;還有就是物種入侵以及全球氣候變化等原因.全球氣候變化正日趨加快,據政府間氣候變化委員會(IPCC)最近發(fā)布的報告估計,截至本世紀末,氣候變化將導致約1/5或更多物種的滅絕.這些因素共同作用的結果就是,地球上超過一半的物種將在本世紀末到來前滅絕,其中絕大多數物種在滅絕前我們都未能有所了解.現有生物體如此大比例的滅絕將導致我們重建全球可持續(xù)發(fā)展的能力面臨重大損失;顯然,在減緩目前和將來的共同利益損失方面我們有一致的訴求.

        轉基因作物的種植和生物體的滅絕之間會有什么關系呢?我們已注意到,農業(yè)本身就會導致嚴重的生物滅絕,低層次農業(yè)相比于密集的、高產的農業(yè)對生物滅絕的危害更大,因為它覆蓋的面積更大、影響的物種更多.傳統(tǒng)農業(yè)的重點是排除那些在富饒的土地上生存的動植物,選擇優(yōu)良品種保持下來,它的成功往往是以在多大程度上成功排除一些動植物來衡量的.將傳粉昆蟲或其他有益生物體生存的棲息地保留下來對人類來說顯然是有益的,但是土地本身則大體上應盡可能地擺脫生物多樣性.在轉基因作物的例子中,降低或消除對農藥應用的需求,附近的生物群體由于不會受到化學藥品的傷害,也將獲益良多.我之前已經提及,更高產的、密集的農業(yè)更有可能保護生物多樣性.一般來說,栽種轉基因作物和生物多樣性的幸存是正相關的關系,為什么《生物多樣性公約》在轉基因作物種植以及在不同國家之間運移如此畏首畏尾,這對我來說仍然是一個謎.

        7轉基因作物對非目標物種的影響

        僅根據轉基因作物種植田塊之外物種受到影響的幾個特例,就聲稱Bt毒蛋白轉基因作物可能對其他并非目標生物產生影響是不對的.同樣的情況也發(fā)生在除草劑農達(Roundup)的抗性上,這種情況下,可以利用對特定除草劑有抗性的轉基因作物來除掉耕地上的雜草.如果除草劑從田間擴散出去,對生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的真正破壞將不可避免;但是如果它們真能提高產量,那么這將對其周邊地區(qū)生物多樣性的幸存是有利的.如果除草劑或者農藥隨意在農田之外或其他地方濫用,那么必然會引起問題.另一方面,如果能夠像歐洲那樣有效地控制農藥的使用,那么對生物多樣性和人類健康的主要負面影響就可以避免.

        8基因從轉基因作物轉移到同一物種的非轉基因作物中

        這個問題本質上是我們人類自己引起的.它在很大程度上是由于美國農業(yè)部不合理地將轉基因作物歸為“非有機”導致的,這反過來又催生了對其是否“純凈”的擔憂,這一概念對植物如何演化以及作物遺傳特性如何通過多種方式進行改變給出了非常奇怪的見解.這一理念或者見解絲毫沒有一點理性的基礎,反而會在可持續(xù)農業(yè)的發(fā)展道路上增加額外的障礙;我尤其認可M. S. Swaminathan 所給出的建議,他認為這2種方法可以攜手促進作物優(yōu)良性狀的改良.就像我之前強調的那樣,農業(yè)本身就不是自然狀態(tài);所有的栽培作物和馴化的動物都是經過多年遺傳操作改良之后產生的.在全球急需增加糧食產量的大背景下,如果僅僅以它們具有潛在威脅為理由,在這種意識形態(tài)下排斥特定的作物育種的方法是極其不明智的.不論某一作物的花粉是否如胡桃、白楊、松樹或草一樣通過風來傳播,花粉都有可能傳播很遠的距離,導致某些性狀在離它原來位置很遠的地方表現出來.對于許多其他作物,比如蘋果、馬鈴薯、油菜、南瓜、苜蓿、萵苣、向日葵、果樹和漿果作物,他們的花粉是由昆蟲傳播的,這些作物花粉傳播的距離則取決于那些傳粉昆蟲的習性、數量和習慣以及他們所接觸的花的特性了.一些作物,比如水稻、小麥、大麥和大豆,則是自花授粉,他們的花粉只有極少的一部分可以通過風擴散出去.這些基因是否會像通常一樣在新環(huán)境下存留下來往往取決于那些接受這些外來花粉的植株所在環(huán)境的選擇壓力.通常,如果不考慮特殊情況下發(fā)生的基因轉移的話,沒有任何理由擔心這些花粉擴散可能引起一些問題.

        9新品種雜草產生的可能性

        目前共有2萬多種植物被認為是雜草,平均每20個物種中就有1個是雜草.這些雜草廣泛分布在世界各地的自然或人工環(huán)境中.有些甚至生長在作物之間,這種類型的雜草往往對作物產量有負面影響.大多數雜草是伴隨著農業(yè)或園藝被人類從一個地方引入另一個地方的.有些雜草則是由于偶然地污染或粘附在一些產品或物品上被運輸到其他地方去的.抵制轉基因作物的觀點之一即是使用轉基因會導致新的、極具侵略性的雜草的產生.事實上,有些非常重要的雜草,如約翰遜草和紅色雜草稻(栽培水稻和野生水稻雜交產生),就與農作物有關.這些雜草往往為農業(yè)生產帶來麻煩,因為他們都有一些與起源作物類似的特性,因此很難得到控制.然而,這些例子都與轉基因技術無關;并且沒有例子表明:相比其他雜草,我們應該對這些假定的雜草更加畏懼.

        不可否認的是,對害蟲及除草劑有抗性的基因從作物轉移到特定雜草確實會增加在農田中控制這些雜草的難度.因此,對食用甜菜而言,獲得除草劑抗性的野生甜菜就是一個大麻煩.目前人們已知道若干此類的例子了,前文討論提到的向日葵就是一個.但是,我們應該在數千個已知的極具侵略性的雜草的大背景下考慮這個問題并且應該秉承具體問題具體分析的態(tài)度.有些人認為,雜草的特性與大多數栽培植物是截然不同的,許多作物在自然界中不能自己繁殖——玉米和大豆就是最好的明證,因此認為它們促進新種雜草的形成是不太可能的.

        10法律

        20世紀80年代,我參與了《生物多樣性公約》的制定,對當前斤斤計較轉基因作物這一事實我感到非常難過.其所謂的生物安全準則并不是基于任何有根據的科學原理,是以《卡塔赫納生物安全議定書》或其他形式向某些人授權,而這些人出于個人原因——可能是政治性的原因——希望減緩我們用來生產這個世界急需糧食的工具的付諸使用.伴隨監(jiān)管轉基因作物而來的是不明智、無意義的爭論,這已經消耗了數百位外交官和理想主義者的精力,但對保護世界生物多樣性沒有產生絲毫作用,而保護世界生物多樣性正是我們希望在生物多樣性公約下能得到的結果.就像我在這些評論中解釋的那樣,目前沒有明確的科學基礎來假定與轉基因生物相關的生物安全原則會對全球范圍內飽受威脅的生物多樣性幸存起到任何作用.從這一角度來說,《生物安全議定書》明顯正在向其設定初衷靠攏——即保護生物多樣性,這對我來說是一件值得高興的事,因為保護生物多樣性也是我為之奉獻一生的事業(yè).

        11結論

        1.2萬年前農業(yè)的出現就一直是生物多樣性的主要敵人.在人口數目由100萬增加到現在的70多億的過程中,盡管我們已經在大量土地上密集地種植了許多作物,但是仍有約10億人處于營養(yǎng)不良的狀態(tài).目前,人口數目已經超過了這個星球承載能力的50 %,我們還在以不斷增長的速度消耗著這個星球的資源.而一些組織和個人置這些重要的事實于不顧,用毫無科學支持的觀點,去抵制可以對作物進行改良進而提高產量并使得人類能夠持續(xù)發(fā)展的方法.對任何國家而言,基于政治原因對這一技術不聞不問都是一個可恥的錯誤.

        在任何情況下,自然系統(tǒng)中廣泛分布的進行必要耕作的低等級農業(yè)生產,對生物多樣性的破壞遠超過在特定區(qū)域集中的、大規(guī)模的農業(yè)生產.與之相反的是,一些無轉基因作物的耕作系統(tǒng)——尤其是大量使用化學藥品的歐洲,對環(huán)境的破壞更為巨大.我認為,由于非科學的原因而拒絕接受轉基因作物,并使數十億人承受多種傷害,這是非常不道德的.

        ·高被引論文摘要·

        被引頻次:454

        雙價抗蟲轉基因棉花研究

        郭三堆,崔洪志,夏蘭芹,等

        構建了攜帶人工合成的GFM Cry IA殺蟲基因和經過修飾的Cp TI基因的高效雙價殺蟲基因植物表達載體pGBI121S4ABC.采用花粉管通道法,將pGBI121S4ABC轉入到石遠321、中棉所19號、3517和541中國棉花生產品種中,首次獲得了雙價轉基因抗蟲棉株系.葉片室內抗蟲生物學鑒定表明,抗性好的株系棉鈴蟲幼蟲校正死亡率大于96%;經分子檢測,證實了雙價殺蟲基因在棉花基因組中的整合與表達.

        雙價;Cp TI;Bt殺蟲基因;植物轉化;棉花

        來源出版物:中國農業(yè)科學, 1999, 32(3):1-7

        被引頻次:351

        用花粉管途徑獲得小麥轉基因植株

        曾君祉,王東江,吳有強,等

        摘要:本文將帶GUS標記基因的質粒pBI121用花粉管途徑轉化普通小麥(T.aestivum L)品種小山3號的小花.從結實的106粒種子中,經點雜交初步篩選,再經Southern分子雜交鑒定,選出5株轉基因小麥,轉化率為4.7%.同時用熒光法和X-Gluc染色法測試,檢測到這些植株中有GUS基因的表達產物β-葡糖苷酸酶(GUS)存在,證明GUS基因已整合到小麥植株中,并能在植物體中表達.

        關鍵詞:小麥;GUS基因;花粉管途徑;轉基因小麥植株

        來源出版物:中國科學(B輯), 1993, 23(3):256-262

        被引頻次:295

        轉基因植物食品中標記基因的安全性評價

        賈士榮

        摘要:標記基因是篩選轉基因植物的有效方法.目前轉基因植物已廣泛進行了田間試驗,有些已被批準商業(yè)化應用.鑒于幾乎所有轉基因植物中都含有標記基因,且同一標記基因已轉入不同的作物中,因此今后人們消費的食品中標記基因及其產物的含量將增大,其安全性引起了普遍關注.國際機構如FAO、WHO、OECD以及美國的FDA、北歐部長委員會等都在研究和制訂條例,我國尚未將遺傳工程體(GMO)食品安全性的評價提到議事日程上.有鑒于此,本文試圖重點以北歐部長委員會的出版物(1996)為蘭本,結合國際機構的咨詢研討結論,就植物食品中標記基因的安全性評價作一綜述,以供讀者參考.

        關鍵詞:轉基因植物;標記基因;食品;安全性

        來源出版物:中國農業(yè)科學, 1997, 30(2):1-15

        被引頻次:247

        表達β-1,3-葡聚糖酶及幾丁質酶基因的轉基因煙草及其抗真菌病的研究

        藍海燕,麗華,王蘭嵐,等

        摘要:利用煙草堿性β-1,3-葡聚糖酶及菜豆堿性幾丁質酶基因構建了組成型表達的雙價植物表達載體PBLGC,利用農桿菌介導法轉化了煙草,并得到了轉基因植株.對其進行分子生物學分析的結果表明,部分轉基因植株在所有檢測中都顯示較強的陽性反應,這說明外源基因已整合到煙草基因組中并得到正確表達.活體接菌實驗初步表明,轉基因植株與對照相比,對赤星病的侵染具有較強的抵抗能力.

        關鍵詞:β-1, 3-葡聚糖酶基因;幾丁質酶基因;轉基因煙草;抗真菌病

        來源出版物:遺傳學報, 2000, 27(1):70-77

        被引頻次:243

        用基因槍將Bt毒蛋白基因轉入玉米及轉基因植株再生

        王國英,杜天兵,張宏,等

        摘要:用玉米懸浮細胞、愈傷組織和幼胚作受體,通過基因槍轟擊法成功地將Bt毒蛋白基因轉入玉米細胞,并再生了大量轉基因植株,部分植株得到種子.雖然基因槍轟擊愈傷組織和耒成熟幼胚比轟擊懸浮細胞所得到的轉化體少,但由于它們易于培養(yǎng)和再生植株,故適合于大部分玉米品種的遺傳轉化研究.部分轉基因植株的室內玉米螟飼喂試驗表明,這些植株的抗蟲性差異很大,有少量植株表現高度抗性,個別植株幾乎沒有抗蟲性.

        關鍵詞:玉米轉化;基因槍;Bt毒蛋白基因;抗蟲性

        來源出版物:中國科學(B輯), 1995, 25(1):71-76

        被引頻次:235

        根癌農桿菌對甘藍型油菜的轉化及轉基因植株的再生

        程振東,衛(wèi)志明,許智宏

        摘要:用根癌農桿菌(Agrobacterium tume faciens)共培養(yǎng)法把外源基因導入甘藍型油菜(Brassica napus L)主要栽培品種“云北2號”,獲得轉基因植株.所用外植體為帶有1-2 mm子葉柄的完整子葉,根癌農桿菌為A208SE(pTiT37-SE, pROA93).Ti質粒pROA93帶有NPTⅡ及GUS嵌合基因.共培養(yǎng)2天后轉到附加25 mg/L卡那霉素的分化培養(yǎng)基(MS+4.5 mg/LBAP)上.AgNO3和羧芐青霉素促進芽的分化,頭孢霉素則有抑制作用.最高轉化頻率為27%.把分化出的莖芽切下,插入含有25 mg/L卡那霉素的生根培養(yǎng)基中.羧芐青霉素不利于根的形成.把完整抗性植株移入盛土壤的盆中,生長狀況良好.測定β-葡糖苷酸酶活性,84%明顯高于對照.以NPTⅡ基因作探針進行Southern blot分析,證實外源基因已插入到植物細胞基因組中.

        關鍵詞:甘藍型油菜;根癌農桿菌;轉基因植株

        來源出版物:植物學報, 1994, 36(9):657-663

        被引頻次:218

        轉基因抗蟲棉的培育

        倪萬潮,張震林,郭三堆

        摘要:采用花粉管通道途徑,將合成的Bt殺蟲蛋白基因導入棉花優(yōu)良品種泗棉3號和中棉所12,獲得了轉基因植株.組織化學分析表明,GUS標記基因已在R1代植株中表達.根據對GUS陽性轉基因植株的PCR分析,證明Bt殺蟲蛋白基因出現在R1代植株中,并通過自交傳遞至R2代.經抗蟲性鑒定,獲得了5株對棉鈴蟲有高度毒殺作用的R1代轉基因抗蟲植株S545、S591、S636、S1001(泗棉3號+Bt/GUS)和 Zh1109(中棉所12+Bt/GUS),對棉鈴蟲幼蟲的致死率分別達到91.6%、93.8%、92.3%、85.7%和75.0%.通過自交和選育,獲得了R5代轉基因抗蟲棉,并進行了抗蟲性和轉基因的跟蹤鑒定,表明通過基因工程方法獲得了抗棉鈴蟲的棉花新種質.

        關鍵詞:Bt基因;轉基因抗蟲棉;棉鈴蟲;抗蟲性鑒定

        來源出版物:中國農業(yè)科學, 1998, 31(2):8-13

        被引頻次:216

        干旱誘導性啟動子驅動的海藻糖-6-磷酸合酶基因載體的構建及轉基因煙草的耐旱性

        趙恢武,陳楊堅,胡鳶雷

        摘要:通過 PCR程序克隆擬南芥(Arabidopsisthaliana(L)Heynh)的干旱誘導性啟動子 Prd29A及來自釀酒酵母(Saccharomy cescerevisiae Hansen)的海藻糖-6-磷酸合酶基因(TPS),并將它們組成可在植物中表達的載體RT.通過根癌土壤桿菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens(SmithetTownsend)Conn)LBA4404介導,獲得轉基因煙草(Nicotianat abacumL.).Southern分析表明TPS基因已經整合到煙草基因組中.Northern分析表明TPS基因的表達受干旱脅迫的誘導.轉基因煙草的形態(tài)發(fā)生多種改變,包括變矮,莖變細,葉子呈柳葉狀,腋芽明顯,同時耐旱性得到增強.

        關鍵詞:干旱誘導性啟動子;海藻糖-6-磷酸合酶基因;煙草;耐旱性

        來源出版物:植物學報, 2000, 42(6):616-619

        被引頻次:209

        利用基因槍法獲得可遺傳的抗除草劑轉基因水稻植株

        朱冰,黃大年,楊煒,等

        摘要:利用基因槍轉化系統(tǒng),將含有由CaMV 35S啟動子啟動的bar基因的轉化質粒pCB1導入水稻幼胚,經篩選、再生得到3株抗除草劑Basta的轉基因植株.經PCR及Southern分析,在轉基因植株基因組中均檢測到了bar基因的整合;經RNA點雜交分析,檢測到了bar基因在轉基因植株中RNA水平的表達.在轉基因植株JY119-2的總計321株T1代自交后代中,有274株表現出除草劑抗性,47株敏感.從該274株抗性植株中隨機選取8株進行Southern分析,結果均檢測到了bar基因的整合,表明bar基因已遺傳到了T1代植株中.

        關鍵詞:水稻;抗除草劑;基因槍;轉基因植株

        來源出版物:中國農業(yè)科學, 1996, 29(6):15-20

        被引頻次:186

        抗蟲轉基因歐洲黑楊的培育

        田穎川,李太元,莽克強

        摘要:用帶有35S-?-Bt-NOS嵌合基因的雙元載體的農桿菌LBA 4404轉化歐洲黑楊的葉片外植體,共獲得54株轉化再生植株.用這些再生植株對楊尺蠖(Apochimia cinerarius)進行毒力測定,昆蟲校正死亡率在80~96%的再生植株占總測定植株的15%.部分再生植株對舞毒娥進行測定,表明在5~9天內校正死亡率高達100%,存活昆蟲的生長和發(fā)育也明顯地受到抑制.根據苗木在苗圃中高生長和昆蟲校正死亡率采用重心聚類法進行分析,初步選出高生長良好和殺蟲率居中的3株再生值株.以選出的植株為主進行了PCR及PCR產物的Southern blot和再生植株DNA Southern blot測定,結果證明Bt基因已插入到這些植株的DNA上,并表達出蘇云金桿菌殺蟲蛋白的殺蟲活性.

        關鍵詞:楊樹;Bt基因;抗蟲

        來源出版物:生物工程學報, 1993, 9(4):291-297

        被引頻次:973

        來源出版物:Cancer Research, 1993, 53(21):5274-5283

        被引頻次:553

        An adenovirus vector with genetically modified fibers demonstrates expanded tropism via utilization of a coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor-independent cell entry mechanism

        Dmitriev, I; Krasnykh, V; Miller, CR; et al.

        Abstract:Recombinant adenoviruses(Ad) have become the vector system of choice for a variety of gene therapy applications. However,the utility of Ad vectors is limited due to the low efficiency of Ad-mediated gene transfer to cells expressing marginal levels of the coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor(CAR). In order to achieve CAR-independent gene transfer by Ad vectors in clinically important contexts, we proposed modification of viral tropism via genetic alterations to the viral fiber protein. We have shown that incorporation of an Arg-Gly-Asp(RGD)-containing peptide in the HI loop of the fiber knob domain results in the ability of the virus to utilize an alternative receptor during the cell entry process. We have also demonstrated that due to its expanded tissue tropism, this novel vector is capable of efficient transduction of primary tumor cells. An increase in gene transfer to ovarian cancer cells of 2 to 3 orders of magnitude was demonstrated by the vector, suggesting that recombinant Ad containing fibers with an incorporated RGD peptide may be of great utility for treatment of neoplasms characterized by deficiency of the primary Ad type 5 receptor.

        Keywords:extraovarian cancer-patients; previously treated ovarian; phage display library; amino-acid-sequence; alpha-v integrins;recombinant adenovirus; vitronectin receptor; crystal-structure; binding domain; virus type-1

        來源出版物:Journal of Virology, 1998, 72(12):9706-9713

        被引頻次:528

        Metabolic profiling allows comprehensive phenotyping of genetically or environmentally modified plant systems

        Roessner, U; Luedemann, A; Brust, D; et al.

        Abstract:Metabolic profiling using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technologies is a technique whose potential in the field of functional genomics is largely untapped, To demonstrate the general usefulness of this technique, we applied to diverse plant genotypes a recently developed profiling protocol that allows detection of a wide range of hydrophilic metabolites within a single chromatographic run. For this purpose, we chose four independent potato genotypes characterized by modifications in sucrose metabolism. Using data-mining tools, including hierarchical cluster analysis and principle component analysis, we were able to assign clusters to the individual plant systems and to determine relative distances between these clusters. Extraction analysis allowed identification of the most important components of these clusters. Furthermore, correlation analysis revealed close linkages between a broad spectrum of metabolites. In a second, complementary approach, we subjected wild-type potato tissue to environmental manipulations, The metabolic profiles from these experiments were compared with the data sets obtained for the transgenic systems, thus illustrating the potential of metabolic profiling in assessing how a genetic modification can be phenocopied by environmental conditions. In summary, these data demonstrate the use of metabolic profiling in conjunction with data-mining tools as a technique for the comprehensive characterization of a plant genotype.

        Keywords:solanum-tuberosum l; potato-tubers; mass-spectrometry; leuconostoc-mesenteroides; sucrose phosphorylase; gaschromatography; threonine synthase; dna microarrays; organic-acids; expression

        來源出版物:Plant Cell, 2001, 13(1):11-29

        被引頻次:418

        Genetically Modified skin fibroblasts persist long after transplantation but gradually inactivate introduced genes

        Palmer, TD; Rosman, GJ; Osborne, WRA; et al.

        Abstract:Genetically engineered fibroblasts have been successfully used to produce therapeutic proteins in animals, but sustained production of the proteins has not been achieved. This limits the potential of fibroblast-mediated gene therapy in humans. We have studied the phenomenon of decreased production in rats by using retroviral vectors carrying genes encoding human adenosine deaminase and neomycin phosphotransferase. While transplanted skin fibroblasts containing vector sequences persisted at constant levels for at least 8.5 mo, vector expression decreased by >1500-fold after 1 mo. Cellular or antibody-mediated immune responses were not detected in transplanted animals, and expression could not be restored in fibroblasts recultivated from the grafts. This phenomenon is reminiscent of sequence-specific gene inactivation observed in other cell types. Because genetic manipulation and expression of foreign proteins did not affect survival of the transplanted cells, effective long-term therapy may be possible with the use of alternative gene regulatory elements.

        Keywords:gene therapy; retroviral vectors; adenosine deaminase; neomycin phosphotransferase; severe combined immunodeficiency

        來源出版物:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1991, 88(4):1330-1334

        被引頻次:344

        Transplants of fibroblasts genetically modified to express BDNF promote regeneration of adult rat rubrospinal axons and recovery of forelimb function

        Liu, Y; Kim, DH; Himes, BT; et al.

        Abstract:Adult mammalian CNS neurons do not normally regenerate their severed axons. This failure has been attributed to scar tissue and inhibitory molecules at the injury site that block the regenerating axons, a lack of trophic support for the axotomized neurons, and intrinsic neuronal changes that follow axotomy, including cell atrophy and death. We studied whether transplants of fibroblasts genetically engineered to produce brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF) would promote rubrospinal tract(RST) regeneration in adult rats. Primary fibroblasts were modified by retroviral-mediated transfer of a DNA construct encoding the human BDNF gene, an internal ribosomal entry site,and a fusion gene of lacZ and neomycin resistance genes. The modified fibroblasts produce biologically active BDNF in vitro. These cells were grafted into a partial cervical hemisection cavity that completely interrupted one RST One and two months after lesion and transplantation, RST regeneration was demonstrated with retrograde and anterograde tracing techniques. Retrograde tracing with fluorogold showed that similar to 7% of RST neurons regenerated axons at least three to four segments caudal to the transplants. Anterograde tracing with biotinylated dextran amine revealed that the RST axons regenerated through and around the transplants, grew for long distances within white matter caudal to the transplant, and terminated in spinal cord gray matter regions that are the normal targets of RST axons. Transplants of unmodified primary fibroblasts or Gelfoam alone did not elicit regeneration. Behavioral tests demonstrated that recipients of BDNF-producing fibroblasts showed significant recovery of forelimb usage, which was abolished by a second lesion that transected the regenerated axons.

        Keywords:spinal cord injury; cell transplantation; retrovirus; axon regeneration; anterograde tracing; retrograde tracing; neurotrophin;recovery of function

        來源出版物:Journal of Neuroscience, 1999, 19(11):4370-4387

        被引頻次:341

        Targeting exogenous genes to tumor angiogenesis by transplantation of genetically modified hematopoietic stem cells

        De Palma, M; Venneri, MA; Roca, C; et al.

        Abstract:Angiogenic tumor vessels are promising targets for the activity and the selective delivery of cancer therapeutics(1, 2). The bone marrow contributes different cell types to the tumor stroma, including hematopoietic cells(3,4) and, as recently suggested, vascular endothelial cells(ECs)(5). Thus, transplantation of genetically modified bone marrow progenitors may represent a vehicle for the transport of gene therapy to tumors. We transduced bone marrow progenitors with lentiviral vectors expressing genes from transcription-regulatory elements of Tie2/Tek gene(6). When tumors were grown in the transplanted mice, the new vector marked a distinct hematopoietic population that 'homed' to the tumor and closely interacted with vascular ECs at the tumor periphery. These Tie2-expressing mononuclear(TEM) cells had a distinguishable phenotype and were present selectively at angiogenic sites. Unexpectedly, we did not find bone marrow-derived ECs in tumor vessels when we transplanted bone marrow progenitors constitutively expressing a marker gene from the Tie2 or ubiquitously active promoters. By delivering a 'suicide' gene, we selectively eliminated the TEM cells and achieved substantial inhibition of angiogenesis and slower tumor growth without systemic toxicity. Thus, TEM cells may account for the proangiogenic activity of bone marrow-derived cells in tumors, may represent a new target for drug development and may provide the means for selective gene delivery and targeted inhibition of tumor angiogenesis.

        Keywords:bone-marrow; lentiviral vectors; expression; growth; cancer; mice; macrophages; receptor; origin; marker

        來源出版物:Nature Medicine, 2003, 9(6):789-795

        被引頻次:331

        Dendritic cells genetically modified with an adenovirus vector encoding the cDNA for a model antigen induce protective and therapeutic antitumor immunity

        Song, W; Kong, HL; Carpenter, H; et al.

        Abstract:Dendritic cells(DCs) are potent antigen-presenting cells that play a critical role in the initiation of antitumor immune responses. In this study, we show that genetic modifications of a murine epidermis-derived DC line and primary bone marrow-derived DCs to express a model antigen beta-galactosidase(beta gal) can be achieved through the use of a replication-deficient, recombinant adenovirus vector, and that the modified DCs are capable of eliciting antigen-specific, MHC-restricted CTL responses. Importantly, using a murine metastatic lung tumor model with syngeneic colon carcinoma cells expressing beta gal, we show that immunization of mice with the genetically modified DC line or bone marrow DCs confers potent protection against a lethal tumor challenge, as well as suppression of preestablished tumors, resulting in a significant survival advantage. We conclude that genetic modification of DCs to express antigens that are also expressed in tumors can lead to antigen-specific, antitumor killer cells, with a concomitant resistance to tumor challenge and a decrease in the size of existing tumors.

        Keywords:tumor-associated antigen; cytotoxic t-lymphocytes; bone-marrow; in-vivo; cystic-fibrosis; murine tumors; gene; cancer;

        immunotherapy; immunization

        來源出版物:Journal of Experimental Medicine, 1997, 186(8):1247-1256

        被引頻次:318

        Intrathecal delivery of CNTF using encapsulated genetically modified xenogeneic cells in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients

        Aebischer, P; Schluep, M; Deglon, N;et al.

        Abstract:Neuronal growth factors hold promise for providing therapeutic benefits in various neurological disorders. As a means of ensuring adequate central nervous system delivery of growth factors and minimizing significant adverse side effects associated with systemic delivery methods, we have developed an ex vivo gene therapy approach for protein delivery using encapsulated genetically modified xenogeneic cells. Ciliary neurotrophic factor(CNTF) has been shown in various rodent models to reduce the motor neuron cell death similar to that seen in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS)(1-3). The initial trials focusing on the systemic administration of CNTF for ALS have been discontinued as a result of major side effects, thus preventing determination of the potential efficacy of the molecule(4,5). In order to deliver CNTF directly to the nervous system, we conducted a phase I study in which six ALS patients were implanted with polymer capsules containing genetically engineered baby hamster kidney cells releasing approximately 0.5 mug of human CNTF per day in vitro. The CNTF-releasing implants were surgically placed within the lumbar intrathecal space. Nanogram levels of CNTF were measured within the patients' cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) for at least 17 weeks post-transplantation, whereas it was undetectable before implantation. Intrathecal delivery of CNTF was not associated with the limiting side effects observed with systemic delivery. These results demonstratethat neurotrophic factors can be continuously delivered within the CSF of humans by an ex vivo gene therapy approach, opening new avenues for the treatment of neurological diseases.

        Keywords:neurotrophic factor prevents; motor-neurons; motoneurons

        來源出版物:Nature Medicine, 1996, 2(6):696-699

        被引頻次:268

        Assessment of the food safety issues related to genetically modified foods

        Kuiper, HA; Kleter, GA; Noteborn, HPJM; et al.

        Abstract:International consensus has been reached on the principles regarding evaluation of the food safety of genetically modified plants. The concept of substantial equivalence has been developed as part of a safety evaluation framework, based on the idea that existing foods can serve as a basis for comparing the properties of genetically modified foods with the appropriate counterpart. Application of the concept is not a safety assessment per se, but helps to identify similarities and differences between the existing food and the new product, which are then subject to further toxicological investigation. Substantial equivalence is a starting point in the safety evaluation, rather than an endpoint of the assessment. Consensus on practical application of the principle should be further elaborated. Experiences with the safety testing of newly inserted proteins and of whole genetically modified foods are reviewed, and limitations of current test methodologies are discussed. The development and validation of new profiling methods such as DNA microarray technology, proteomics, and metabolomics for the identification and characterization of unintended effects, which may occur as a result of the genetic modification, is recommended. The assessment of the allergenicity of newly inserted proteins and of marker genes is discussed. An issue that will gain importance in the near future is that of postmarketing surveillance of the foods derived from genetically modified crops. It is concluded, among others that, that application of the principle of substantial equivalence has proven adequate, and that no alternative adequate safety assessment strategies are available.

        Keywords:biotechnology; genetic modification; genetic engineering; food crops; food safety; toxicology; substantial equivalence;

        legislation; risk assessment; profiling techniques; post market surveillance

        來源出版物:Plant Journal, 2001, 27(6):503-528

        被引頻次:268

        Systemic delivery of recombinant proteins by genetically modified myoblasts

        Barr, E; Leiden, JM

        Abstract:The ability to stably deliver recombinant proteins to the systemic circulation would facilitate the treatment of a variety of acquired and inherited diseases. To explore the feasibility of the use of genetically engineered myoblasts as a recombinant protein delivery system, stable transfectants of the murine C2C12 myoblast cell line were produced that synthesize and secrete high levels of human growth hormone(hGH) in vitro. Mice injected with hGH-transfected myoblasts had significant levels of hGH in both muscle and serum that were stable for at least 3 weeks after injection. Histological examination of muscles injected with beta-galactosidase-expressing C2C12 myoblasts demonstrated that many of the injected cells had fused to form multinucleated myotubes. Thus, genetically engineered myoblasts can bc used for the stable delivery of recombinant proteins into the circulation.

        Keywords:mediated gene-transfer; human adenosine-deaminase; troponin-c gene; human factor-ix; hemophilia-b; bone-marrow; stem-cells;expression; muscle; transplantation

        來源出版物:Science, 1991, 254(5037):1507-1509

        被引頻次:259

        Genetically modified Plasmodium parasites as a protective experimental malaria vaccine

        Mueller, AK; Labaied, M; Kappe, SHI; et al.

        Abstract:Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease that is transmitted by inoculation of the Plasmodium parasite sporozoite stage. Sporozoites invade hepatocytes(1), transform into liver stages, and subsequent liver-stage development ultimately results in release of pathogenic merozoites(2). Liver stages of the parasite are a prime target for malaria vaccines because they can be completely eliminated by sterilizing immune responses, thereby preventing malarial infection(3). Using expression profiling, we previously identified genes that are only expressed in the pre-erythrocytic stages of the parasite(4,5). Here, we show by reverse genetics that one identified gene, UIS3(upregulated in infective sporozoites gene 3), is essential for early liver-stage development. uis3-deficient sporozoites infect hepatocytes but are unable to establish blood-stage infections in vivo, and thus do not lead to disease. Immunization with uis3-deficient sporozoites confers complete protection against infectious sporozoite challenge in a rodent malaria model. This protection is sustained and stage specific. Our findings demonstrate that a safe and effective, genetically attenuated whole-organism malaria vaccine is possible.

        Keywords:sporozoite stage; genome sequence; berghei; falciparum; liver

        來源出版物:Nature, 2005, 433(7022):164-167

        ·推薦論文摘要·

        轉基因水稻基因飄流研究十年回顧

        賈士榮,袁潛華,王豐,等

        摘要:中國是世界最大的水稻生產國和亞洲栽培稻的起源中心之一.隨著中國轉基因水稻研發(fā)的快速發(fā)展,需要研究水稻轉基因飄流可能對環(huán)境和食品安全帶來的潛在風險.基因飄流及其數據是對轉基因水稻進行科學評估和監(jiān)管的重要參數.為此,從2002年開始組建了研究團隊,對轉基因水稻的基因飄流進行了為期10 年的系統(tǒng)研究.取得的結果主要包括:(1)闡明了水稻基因飄流的基本規(guī)律,揭示了影響水稻基因飄流的生物學和氣象學主控因子.沿水稻開花期的主流風向,采用長方形田間試驗設計,分別在三亞、廣州和杭州3個點2-3個生長季,研究了純合轉bar 基因花粉供體L201或B2(姐妹系,抗除草劑Basta)向19個非轉基因受體(包括不育系、常規(guī)稻品種、雜交稻F1 和普通野生稻)在不同距離上的基因飄流率,明確了轉基因向不育系的飄流率最高,向普通栽培稻品種的基因飄流率最低(相鄰種植時小于1%或0.1%),向普通野生稻的基因飄流率介于不育系和常規(guī)稻之間,向不育系的最大基因飄流率比向普通野生稻和栽培稻要大1-3個數量級;基因飄流率隨距離增加呈負指數曲線衰減,且存在急劇降低的“拐點”,“拐點”的距離與試驗點水稻開花期的風速密切相關,廣州和杭州為1-2 m,三亞約為5 m;采用圓形、以花粉供體為中心的田間試驗設計,以異交結實率很高的不育系博A作受體,清晰地解析了風向與基因飄流率的數值關系,主流和次主流風向下游4個扇區(qū)的基因飄流事件累計達90%-96%,而逆風向和側逆風向4 個扇區(qū)僅為4%-10%.綜上所述,水稻轉基因飄流率與常規(guī)育成品種間的異交率(一般在1%以下)基本相同,在數量級上轉基因并未增加新的風險.(2)建立了以氣象資料為參數的水稻花粉擴散和基因飄流普適模型,計算和預測了中國南方稻區(qū)17省、市的最大基因飄流閾值距離(maximum threshold distances, MTDs).受東南季風和地形地貌的影響,中國南方稻區(qū)MTDs的空間分布特征為:東西之間有自東向西逐漸減小的趨勢,南北之間首先在南方丘陵地區(qū)逐漸減小、越過南嶺后再向東南沿海地區(qū)逐漸增大.(3)利用人工構建的普通野生稻與基因(Bt或bar)飄流后代栽/野F1雜種混栽群體,經多年多代跟蹤觀察,分析了轉基因飄流至普通野生稻后的命運,發(fā)現栽/野F1雜種在3-5年后完全消失,混栽群體中檢測不到外源的Bt和bar,有理由推測普通野生稻具有自我保護的機制.(4)研究了小規(guī)模田間試驗中采用花期隔離和布帳隔離措施降低水稻基因飄流率的效果;調查了海南、廣東、廣西普通野生稻原生境居群與相鄰種植的栽培稻花期相遇情況,建立了相應的數據庫;研究了基因拆分技術作為生物學限控措施從根本上限控基因飄流的效果;以本研究的結果及對國際上主要農作物基因飄流的調研數據為基礎,提出了在水稻基因飄流風險評估和監(jiān)管中采用分類管理和閾值管理的原則.在10年回顧和科學分析的基礎上,對未來研究的重點也進行了展望.

        關鍵詞:水稻;普通野生稻;轉基因;花粉擴散;基因飄流;風險評估;風險管理

        來源出版物:中國農業(yè)科學,2014, 47(1):1-10聯系郵箱:賈士榮,srjia@126.com

        轉基因抗蟲玉米研究及應用

        呂霞,王慧,曾興,等

        摘要:Bt是轉基因抗蟲玉米育種應用的主要外源基因,包含編碼殺蟲晶體蛋白(ICPs)的Cry類和Cyt類基因,以及編碼營養(yǎng)期殺蟲蛋白(Vip)的vip類基因.迄今已有40余種轉Bt基因玉米事件被26個國家批準進入商業(yè)化種植或飼料食品加工.目前,Bt基因研發(fā)仍在進行,并逐步向分離克隆和改造新基因以及構建高效表達載體方向發(fā)展.轉Bt基因育種工程逐漸擴大靶標昆蟲抗性范圍,并向復合性狀抗蟲玉米發(fā)展.轉化技術亦向高效化和安全化發(fā)展.綜述了Bt基因作用機理、轉Bt基因玉米研發(fā)及應用,擬為我國轉Bt基因抗蟲玉米研發(fā)提供參考.

        關鍵詞:玉米;Bt基因;玉米螟;轉化體;商業(yè)化應用

        來源出版物:作物雜志,2013,(2):7-12

        轉基因食品安全評價研究進展

        祁瀟哲,黃昆侖

        摘要:自1996年轉基因作物大規(guī)模商業(yè)化生產以來,以年均10%左右的速度快速增長,2012年種植面積達1.7億 hm2.其在解決全球饑餓問題、保護環(huán)境、提高糧食營養(yǎng)品質以及方便的獲取藥物方面具有巨大的應用前景.但是轉基因技術具有一定的風險性,加強轉基因作物的安全評價是保障轉基因食品安全性的有效手段.在轉基因食品進入市場前,要經過嚴格的食用安全性評價,包括營養(yǎng)學、毒理學、過敏性等方面,另外有非期望效應和腸道健康評價作為補充,為轉基因食品的風險規(guī)避及大力發(fā)展提供了有效的保障手段.凡是經過了安全性評價,獲得了安全證書的轉基因食品都有安全保障,消費者可以放心食用.

        關鍵詞:轉基因作物;益處;食品安全評價

        來源出版物:中國農業(yè)科技導報,2013, 15(4):14-19聯系郵箱:黃昆侖,hkl009@163.com

        轉基因生物產業(yè)化情況

        盛耀,許文濤,羅云波

        摘要:轉基因生物的產業(yè)化自上世紀80年代以來發(fā)展非常迅速,經過30多年的歷程,轉基因技術已經被應用到農業(yè)、醫(yī)藥、化工、食品、環(huán)境保護、能源等領域.目前,轉基因生物的產業(yè)化規(guī)模呈逐年遞增趨勢,到2012年轉基因作物種植面積達到1.703億hm2,比1996年增長了100倍.與此同時,轉基因生物上市品種不斷豐富,其產業(yè)化帶來的經濟效益和環(huán)境效益也得到充分顯現.此外,轉基因生物安全評價體系的不斷完善進一步保障了產業(yè)化的轉基因品種食用和環(huán)境安全性.轉基因生物產業(yè)未來的發(fā)展重點主要包括復合性狀轉基因作物、藥用工業(yè)用轉基因植物、品種改良轉基因作物以及轉基因動物的產業(yè)化,而現在已經比較成熟的轉基因微生物產業(yè)也將有更加廣泛的應用.但不可否認的是,轉基因產業(yè)化的發(fā)展仍面臨著來自安全、產權、科技、科普等各方面爭議和挑戰(zhàn).在我國,轉基因產品的自主研發(fā)能力亟需提高,產業(yè)標準化體系和風險交流制度也需要逐步建立和完善.為此,我國政府應加大科研和科普力度,適時適度推動轉基因生物產業(yè)化進程.

        關鍵詞:轉基因生物;轉基因技術;產業(yè)化

        來源出版物:農業(yè)生物技術學報,2013, 21(12):1479-1487聯系郵箱:羅云波,lyb@cau.edu.cn

        營養(yǎng)改良型轉基因植物研究進展

        劉升,羅云波,黃昆侖

        摘要:研究證實營養(yǎng)素在疾病預防中發(fā)揮著重要作用,攝入不足將影響人體健康,所以營養(yǎng)素的補充強化已成為各領域的研究熱點.隨著轉基因技術的日益成熟,營養(yǎng)改良型轉基因植物的研究也逐漸增多.本文圍繞轉基因技術在植物營養(yǎng)改良方面的應用,綜述了轉基因技術在提高植物中維生素含量、必需氨基酸含量、礦質元素含量和降低植物中有害因子、改善脂肪酸組成等方面最新研究成果,對其未來的發(fā)展方向及應用前景進行了展望,同時對轉基因食品的安全性評價及商業(yè)化進程提出了建議.以期使讀者能全面正確地認識和了解轉基因技術在改良植物營養(yǎng)價值方面的研究進展和未來發(fā)展方向.

        關鍵詞:轉基因植物;營養(yǎng)改良;營養(yǎng)成分;有害因子

        來源出版物:核農學報,2015,29(2):337-343聯系郵箱:黃昆侖,hkl009@163.com

        Simultaneous editing of three homoeoalleles in hexaploid bread wheat confers heritable resistance to powdery mildew

        Wang, Yanpeng; Cheng, Xi; Shan, Qiwei; et al.

        Abstract:Sequence-specific nucleases have been applied to engineer targeted modifications in polyploid genomes(1), but simultaneous modification of multiple homoeoalleles has not been reported. Here we use transcription activator like effector nuclease(TALEN)(2,3) and clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeats(CRISPR)-Cas9(refs. 4,5) technologies in hexaploid bread wheat to introduce targeted mutations in the three homoeoalleles that encode MILDEW-RESISTANCE LOCUS(MLO) proteins(6). Genetic redundancy has prevented evaluation of whether mutation of all three MLO alleles in bread wheat might confer resistance to powdery mildew, a trait not found in natural populations(7). We show that TALEN-induced mutation of all three TaMLO homoeologs in the same plant confers heritable broad-spectrum resistance to powdery mildew. We further use CRISPR-Cas9 technology to generate transgenic wheat plants that carry mutations in the TaMLO-A1 allele. We also demonstrate the feasibility of engineering targeted DNA insertion in bread wheat through nonhomologous end joining of the double-strand breaks caused by TALENs. Our findings provide a methodological framework to improve polyploid crops.

        Keywords:zinc-finger nucleases; targeted mutagenesis; plants; gene; arabidopsis; system; specificity; effectors; talen; rice

        來源出版物:Nature Biotechnology, 2014, 32(9):947-951聯系郵箱:Gao, Caixia; cxgao@genetics.ac.cn

        Genome editing in rice and wheat using the CRISPR/Cas system.

        Shan, Qiwei; Wang, Yanpeng; Li, Jun; Gao, Caixia

        Abstract:Targeted genome editing nucleases, such as zinc-finger nucleases(ZFNs) and transcription activator-like effector nucleases(TALENs), are powerful tools for understanding gene function and for developing valuable new traits in plants. The clustered regularly interspersed short palindromic repeats(CRISPR)/Cas system has recently emerged as an alternative nuclease-based method for efficient and versatile genome engineering. In this system, only the 20-nt targeting sequence within the single-guide RNA(sgRNA) needs to be changed to target different genes. The simplicity of the cloning strategy and the few limitations on potential target sites make the CRISPR/Cas system very appealing. Here we describe a stepwise protocol for the selection of target sites, as well as the design,construction, verification and use of sgRNAs for sequence-specific CRISPR/Cas-mediated mutagenesis and gene targeting in rice andwheat. The CRISPR/Cas system provides a straightforward method for rapid gene targeting within 1-2 weeks in protoplasts, and mutated rice plants can be generated within 13-17 weeks.

        Keywords:ZINC-finger nucleases; adaptive immune-systems; RNA-guided endonuclease; targeted mutagenesis; cas system; crispr-Cas9 system; DNA cleavage; human-cells; plants; arabidopsis

        來源出版物:Nature Protocols, 2014, 9(10):2395-2410聯系郵箱:Gao, Caixia; cxgao@genetics.ac.cn

        Genome editing in crops:from bench to field

        GAO Cai-xia

        Abstract:Conventional plant breeding can accelerate crop improvement by crossing superior plants with other compatible plants, or randomlyinduced variants generated by chemical- or radiation-induced mutagenesis. However, its contribution to crop improvement may be limited by a declining genetic base that depends on existing natural allelic variations. Moreover, conventional mutation is time consuming and requires expensive screening of large populations. During the past 20 years, transgenesis has been used for crop improvement. For example, inthe USA, more than 90% of cultivated soybeans and corn containtransgenes that confer traits such as resistance to insects or herbicides. Unlike conventional breeding, the production of transgenic plants can overcome natural barriers to breeding, and thereby increase the available genetic variation. Transgenesis, however, has its limitations. Transgenic crops generally carry foreign genes inserted randomly in the genome, and their commercialization is frequently prevented by public concern over health and environmental safety issues. Hence, the needs of an ever-increasing human population call for new and publically acceptable breeding techniques that can rapidly, efficiently, and accurately produceinnovative varieties.

        來源出版物:National Science Review, 2015, 2(1):13-15聯系郵箱:Gao, Caixia; cxgao@genetics.ac.cn

        Unintended Compositional Changes in Genetically Modified(GM) Crops:20 Years of Research

        Herman, Rod A

        Abstract:The compositional equivalency between genetically modified(GM) crops and nontransgenic comparators has been a fundamental component of human health safety assessment for 20 years. During this time, a large amount of information has been amassed on thecompositional changes that accompany both the transgenesis process and traditional breeding methods; additionally, the genetic mechanisms behind these changes have been elucidated. After two decades, scientists are encouraged to objectively assess this body of literature and determine if sufficient scientific uncertainty still exists to continue the general requirement for these studies to support the safety assessment of transgenic crops. It is concluded that suspect unintended compositional effects that could be caused by genetic modification have not materialized on the basis of this substantial literature. Hence, compositional equivalence studies uniquely required for GM crops may no longer be justified on the basis of scientific uncertainty.

        Keywords:transgenic; GM; composition; equivalence; unintended

        來源出版物:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2013, 61(48):11695-11701聯系郵箱:Herman, RA; raherman@dow.com

        Development and Validation of Duplex, Triplex, and Pentaplex Real-Time PCR Screening Assays for the Detection of Genetically Modified Organisms in Food and Feed

        Huber, Ingrid; Block, Annette; Sebah, Daniela; et al.

        Abstract:Worldwide, qualitative methods based on PCR are most commonly used as screening tools for genetically modified material in food and feed. However, the increasing number and diversity of genetically modified organisms(GMO) require effective methods for simultaneously detecting several genetic elements marking the presence of transgenic events. Herein we describe the development and validation of a pentaplex, as well as complementary triplex and duplex real-time PCR assays, for the detection of the most common screening elements found in commercialized GMOs:P-35S, T-nos, ctp2-cp4-epsps, bar, and pat. The use of these screening assays allows the coverage of many GMO events globally approved for commercialization. Each multiplex real-time PCR assay shows high specificity and sensitivity with an absolute limit of detection below 20 copies for the targeted sequences. We demonstrate by intra- and interlaboratory tests that the assays are robust as well as cost- and time-effective for GMO screening if applied in routine GMO analysis.

        Keywords:real-time PCR; multiplex; GMO; screening; validation; LOD

        來源出版物:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2013, 61(43):10293-10301聯系郵箱:Huber, I; ingrid.huber@lgl.bayern.de

        Genetically modified whole-cell bioreporters for environmental assessment

        Xu, Tingting; Close, Dan M; Sayler, Gary S; et al

        Abstract:Living whole-cell bioreporters serve as environmental biosentinels that survey their ecosystems for harmful pollutants and chemical toxicants, and in the process act as human and other higher animal proxies to pre-alert for unfavorable, damaging, or toxic conditions. Endowed with bioluminescent, fluorescent, or colorimetric signaling elements, bioreporters can provide a fast, easily measuredlink to chemical contaminant presence, bioavailability, and toxicity relative to a living system. Though well tested in the confines of the laboratory, real-world applications of bioreporters are limited. In this review, we will consider bioreporter technologies that have evolved from the laboratory towards true environmental applications, and discuss their merits as well as crucial advancements that still require adoption for more widespread utilization. Although the vast majority of environmental monitoring strategies rely upon bioreporters constructed from bacteria, we will also examine environmental biosensing through the use of less conventional eukaryotic-based bioreporters, whose chemical signaling capacity facilitates a more human-relevant link to toxicity and health-related consequences.

        Keywords:Bioluminescence; Bioremediation; Bioreporter; Ecotoxicology; Fluorescence

        來源出版物:Ecological Indicators, 2013,28(S1):125-141聯系郵箱:Ripp, S; saripp@utk.edu

        Genetically modified crops:Detection strategies and biosafety issues

        Kamle, Suchitra; Ali, Sher

        Abstract:Genetically modified(GM) crops are increasingly gaining acceptance but concurrently consumers' concerns are also increasing. The introduction of Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt) genes into the plants has raised issues related to its risk assessment and biosafety. The International Regulations and the Codex guidelines regulate the biosafety requirements of the GM crops. In addition, these bodies synergize and harmonize the ethical issues related to the release and use of GM products. The labeling of GM crops and their products are mandatory if the genetically modified organism(GMO) content exceeds the levels of a recommended threshold. The new and upcoming GM crops carrying multiple stacked traits likely to be commercialized soon warrant sensitive detection methods both at the DNA and protein levels. Therefore, traceability of the transgene and its protein expression in GM crops is an important issue that needs to be addressed on a priority basis. The advancement in the area of molecular biology has made available several bioanalytical options for the detection of GM crops based on DNA and protein markers. Since the insertion of a gene into the host genome may even cause copy number variation, this may be uncovered using real time PCR. Besides, assessing the exact number of mRNA transcripts of a gene, correlation between the template activity and expressed protein may be established. Here, we present an overview on the production of GM crops, their acceptabilities,detection strategies, biosafety issues and potential impact on society. Further, overall future prospects are also highlighted.

        Keywords:International regulation; Labeling; Gene expression; mRNA transcription; Copy number variation

        來源出版物:Gene, 2013, 522(2):123-132聯系郵箱:Ali, S; alisher@nii.ac.in

        Practical Experiences with an Extended Screening Strategy for Genetically Modified Organisms(GMOs) in Real-Life Samples

        Scholtens, Ingrid; Laurensse, Emile; Molenaar, Bonnie; et al

        Abstract:Nowadays most animal feed products imported into Europe have a GMO(genetically modified organism) label. This means that they contain European Union(EU)-authorized GMOs. For enforcement of these labeling requirements, it is necessary, with the rising number of EU-authorized GMOs, to perform an increasing number of analyses. In addition to this, it is necessary to test products for the potential presence of EU-unauthorized GMOs. Analysis for EU-authorized and -unauthorized GMOs in animal feed has thus become laborious and expensive. Initial screening steps may reduce the number of GMO identification methods that need to be applied, but with the increasing diversity also screening with GMO elements has become more complex. For the present study, the application of an informative detailed 24-element screening and subsequent identification strategy was applied in 50 animal feed samples. Almost all feed samples were labeled as containing GMO-derived materials. The main goal of the study was therefore to investigate if a detailed screening strategy would reduce the number of subsequent identification analyses. An additional goal was to test the samples in this way for the potential presence of EU-unauthorized GMOs. Finally, to test the robustness of the approach, eight of the samples were tested in a concise interlaboratory study. No significant differences were found between the results of the two laboratories.

        Keywords:GMO element; screening plate; multidetection; unauthorized GMO; TaqMan; PCR; Cry3Bb1; Cty1F

        來源出版物:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2013, 61(38):9097-9109

        聯系郵箱:Scholtens, I; ingrid.scholtens@wur.nl

        Genetically Modified Crops and Food Security

        Qaim, Matin; Kouser, Shahzad

        Abstract:The role of genetically modified(GM) crops for food security is the subject of public controversy. GM crops could contribute to food production increases and higher food availability. There may also be impacts on food quality and nutrient composition. Finally,growing GM crops may influence farmers' income and thus their economic access to food. Smallholder farmers make up a large proportion of the undernourished people worldwide. Our study focuses on this latter aspect and provides the first ex post analysis of food security impacts of GM crops at the micro level. We use comprehensive panel data collected over several years from farm households in India,where insect-resistant GM cotton has been widely adopted. Controlling for other factors, the adoption of GM cotton has significantly improved calorie consumption and dietary quality, resulting from increased family incomes. This technology has reduced food insecurity by15-20% among cotton-producing households. GM crops alone will not solve the hunger problem, but they can be an important component in a broader food security strategy.

        Keywords:BT cotton; golden-rice; impact; india; world; poor; agriculture; adoption; poverty; china

        來源出版物:PLOS ONE, 2013, 8(6) 文獻號:e64879聯系郵箱:Qaim, M; mqaim@uni-goettingen.de

        Biosafety management and commercial use of genetically modified crops in China

        Li, Yunhe; Peng, Yufa; Hallerman, Eric M; et al

        Abstract:As a developing country with relatively limited arable land, China is making great efforts for development and use of genetically modified(GM) crops to boost agricultural productivity. Many GM crop varieties have been developed in China in recent years; in particular,China is playing a leading role in development of insect-resistant GM rice lines. To ensure the safe use of GM crops, biosafety risk assessments are required as an important part of the regulatory oversight of such products. With over 20 years of nationwide promotion of agricultural biotechnology, a relatively well-developed regulatory system for risk assessment and management of GM plants has been developed that establishes a firm basis for safe use of GM crops. So far, a total of seven GM crops involving ten events have been approved for commercial planting, and 5 GM crops with a total of 37 events have been approved for import as processing material in China. However, currently only insect-resistant Bt cotton and disease-resistant papaya have been commercially planted on a large scale. The planting of Bt cotton and disease-resistant papaya have provided efficient protection against cotton bollworms and Papaya ringspot virus(PRSV), respectively. As a consequence, chemical application to these crops has been significantly reduced, enhancing farm income while reducing human and non-target organism exposure to toxic chemicals. This article provides useful information for the colleagues, in particular for them whose mother tongue is not Chinese, to clearly understand the biosafety regulation and commercial use of genetically modified crops in China.

        Keywords:Genetically modified crop; Biosafety regulation; Environmental risk assessment; Ecological impact; Bt cotton

        來源出版物:Plant Cell Reports, 2014, 33(4):565-573聯系郵箱:Wu, KM; kmwu@ippcaas.cn

        GMO matrix:A cost-effective approach for screening unauthorized genetically modified events in India

        Randhawa, Gurinder Jit; Morisset, Dany; Singh, Monika; et al

        Abstract:Use of a pragmatic, affordable and reliable approach for screening and detection of a large number of genetically modified(GM)crops/events is the need of hour. A cost-effective matrix approach to check the GM status of food/feed products and for screening the presence of authorized and unauthorized GM events in India is being reported in the present study. A genetically modified organism(GMO)screening matrix, with the information on 106 genetic element targets for detection of 141 GM events of 21 crops, is being presented. These include commercially cultivated Bt cotton events and other GM events, under field trials during the past six years(2006—2012) in the country. The information on GM events, which were either indigenously developed or imported for research purposes, is also presented in brief. Ten most frequently present targets, viz., [P-35S[ [T-nos[ [Os-Msca1[ [cu1Ab[ [cu1Ac[ [cry1C[ [cry2Ab[ [GA20 oxidase1[ [nptII[[bar[, were identified to screen these events using a GMOseek algorithm. This user-friendly screening tool is flexible for further updates with the new GM events and targets/elements. The data reported here related to the Gm crops/events in India and the related GMO matrix are valuable tools to assist in the detection of accidental presence of unauthorized GM events in the food and supply chain globally, as well as in the context of the new labelling requirements for food commodities, as per the amendment to enforce GM food labelling from January 2013 in India. The reported GMO matrix' approach would facilitate efficient, rapid and cost-effective preliminary screening by eliminating the need for development of specific testing methodologies for each GM event.

        Keywords:GMO matrix; GM crops; Real-time PCR; Screening table; Unauthorized events

        來源出版物:Food Control, 2014, 38:124-129聯系郵箱:Randhawa, GJ; gjr@nbpgr.ernet.in

        DNA degradation in genetically modified rice with Cry1Ab by food processing methods:Implications for the quantification of genetically modified organisms

        Xing, Fuguo; Zhang, Wei; Selvaraj, Jonathan Nimal; et al.

        Abstract:Food processing methods contribute to DNA degradation, thereby affecting genetically modified organism detection and quantification. This study evaluated the effect of food processing methods on the relative transgenic content of genetically modified rice with Cry1Ab. In steamed rice and rice noodles, the levels of Cry1Ab were >=100% and <83%, respectively. Frying and baking in rice crackers contributed to a reduction in Pubi and Cry1Ab, while microwaving caused a decrease in Pubi and an increase in Cry1Ab. The processing methods of sweet rice wine had the most severe degradation effects on Pubi and Cry1Ab. In steamed rice and rice noodles,Cry1Ab was the most stable, followed by SPS and Pubi. However, in rice crackers and sweet rice wine, SPS was the most stable, followed by Cry1Ab and Pubi. Therefore, Cry1Ab is a better representative of transgenic components than is Pubi because the levels of Cry1Ab were less affected compared to Pubi.

        Keywords:Genetically modified rice; Cry1Ab gene; Pubi gene; DNA degradation; Food processing; GMO detection; Real-time PCR

        來源出版物:Food Chemistry, 2015, 174:132-138聯系郵箱:Liu, Y; liuyang01@caas.cn

        Genetically Modified Feeds in Poultry Diet:Safety, Performance, and Product Quality

        Tufarelli, V; Selvaggi, M; Dario, C; et al.

        Abstract:Concerns have been expressed regarding the safety of using biotechnology derived feeds in diets of livestock animals and in regard to human consumption of products from species fed transgenic crops. As a consequence, a large number of poultry nutrition studies have been conducted to evaluate the wholesomeness of transgenic crops by examining performances of animals during growth or egg laying. Studies also evaluated whether foreign DNA and proteins could be detected in meat, egg, and tissue samples from broiler chickens and laying hens fed diets containing transgenic feeds. In all studies, the conclusions were in agreement that the transgenic crops provided comparable performance, carcass and egg yields, and meat and egg composition, when compared with conventional grains. Moreover, it was demonstrated that transgenic proteins and DNA present in livestock feeds are not detectable in food products derived from these animals,using the most sensitive detection methods available, confirming that they are rapidly degraded by normal digestive processes. The lack of significant differences were a result of the similarity in nutrient composition of the genetically modified feeds and lack of differences in intake and digestibility, while there were no evidences that the differences reported for performance response variables and carcass measurements between treatment groups were attributable to the presence of the transgenic gene and protein in the biotechnology derived plants. Results demonstrated that genetically modified feeds are substantially equivalent and they result as safe as existing conventional feeds.

        Keywords:performance; safety; poultry; Genetically modified feeds

        來源出版物:Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 2015, 55(4):562-569

        聯系郵箱:Tufarelli, V; vincenzo.tufarelli@uniba.it

        Biocontainment of genetically modified organisms by synthetic protein design

        Mandell, Daniel J; Lajoie, Marc J; Mee, Michael T; et al.

        Abstract:Genetically modified organisms(GMOs) are increasingly deployed at large scales and in open environments. Genetic biocontainment strategies are needed to prevent unintended proliferation of GMOs in natural ecosystems. Existing biocontainment methods are insufficient because they impose evolutionary pressure on the organism to eject the safeguard by spontaneous mutagenesis or horizontal gene transfer, or because they can be circumvented by environmentally available compounds. Here we computationally redesign essential enzymes in the first organism possessing an altered genetic code(Escherichia coli strain C321.Delta A) to confer metabolic dependence on non-standard amino acids for survival. The resulting GMOs cannot metabolically bypass their biocontainment mechanisms using known environmental compounds, and they exhibit unprecedented resistance to evolutionary escape through mutagenesis and horizontal gene transfer. This work provides a foundation for safer GMOs that are isolated from natural ecosystems by a reliance on synthetic metabolites.

        Keywords:escherichia-coli k-12; biological containment; system; recombination; algorithms; bacteria; acid

        來源出版物:Nature, 2015, 518(7537):55-60聯系郵箱:Church, GM; gchurch@genetics.med.harvard.edu

        A novel trait-specific real-time PCR method enables quantification of genetically modified(GM) maize content in ground grain samples containing stacked GM maize

        Noguchi, Akio; Akiyama, Hiroshi; Nakamura, Kosuke; et al.

        Abstract:Stacked genetically modified(GM) maize is increasingly produced; thereby, current event-specific quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qPCR) methods have led to the overestimation of GM organism(GMO) content compared with the actual weight/weight percentage of GM organism in maize samples. We developed a feasible qPCR method in which the GMO content is calculated based on the quantification of two herbicide-tolerant trait genes, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase from Agrobacterium sp. strain CP4(cp4epsps) and phosphinothricin N-acetyl-transferase from Streptomyces viridochromogenes(pat) to quantify the GMO content in ground grain samples containing stacked GM maize. The GMO contents of two genes were quantified using a plasmid calibrant and summed for quantification of total GMO content. The trait-specific method revealed lower biases for examination of test samples containing stacked GM maize compared with the event-specific method. Our results clearly show that the trait-specific method is not only simple and cost-effective, but also useful in quantifying the GMO content in ground grain samples containing stacked GM maize, which are expected to be major events in the near future. The developed method would be the only feasible way to conduct the quantification of GMO content in the ground maize samples containing stacked GM maize for the verification of the labeling regulation.

        Keywords:Genetically modified maize; qPCR; Trait-specific method; Stacked GM maize

        來源出版物:European Food Research and Technology, 2015, 240(2):413-422

        聯系郵箱:Kondo, K; kondo@nihs.go.jp

        (責任編輯衛(wèi)夏雯,王帥帥)

        The Bystander Effect-Tumor-Regression When a Fraction of The Tumor mass is Genetically-Modified

        Freeman, SM; Abboud, CN; Whartenby, KA; et al.

        Tumor cells expressing the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase(HSV-TK) gene are sensitive to the drug ganciclovir(GCV). We demonstrate here that HSV-TK-positive cells exposed to GCV were lethal to HSV-TK-negative cells as a result of a “bystander effect”HSV-TK-negative cells were killed in vitro when the population of cultured cells contained only 10% HSV-TK-positive cells. The mechanism of this “bystander effect” on HSV-TK-negative cells appeared to be related to the process of apoptotic cell death when HSV-TK-positive cells were exposed to GCV. Flow cytometric and electron microscopic analyses suggested that apoptotic vesicles generated from the dying gene-modified cells were phagocytized by nearby, unmodified tumor cells. Prevention of apoptotic vesicle transfer prevented the bystander effect. The toxic effect of HSV-TK-positive cells on HSV-TK-negative cells was reproduced in an in vivo model. A mixed population of tumor cells consisting of HSV-TK-positive and HSV-TK-negative cells was inoculated s.c. into mice. Regression of the tumor mass occurred when the inoculum consisted of as few as 10% HSV-TK-expressing tumor cells. The bystander effect was also demonstrated in i.p. tumor studies. Initial experiments demonstrated that prolonged survival(>70 days) occurred when a mixture containing 50% HSV-TK-positive and 50% HSV-TK-negative cells was injected i.p. followed by GCV treatment. Further, survival was prolonged for mice with a preexisting HSV-TK-negative i.p. tumor burden by injecting HSV-TK-positive cells and GCV. These results suggest that genetic modification of tumor cells may be useful for developing cancer therapies.

        thymidine kinase genes; retroviral vectors; brain-tumors; renal-cancer; cells; in vivo; apoptosis; interleukin-4; lymphocytes;expression

        *摘編自《華中農業(yè)大學學報》2014年33卷6期24~30頁

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