我國(guó)4大城市空氣PM、PM污染及其化學(xué)組成

魏復(fù)盛，滕恩江，吳國(guó)平，等

我國(guó)四城市中PM2.5和PM10的污染水平

吳國(guó)平，胡偉，滕恩江，等

南京市空氣中顆粒物PM10、PM2.5污染水平

黃鸝鳴，王格慧，王薈，等

北京市大氣顆粒物PM2.5的來源研究

朱先磊，張遠(yuǎn)航，曾立民，等

北京市大氣細(xì)粒子質(zhì)量濃度與能見度定量關(guān)系初探

王京麗，劉旭林

北京PM2.5濃度的變化特征及其與PM10、TSP的關(guān)系

楊復(fù)沫，賀克斌，馬永亮，等

北京地區(qū)PM10和PM2.5質(zhì)量濃度的變化特征

于建華，虞統(tǒng)，魏強(qiáng)，等

上海市A城區(qū)大氣PM10、PM2.5污染與居民日死亡數(shù)的相關(guān)分析

戴海夏，宋偉民，高翔，等

北京大氣細(xì)粒子PM2.5的化學(xué)組成

楊復(fù)沫，賀克斌，馬永亮，等

Species contributions to PM2.5mass concentrations: Revisiting common assumptions forestimating organic mass

Turpin，BJ； Lim，HJ

熱點(diǎn)追蹤

PM2.5

·編者按·

隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)的快速發(fā)展，大氣污染形勢(shì)日趨嚴(yán)重，污染特征呈現(xiàn)出多污染物高濃度同時(shí)存在的復(fù)合型污染類型.以工業(yè)廢氣排放為主的廢氣污染已經(jīng)嚴(yán)重影響到正常生活、生產(chǎn)，其中具有代表性的空氣細(xì)顆粒物（PM2.5）污染的危害更為嚴(yán)重.

2013年2月，全國(guó)科學(xué)技術(shù)名詞審定委員會(huì)將PM2.5的中文名稱命名為細(xì)顆粒物，指環(huán)境空氣中空氣動(dòng)力學(xué)當(dāng)量直徑小于等于2.5 μm的顆粒物，它能較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間懸浮于空氣中，其在空氣中含量濃度越高，就代表空氣污染越嚴(yán)重.其來源分為自然源和人為源兩種，危害較大的是后者，主要是各種工業(yè)過程、供熱過程中燃煤、燃?xì)饣蛉加团欧诺臒焿m.細(xì)顆粒物因粒徑小，并且富含大量有毒、有害物質(zhì)且在大氣中的停留時(shí)間長(zhǎng)、輸送距離遠(yuǎn)，因而對(duì)人體健康和大氣環(huán)境質(zhì)量的影響非常大.

環(huán)境空氣顆粒物（PM）暴露的健康影響的流行病學(xué)調(diào)查在北美和歐洲作過廣泛的研究，我國(guó)對(duì)大氣粒（PM2.5）的研究起步較晚.隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)和社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速發(fā)展，人們的生活水平有了很大的提高，對(duì)其生活環(huán)境的要求也越來越高，特別是休戚相關(guān)的空氣質(zhì)量環(huán)境.目前，我國(guó)對(duì)PM2.5、霧霾的研究主要是基于城市具體環(huán)境下的PM2.5成分及特征研究、來源的剖析、危害情況分析、污染防控措施研究等.

本專題得到了閆克平教授（浙江大學(xué)化學(xué)工程與生物工程學(xué)院工業(yè)生態(tài)與環(huán)境研究所）的大力支持.

·熱點(diǎn)數(shù)據(jù)排行·

截止到2014年12月4日，根據(jù)中國(guó)知網(wǎng)（CNKI）和Web of Science數(shù)據(jù)報(bào)告顯示，有關(guān)PM2.5與霧霾研究的期刊文獻(xiàn)分別為944與1984條，本文將相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)按照：機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)文數(shù)、作者發(fā)文數(shù)、期刊發(fā)文數(shù)、被引用頻次進(jìn)行排行，結(jié)果如下.

國(guó)內(nèi)機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)文數(shù)量排名

國(guó)外機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)文數(shù)量排名

國(guó)內(nèi)作者發(fā)文數(shù)量排名

國(guó)外作者發(fā)文數(shù)量排名

國(guó)內(nèi)期刊發(fā)文數(shù)量排名

國(guó)外期刊發(fā)文數(shù)量排名

根據(jù)中國(guó)知網(wǎng)數(shù)據(jù)報(bào)告，篩選出有關(guān)PM2.5、霧霾研究的高被引論文，排行結(jié)果如下.

國(guó)內(nèi)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)高被引論文排行

國(guó)外數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)高被引論文排行

（數(shù)據(jù)來源：Web of science）

來源出版物：環(huán)境科學(xué)研究，2000，13（1）: 1-5

被引頻次：240

我國(guó)4大城市空氣PM2.5、PM10污染及其化學(xué)組成

魏復(fù)盛，滕恩江，吳國(guó)平，等

摘要：報(bào)告了1995—1996年在中國(guó)的廣州、武漢、蘭州、重慶4大城市8個(gè)采樣點(diǎn)PM2.5、PM2.5～10和PM10的監(jiān)測(cè)結(jié)果.結(jié)果表明，1995年P(guān)M2.5年均值濃度為57～160 g/m3，比美國(guó)1997年頒布的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值（15 μg/m3）高2.8～9.7倍.PM10年日均值為95～273 μg/m3.除武漢市1個(gè)對(duì)照點(diǎn)外，其余7個(gè)監(jiān)測(cè)點(diǎn)的PM10均超過我國(guó)空氣質(zhì)量二極標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（100 μg/m3）28%～173%，比美國(guó)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（50 μg/m3）超過更多，說明污染是相當(dāng)嚴(yán)重的.用XRF分析了PM2.5、PM2.5～10中42種化學(xué)元素，結(jié)果表明，燃煤、燃油和其它工業(yè)污染的元素As、Pb、Se、Zn、Cu、CI、Br、S在這些顆粒物中有明顯富集，特別是在PM2.5中的富集倍數(shù)達(dá)數(shù)十倍至數(shù)萬(wàn)倍，對(duì)人體健康有很大危害.

關(guān)鍵詞：環(huán)境空氣；監(jiān)測(cè)；細(xì)顆粒物；粗顆粒物；元素富集

來源出版物：中國(guó)環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)，2001，17（7）: 1-6

被引頻次：220

我國(guó)四城市中PM2.5和PM10的污染水平

吳國(guó)平，胡偉，滕恩江，等

摘要：為研究我國(guó)廣州、武漢、蘭州、重慶4城市空氣中PM2.5和PM10的污染水平，在這我國(guó)4城市分別設(shè)一污染點(diǎn)和對(duì)照點(diǎn)進(jìn)行了為期2年的PM2.5、PM10和TSP監(jiān)測(cè).結(jié)果表明，空氣中顆粒物的污染是嚴(yán)重的，污染點(diǎn)比對(duì)照點(diǎn)更甚.對(duì)人體健康危害大的PM2.5普遍超過美國(guó)新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的2～8倍.

關(guān)鍵詞：PM2.5；PM10；TSP；空氣污染

來源出版物：中國(guó)環(huán)境科學(xué)，1999，29（2）: 133-137

被引頻次：199

南京市空氣中顆粒物PM10、PM2.5污染水平

黃鸝鳴，王格慧，王薈，等

摘要：為了初步調(diào)查南京市空氣中顆粒物PM10、PM2.5的污染水平，于2001年冬、春、秋3季在南京市的5個(gè)典型城市功能區(qū)，用大流量采樣器收集了50個(gè)樣品.結(jié)果表明，南京市PM10、PM2.5的污染很嚴(yán)重，超標(biāo)率分別為72%和92%，最大超標(biāo)倍數(shù)達(dá)到6.3和9.0，而且對(duì)人體健康危害更大的PM2.5占PM10的大部分，約為68%，應(yīng)引起公眾和相關(guān)職能部門的高度重視.

關(guān)鍵詞：PM10；PM2.5；顆粒物；空氣污染；南京

來源出版物：中國(guó)環(huán)境科學(xué)，2002，22（4）: 47-50

被引頻次：175

北京市大氣顆粒物PM2.5的來源研究

朱先磊，張遠(yuǎn)航，曾立民，等

摘要：2000—2001年在北京聯(lián)合大學(xué)化學(xué)學(xué)院、中國(guó)預(yù)防科學(xué)研究院和中國(guó)環(huán)境科學(xué)研究院3個(gè)采樣點(diǎn)采集北京市PM2.5樣品，并對(duì)其中無(wú)機(jī)元素、陰陽(yáng)離子、有機(jī)碳（OC）、元素碳（EC）和有機(jī)物進(jìn)行測(cè)定.以多環(huán)芳烴和部分無(wú)機(jī)組分為示蹤物，利用CMB受體模型對(duì)PM2.5來源進(jìn)行解析.結(jié)果表明，北京市PM2.5的主要來源為燃煤、揚(yáng)塵、機(jī)動(dòng)車排放、建筑塵、生物質(zhì)燃燒、二次硫酸鹽和硝酸鹽及有機(jī)物.污染源貢獻(xiàn)率隨地域變化不大，燃煤、揚(yáng)塵、生物質(zhì)燃燒、二次硫酸鹽和硝酸鹽隨季節(jié)變化比較明顯.與1989—1990年解析結(jié)果相比，10年間PM2.5來源發(fā)生了一定變化.

關(guān)鍵詞：PM2.5；源解析；CMB受體模型；多環(huán)芳烴

來源出版物：環(huán)境科學(xué)研究，2005，18（5）: 1-5

被引頻次：138

北京市大氣細(xì)粒子質(zhì)量濃度與能見度定量關(guān)系初探

王京麗，劉旭林

摘要：北京近年的監(jiān)測(cè)結(jié)果表明，大氣中通過消光作用使大氣能見度下降的氣溶膠細(xì)粒子的污染水平呈現(xiàn)上升趨勢(shì).中國(guó)氣象局北京城市氣象研究所與北京大學(xué)合作于2001年春季（3月）、夏季（6月）、秋季（9月）和冬季（12月）開展了大氣細(xì)粒子與氣象能見度的同步綜合觀測(cè)，旨在探求細(xì)粒子的物理化學(xué)特征及其與大氣能見度的關(guān)系.監(jiān)測(cè)結(jié)果表明，能見度與PM2.5質(zhì)量濃度在春季呈乘冪關(guān)系；夏季除高相對(duì)濕度外，呈指數(shù)關(guān)系；秋季呈對(duì)數(shù)關(guān)系；冬季呈指數(shù)關(guān)系.為了便于比較，將兩者間的關(guān)系全部用指數(shù)關(guān)系表示.北京市大氣能見度與細(xì)粒子質(zhì)量濃度呈現(xiàn)很好的負(fù)相關(guān)性，無(wú)疑細(xì)粒子污染是造成大氣能見度下降的主要原因，它已成為目前中國(guó)大氣污染研究的重要內(nèi)容之一.

關(guān)鍵詞：細(xì)粒子（PM2.5）；能見度；定量關(guān)系

來源出版物：氣象學(xué)報(bào)，2006，64（2）: 221-228聯(lián)系郵箱：王京麗，wjingli123@163.com； jlwang@ium.cn

被引頻次：137

北京PM2.5濃度的變化特征及其與PM10、TSP的關(guān)系

楊復(fù)沫，賀克斌，馬永亮，等

摘要：在連續(xù)2年進(jìn)行累積1周同步采樣的基礎(chǔ)上，對(duì)北京市城區(qū)和居住區(qū)2個(gè)采樣點(diǎn)環(huán)境空氣中PM2.5的濃度及其時(shí)間變化特征進(jìn)行了分析.PM2.5周平均濃度的變化范圍為37～346 g/m3，年均濃度接近或超過PM10的二級(jí)年均標(biāo)準(zhǔn).PM2.5濃度具有明顯的季節(jié)變化特征，即冬季最高，夏季最低.2個(gè)采樣點(diǎn)PM2.5濃度的周變化與季節(jié)變化均相似.PM2.5與PM10、TSP的比值均在冬季最高，春季最低，反映采暖燃燒源對(duì)細(xì)顆粒物的貢獻(xiàn)較大，而沙塵天氣對(duì)粗顆粒物的貢獻(xiàn)較大；其年均值分別為55%和29%.

關(guān)鍵詞：細(xì)顆粒物（PM2.5）；質(zhì)量濃度；時(shí)間變化；可吸入顆粒物（PM10）；總懸浮顆粒物

來源出版物：中國(guó)環(huán)境科學(xué)，2002，22（6）: 506-510

被引頻次：118

北京地區(qū)PM10和PM2.5質(zhì)量濃度的變化特征

于建華，虞統(tǒng)，魏強(qiáng)，等

摘要：北京市區(qū)2003.01.16—04.30 PM10和PM2.5的監(jiān)測(cè)結(jié)果表明，雖然ρ（PM10），ρ（PM2.5）的變化幅度較大，但是其變化趨勢(shì)非常相似.PM10，PM2.5質(zhì)量濃度的日變化呈雙峰特征分布.ρ（PM2.5）ρ（PM10）的平均值為56.6%，說明可吸入顆粒物（PM10）中細(xì)粒子（PM2.5）的含量大于粗粒子（PM2.5～10）.

關(guān)鍵詞：ρ（PM10）；ρ（PM2.5）；雙峰

來源出版物：環(huán)境科學(xué)研究，2004，17（1）: 45-47

被引頻次：108

上海市A城區(qū)大氣PM10、PM2.5污染與居民日死亡數(shù)的相關(guān)分析

戴海夏，宋偉民，高翔，等

摘要：目的：探討大氣顆粒物污染對(duì)人群健康的影響.方法：用Poisson廣義相加模型對(duì)上海市A城區(qū)大氣PM10、PM2.5的日平均污染濃度與居民日死亡數(shù)進(jìn)行相關(guān)回歸分析，并控制了時(shí)間長(zhǎng)期趨勢(shì)、氣象、季節(jié)、一周日效應(yīng)混雜因素的影響.結(jié)果：當(dāng)大氣PM10、PM2.5濃度上升10 μg/m3時(shí)，總死亡數(shù)分別上升0.53%（0.22%～0.85%）、0.85%（0.32%～1.39%）.結(jié)論：大氣粗細(xì)顆粒物污染具有潛在的急性人群健康危害.

關(guān)鍵詞：大氣污染；PM10；PM2.5；暴露反應(yīng)關(guān)系；日死亡數(shù)

來源出版物：衛(wèi)生研究，2004，33（3）: 293-297

被引頻次：106

北京大氣細(xì)粒子PM2.5的化學(xué)組成

楊復(fù)沫，賀克斌，馬永亮，等

摘要：為了解北京大氣細(xì)粒子（PM2.5）的污染水平和污染特征，在車公莊和清華園進(jìn)行了連續(xù)1年、每周1次同步采樣和全樣品分析.2個(gè)采樣點(diǎn)PM2.5的化學(xué)組成相似.含碳組分和水溶性離子是主要的組分，其質(zhì)量濃度之和超過PM2.5的50%.有機(jī)碳、元素碳和細(xì)粒子PM2.5的季節(jié)變化一致，即冬季質(zhì)量濃度最高，夏季最低.夏季NO3-的質(zhì)量濃度最低且在采樣過程中從特氟隆濾膜上有近50%的揮發(fā).SO2-4不同于PM2.5的季節(jié)變化主要取決于SO2的轉(zhuǎn)化率.地殼元素的質(zhì)量濃度從冬季到春季大幅度上升，春季沙塵天氣頻是一個(gè)重要原因.

關(guān)鍵詞：城市大氣細(xì)粒子（PM2.5）；化學(xué)組成；含碳組分；水溶性離子；季節(jié)變化

來源出版物: 清華大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)（自然科學(xué)版），2002，42（12）: 1605-1608聯(lián)系郵箱：賀克斌，hekb@tsinghua.edu.cn

被引頻次：800

Species contributions to PM2.5mass concentrations: Revisiting common assumptions forestimating organic mass

Turpin，BJ； Lim，HJ

In virtually all published literature wherein closure between gravimetric and chemical measurements is tested，the concentration of particulate organics is estimated by multiplying the measured concentration of organic carbon（micrograms carbon/cubic meter air）by a factor of 1.2-1.4. This factor，which is an estimate of the average molecular weight per carbon weight for the organic aerosol，stems from very limited theoretical and laboratory studies conducted during the 1970s. This investigation suggests that 1.4 is the lowest reasonable estimate for the organic molecular weight per carbon weight for an urban aerosol and that 1.4 does not accurately represent the average organic molecular weight per carbon weight for a nonurban aerosol. Based on the current evaluation，ratios of 1.6±0.2 for urban aerosols and 2.1±0.2 for nonurban aerosols appear to be more accurate. Measurements are recommended. Literature values also suggest that 1.2 g/cm3is a reasonable estimate for the organic aerosol density. This quantity is needed to convert between geometric and aerodynamic sizedistributions（e.g.，to predict aerosol optical properties and understand cloud nucleating properties）.

los-angeles； dicarboxylic-acids； urban atmosphere； united-states； water mass； air basin； aerosol； visibility； particles； coast

來源出版物：Aerosol Science and Technology，2001，35（1）: 602-610

被引頻次：418

The characteristics of PM2.5in Beijing，China

He，KB； Yang，F(xiàn)M； Ma，YL； et al.

Abstract: Weekly PM2.5samples were simultaneously collected at a residential（Tsinghua University）and a downtown（Chegongzhuang）site in Beijing from July 1999 through September 2000. The ambient mass concentration and chemical composition of the PM2.5were determined. Analyses included elemental composition，water-soluble ions，and organic and elemental carbon. Weekly PM2.5mass concentrations ranged from 37 to 357 μg/m3，with little difference found between the two sites. Seasonal variation of PM2.5concentrations was significant，with the highest concentration in the winter and the lowest in the summer. Spring dust storms had a strong impact on the PM2.5. Overall，organic carbon was the most abundant species，constituting no less than 30% of the total PM2.5mass at both sites. Concentrations of organic and elemental carbon were 35% and 16% higher at Tsinghua University than at Chegongzhuang. Ammonium，nitrate and sulfate were comparable at the sites，accounting for 25%-30% of the PM2.5mass.

Keywords: PM2.5； Beijing； chemical composition； organic carbon； elemental carbon； sulfate； nitrate； urban aerosol； seasonal variation；emissions

來源出版物：Atmospheric Environment，2001，35（29）: 4959-497

被引頻次：311

Source apportionment of PM2.5in the southeastern United States using solvent-extractable organic compounds as tracers

Zheng，M； Cass，GR； Schauer，JJ； et al.

Abstract: A chemical mass balance（CMB）receptor model using particle-phase organic compounds as tracers is applied to apportion the primary source contributions to fine particulate matter and fine particulate organic carbon concentrations in the southeastern United States to determine the seasonal variability of these concentrations. Source contributions to particles with aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 2.5 mum（PM2.5）collected from four urban and four rural/suburban sites in AL，F(xiàn)L，GA，and MS during April，July，and October 1999 and January 2000 are calculated and presented. Organic compounds in monthly composite samples at each site are identified and quantified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and are used as molecular markers in the CMB model. The major contributors to identified PM2.5organic carbon concentrations at these sites in the southeastern United States include wood combustion（25%-66%），diesel exhaust（14%-30%），meat cooking（5%-12%），and gasoline-powered motor vehicle exhaust（0%-10%），as well as smaller but statistically significant contributions from natural gas combustion，paved road dust，and vegetative detritus. The primary sources determined in the present study when added to secondary aerosol formation account for on average 89% of PM2.5mass concentrations，with the major contributors to PM2.5mass as secondary sulfate（30±6%），wood combustion（15±12%），diesel exhaust（16±7%），secondary ammonium（8±2%），secondary nitrate（4±3%），meat cooking（32%），gasoline-powered motor vehicle exhaust（2±2%），and road dust（2±2%）. Distinct seasonality is observed in source contributions，including higher contributions from wood combustion during the colder months of October and January. In addition，higher percentages of unexplained fine organic carbon concentrations are observed in July，which are likely due to an increase in secondary organic aerosol formation during the summer season.

Keywords: air-pollution sources； chemical-composition； secondary aerosols； emissions； system； ozone； identification； atmosphere； particles； products

來源出版物：Environmental Science & Technology，2002，36（11）: 2361-2371

被引頻次：276

PM10and PM2.5source apportionment in the Barcelona Metropolitan area，Catalonia，Spain

Querol，X； Alastuey，A； Rodriguez，S； et al.

Abstract: Levels of total suspended particles，PM10，PM2.5and PM I were continuously monitored at an urban kerbside in the Metropolitan area of Barcelona from June 1999 to June 2000. The results show that hourly levels of PM2.5and PM I are consistent with the daily cycle of gaseous pollutants emitted by traffic，whereas TSP and PM 10 do not follow the same trend，at least in the diurnal period. The PM2.5/PM10ratio is dependent on the traffic emissions，whereas additional contribution sources for the ＞10 mum fraction must be taken into account in the diurnal period. Different PM10and PM2.5source apportionment techniques were compared. A methodology based on the chemical determination of 83% of both PM10and PM2.5masses allowed us to quantify the marine（4% in PM 10 and ＜1% in PM2.5），crustal（26% in PM10and 8% in PM2.5）and anthropogenic（54% in PM10and 73% in PM2.5）loads. Peaks of crustal contribution to PM10（up to 44% of the PM10mass）were recorded under Saharan air mass intrusions. A different seasonal trend was observed for levels of sulphate and nitrate，probably as a consequence of the different thermodynamic behaviour of these PM species and the higher summer oxidation rate of SO2.

Keywords: PM10； PM2.5； source apportionment； receptor modelling； road traffics； Saharan dust； Spain

來源出版物：Atmospheric Environment，2001，35（36）: 6407-6419

被引頻次：242

Chemical characterisation of PM2.5，PM10and coarse particles at urban，near-city andrural sites in Switzerland

Hueglin，C； Gehrig，R； Baltensperger，U； et al.

Abstract: Daily PM2.5and PM10samples were taken from April 1998 to March 1999 at urban kerbside，urban background，near-city，and rural sites in Switzerland. The samples were analysed for mass，water soluble ions，trace elements，as well as elemental and organic carbon. The present paper focuses on the variation of element concentration between different site types and on the chemical mass closure of atmospheric particulate matter.

Information on emission sources of trace elements is obtained by evaluation of the element abundances at sites that represent different pollution levels. The abundances of Ba，Ca，Ce，Cu，F(xiàn)e，La，Mo，Mn，Pb，Sb，and Rh are gradually decreasing from urban kerbside to urban background，near-city and rural sites，indicating that road traffic is a main source of these elements. On the other hand，the abundances of Al，As，Cd，K，and V are similar for the different site types，which implies that emission sources are either spatially uniformly distributed（e.g. mineral dust），or there are no important regional emission sources and the ambient concentration of these elements might be dominated by long-range transport.

When performing a mass closure，the annual average of the sum of aerosol chemical components was 22%-27% for PM10 and 8%-15% for PM2.5lower than the PM mass. A drying procedure applied to a subset of PM10samples and model calculations for PM2.5samples according to their inorganic composition were used to estimate the contribution of retained water to the unaccounted mass at 50% RH. The obtained average water content was 10.6% for PM10and 13%-23% for PM2.5，clearly indicating that water is a major contributor to the unaccounted mass. Furthermore，a pronounced seasonal variation was observed with relatively lower water content in the colder season，indicating that the inorganic salts were mainly crystalline in winter，whereas they were probably dissolved during the rest of the year.

Keywords: PM10； PM2.5； trace elements； water content； mass closure

來源出版物：Atmospheric Environment，2005，39（4）: 637-651

被引頻次：222

Speciation and origin of PM10and PM2.5in selected European cities

Querol，X； Alastuey，A； Ruiz，CR； et al.

Abstract: PM characteristics of seven selected regions within the European Union（EU）were analysed and compared. Results of levels and speciation studies of PM10and PM2.5（with at least one year of data coverage from 1998 to 2002）at regional，urban background and kerbside sites were assessed. Based on the examples selected，PM10levels（annual mean）ranged from 19 to 24 μg m-3at regional background sites，from 28 to 42 μg m-3at urban background，and from 37 to 53 μg m-3at kerbside sites. PM2.5levels varied from 8 to 20 μg m-3at regional background sites，20 to 30 μg m-3at urban background and 25 to 40 μg m-3at kerbside sites. The ratio PM2.5/PM10is highly dependent on the type of site and varied widely between different EU regions. Source apportionment results showed that，on an annual average，the natural contribution（mineral and marine）at EU regional sites was in the range of 4-8 μg m-3in PM10decreasing in PM2.5，but contributions up to 19 μg m-3were reported for specific locations. At urban sites，carbonaceous aerosols and secondary inorganic compounds accounted for a major fraction of PM10，and especially of the PM2.5mass. Quantitative data on the contributions of the regional background，city background and local traffic to the mean annual levels of PM10，PM2.5and major components were supplied. Climatic differences，long-range transport processes and winter traffic peculiarities（the latter in northern countries）contributed to the increase of PM10and PM2.5masses. At kerbside sites，an important dust contribution to PM2.5is highlighted.

Keywords: PM10； PM2.5； EU； urban； road traffic； source apportionment； regional contribution

來源出版物：Atmospheric Environment，2004，38（38）: 6547-6555聯(lián)系郵箱：Querol，X； xavier.querol@ija.csic.es

被引頻次：209

The water-soluble ionic composition of PM2.5in Shanghai and Beijing，China

Yao，XH； Chan，CK； Fang，M； et al.

Abstract: A year-long field study to characterize the ionic species in PM2.5was carried out in Shanghai and Beijing，China，in 1999-2000. Weekly samples of PM2.5were collected using a special low flow rate（0.41 min-1）sampler. In Shanghai，SO42-NO3-and NH4+were the dominant ionic species，which accounted for 46%，18% and 17% of the total mass of ions respectively. Local SO2emissions were an important source SO42-in PM2.5because the SO42-concentration was correlated with the SO2concentration（r=0.66）. The relatively stable SO42-/SO2mass ratio over a large range of temperatures suggests that gas-phase oxidation of SO2played a minor role in the formation of SO42-. The sum of SO42-and NO3-was highly correlated with NH4+（r=0.96），but insufficient ammonium was present to totally neutralizethe aerosol. In Beijing，SO42-，NO3-and NH4+were also the dominant ionic species，constituting 44%，25% and 16% of the of total mass of water-soluble ions，respectively. Local SO2emissions were an important source of SO42-in the winter since SO42-was correlated with SO2（r=0.83）. The low-mass SO42-/SO2ratio（0.27）during winter，which had low humidity，suggests that gas-phase oxidation of SO2was a major route of sulfate formation. In the summer，however，much higher mass ratios of SO42-/SO2（5.6）were observed and were ascribed to in-cloud sulfate formation. The annual average ratio of NO3-/SO42-was 0.4 and 0.6 in Shanghai and in Beijing，respectively，suggesting that stationary emissions were still a dominant source in these two cities.

Keywords: sulfate； nitrate； dicarboxylic acids； seasonal variation； correlation analysis

來源出版物：Atmospheric Environment，2002，36（26）: 4223-4234

被引頻次：205

Concentration and chemical composition of PM2.5in Shanghai for a 1-year period

Ye，BM； Ji，XL； Yang，HZ； et al.

Abstract: Weekly PM2.5samples were collected in Shanghai，China at two sites，Tongji University and Hainan Road. Sampling started in March 1999 and was conducted for 1 year. The ambient mass concentration and chemical composition of the PM2.5were determined. Chemical analyses included elemental composition，water-soluble ions，and organic and elemental carbon. Weekly PM2.5mass concentrations ranged from 21 to 147 μg/m3，with annual average concentrations of 57.9 and 61.4 μg/m3at the two sites，respectively. Seasonal variation of PM2.5concentrations was significant，with the highest concentrations observed from mid-November through December and the lowest from June through September. Ammonium sulfate and nitrate accounted for 41.6% of the PM2.5mass with sulfate alone accounting for 23.4% of the PM2.5mass. Carbonaceous material accounted for 41.4% of the PM2.5mass，with 73% of that mass being organic，as defined by the TOR analysis method. Crustal components averaged 9.6% of the PM2.5mass. Potassium，which was 95% water soluble，accounted for 2.7% of the PM2.5mass.

Keywords: particulate matter； PM2.5； composition； Shanghai； China； sources； seasonal variation

來源出版物：Atmospheric Environment，2003，37（4）: 499-510

被引頻次：202

Cytotoxicity and induction of proinflammatory cytokines from human monocytes exposed to fine（PM2.5）and coarse particles（PM10-2.5）in outdoor and indoor air

Monn，C； Becker，S

Abstract: Increased incidence of mortality and morbidity due to cardiopulmonary complications has been found to associate with elevated levels of particulate air pollution（particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ＜ 10 mu m，PM10and ＜2.5 mu m，PM2.5）. Lung injury and an imbalance of inflammatory mediators are proposed causative mechanisms，while the toxic constituents may be acidity，transition metals，organic，and biogenic materials. To compare the ability of inhalable fine particles（PM2.5），and coarse particles（PM10-2.5）to cause cell injury and cytokine production in monocytes，dichotomous Andersen samplers were used to collect size-fractionated PM10for in vitro testing of the particle extracts，Particles from both outdoor and indoor air were collected onto Teflon filters，on nine separate occasions，Each filter was water extracted and each extract assessed for ability to cause cell death，as well as interleukin（IL）-6 and IL-8 production in human monocytes，Significant toxicity and cytokine production was induced by outdoor PM10-2.5，but not by outdoor PM2.5or the particles collected indoors. Outdoor PM10-2.5induced 20 times the amounts of IL-6 and IL-8 than the fine particles. Cytotoxicity was inhibited by deferoxamine，a chelator of transition metals，while cytokine production was not，On the other hand，lipopolysaccharide binding protein（LBP）completely inhibited cytokine induction by PM10-2.5，suggesting that gram-negative bacteria and/or endotoxins are components of PM10-2.5. The effective proinflammatory effects of endotoxin on macrophages may upset lung homeostasis while metals-induced cytotoxicity/necrosis may set up inflammation independent of macrophage-derived cytokines.

Keywords: PM10； PM2.5； monocytes； IL-6； IL-8； endotoxin； lipopolysaccharide； indoor air pollution； outdoor air pollution； fine particles；coarse particles

來源出版物：Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology，1999，155（3）: 245-252

被引頻次：189

PM2.5chemical source profiles for vehicle exhaust，vegetative burning，geological material，and coalburning in Northwestern Colorado during 1995

Watson，JG； Chow，JC； Houck，JE

Abstract: PM2.5（particles with aerodynamic diameters less than 2.5 mum）chemical source profiles applicable to speciated emissions inventories and receptor model source apportionment are reported for geological material，motor vehicle exhaust，residential coal（RCC）and wood combustion（RWC），forest fires，geothermal hot springs； and coal-fired power generation units from northwestern Colorado during 1995. Fuels and combustion conditions are similar to those of other communities of the inland western US. Coal-fired power station pro-files differed substantially between different units using similar coals，with the major difference being lack of selenium in emissions From the only unit that was equipped with a dry limestone sulfur dioxide（SO2）scrubber. SO2abundances relative to fine particle mass emissions in power plant emissions were seven to nine times higher than hydrogen sulfide（H2S）abundances from geothermal springs，and one to two orders of magnitude higher than SO2abundances in RCC emissions，implying that the SO2abundance is an important marker for primary particle contributions of non-aged coal-fired power station contributions. The sum of organic and elemental carbon ranged from 1% to 10%，of fine particle mass in coal-fired power plant emissions，from 5% to 10% in geological material，＞50% in forest fire emissions，＞60% in RWC emissions，and ＞95% in RCC acid vehicle exhaust emissions. Water-soluble potassium（K+）was most abundant in vegetative burning profiles. K+/K ratios ranged from 0.1 in geological material profiles to 0.9 in vegetative burning emissions，confirming previous observations that soluble potassium is a good marker for vegetative burning.

Keywords: PM2.5； source profile； chemical mass balance； coal-fired power plant； receptor model

來源出版物：Chemo Sphere，2001，43（8）: 1141-1151

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燃煤電廠電除塵PM10和PM2.5的排放控制I：電除塵選型及工業(yè)應(yīng)用

王仕龍，陳英，韓平，等

摘要：針對(duì)電除塵細(xì)顆粒物（PM2.5）排放控制，提出利用電除塵指數(shù)指導(dǎo)電除塵本體和電源設(shè)計(jì)選型技術(shù)的原理和方法，并介紹電除塵改造的應(yīng)用案例.通過優(yōu)化電除塵指數(shù)、采用三相高壓電源開展電除塵改造和選型.通過電除塵和脫硫塔除霧器的同步改造，可以實(shí)現(xiàn)煙囪出口顆粒物排放濃度低于5 mg/m3，同時(shí)，PM2.5（直徑2.5 μm 以下的顆粒物）排放濃度低于2.5 mg/m3.示范工程還表明當(dāng)電除塵器出口PM10（直徑10 μm 以下的顆粒物）排放在6～30 mg/m3時(shí)，PM2.5占PM10比例為6%至20%；當(dāng)PM10排放在5～15 mg/m3時(shí)，PM2.5排放可低于2.5 mg/m3.

關(guān)鍵詞：電除塵；細(xì)顆粒物；電除塵指數(shù)；三相電源

來源出版物：科技導(dǎo)報(bào)，2014，32（33）: 23-33聯(lián)系郵箱：閆克平，kyan@zju.edu.cn

空氣細(xì)顆粒物污染的來源、危害及控制對(duì)策

趙順征，易紅宏，唐曉龍，等

摘要：近年來由空氣細(xì)顆粒物（PM2.5）引起的大氣污染現(xiàn)象頻發(fā)，成為全社會(huì)廣泛關(guān)注的環(huán)境問題.結(jié)合國(guó)內(nèi)外研究，綜述了PM2.5污染的來源、危害及控制對(duì)策的相關(guān)研究進(jìn)展.研究表明，人類活動(dòng)排入大氣中的一次顆粒物、一次顆粒物與大氣中的氣態(tài)污染物相互作用形成的二次顆粒物是PM2.5的主要來源.長(zhǎng)期暴露在PM2.5環(huán)境中，會(huì)對(duì)人體的呼吸系統(tǒng)、心腦血管系統(tǒng)、神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)及免疫系統(tǒng)的健康造成傷害.PM2.5還會(huì)導(dǎo)致大氣能見度下降，影響正常的生產(chǎn)、生活.針對(duì)中國(guó)PM2.5的污染現(xiàn)狀，提出了PM2.5污染的控制對(duì)策及建議.

關(guān)鍵詞：大氣污染；細(xì)顆粒物；污染控制

來源出版物：科技導(dǎo)報(bào)，2014，32（33）: 61-66聯(lián)系郵箱：易紅宏，yihonghong@tsinghua.org.cn

PM2.5污染對(duì)有氧代謝運(yùn)動(dòng)肺部感染特性分析

牟小剛

摘要：目的：研究PM2.5不同污染等級(jí)對(duì)有氧代謝運(yùn)動(dòng)肺部感染特性，為PM2.5污染下預(yù)防肺部感染提供有效防護(hù)和鍛煉指導(dǎo).方法：以至少有2年晨練經(jīng)歷的436名鍛煉愛好者為研究對(duì)象，每天堅(jiān)持鍛煉1小時(shí)，通過為期3個(gè)月的跟蹤測(cè)試，分析不同PM2.5污染對(duì)于有氧代謝運(yùn)動(dòng)者的肺部感染影響.結(jié)果：全組有氧代謝受試對(duì)象共436例，PM2.5輕度污染，產(chǎn)生明顯肺部感染的52例，感染率為11.9%，PM2.5中度污染下，產(chǎn)生明顯肺部感染的104例，感染率為23.9%，PM2.5重度污染下，產(chǎn)生明顯肺部感染的150例，感染發(fā)生率為34.5%.且肺部受感染后，感染癥狀不典型.X線檢查結(jié)果特征表現(xiàn)為：41%受試對(duì)象表現(xiàn)為小片狀陰影阻塞性肺炎，59%受試對(duì)象表現(xiàn)為大片浸潤(rùn)樣陰影阻塞肺不張.結(jié)論：PM2.5污染對(duì)肺部感染影響較大，PM2.5中度以上污染，肺部感染概率上升，感染結(jié)果嚴(yán)重，應(yīng)減少不必要的戶外運(yùn)動(dòng).

關(guān)鍵詞：PM2.5；有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)；肺部感染

來源出版物：科技通報(bào)，2014，10（10）: 37-39

王水水浴消解-原子熒光法同時(shí)測(cè)定PM2.5中的砷和汞

劉忠馬，樊孝俊，徐義邦

摘要：目的：建立了王水水浴消解-原子熒光法同時(shí)測(cè)定細(xì)顆粒物PM2.5中痕量砷和汞的方法.方法：將采集有PM2.5的濾膜剪碎后，于具塞比色管中王水水浴消解2 h，加入10%抗壞血酸溶液-硫脲混合溶液作還原劑和掩蔽劑，用原子熒光光度計(jì)測(cè)試.結(jié)果方法檢出限低，砷和汞的檢出限分別為0.032 μg/L、0.005 μg/L.實(shí)際樣品汞加標(biāo)回收率在87.7%～102.3%之間，砷加標(biāo)回收率在90.0%～110.4%之間.結(jié)論：相對(duì)于電熱板加熱消解，該方法前處理過程簡(jiǎn)便溫和、耗時(shí)短、易操作，有效防止待測(cè)元素的揮發(fā)損失，提高了方法的精密度和準(zhǔn)確度，適用于PM2.5中痕量砷和汞的測(cè)定.該方法可為相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的建立提供參考依據(jù).

關(guān)鍵詞：可入肺顆粒物；原子熒光；王水水浴消解；砷；汞

來源出版物：中國(guó)衛(wèi)生檢驗(yàn)雜志，2014，24（20）: 2918-2920

維生素C對(duì)PM2.5致人肺癌A549細(xì)胞周期阻滯的影響

哈紅萍，劉清濤

摘要：目的：研究維生素C對(duì)PM2.5致人肺癌A549細(xì)胞周期阻滯的影響.方法：用設(shè)定濃度的PM2.5（50、100和200 μg/ml）單獨(dú)或聯(lián)合20 μg/ml維生素C分別處理A549細(xì)胞24 h.用MTT比色法檢測(cè)細(xì)胞活力，熒光探針檢測(cè)細(xì)胞內(nèi)活性氧，試劑盒檢測(cè)MDA和SOD變化，用流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè)細(xì)胞的周期時(shí)相，用Western blot檢測(cè)細(xì)胞周期調(diào)控蛋白GADD45α的表達(dá)量.結(jié)果：與空白對(duì)照組相比，PM2.5（50、100和200 μg/ml）可降低細(xì)胞活力，提高ROS和MDA含量，降低SOD酶活，并在100和200 μg/ml濃度組提高GADD45α蛋白表達(dá)量，使A549細(xì)胞阻滯在G2期.而20 μg/ml維生素C可顯著抑制上述損傷指標(biāo)的升高，提高SOD酶活性，降低G2期細(xì)胞阻滯.結(jié)論本實(shí)驗(yàn)初步證明PM2.5可引起A549細(xì)胞氧化損傷并導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞發(fā)生G2期阻滯，維生素C抗氧化劑可有效抑制這一過程的發(fā)生，對(duì)細(xì)胞起到保護(hù)作用.

關(guān)鍵詞：PM2.5；維生素C；氧化損傷；細(xì)胞周期

來源出版物：毒理學(xué)雜志，2014，28（5）: 393-396

綜合GIS的貴陽(yáng)冬季PM2.5污染時(shí)空特征及驅(qū)動(dòng)因素分析

李松，羅緒強(qiáng)

摘要：PM2.5是大氣污染的主要物質(zhì).通過對(duì)貴陽(yáng)市的太慈橋、市環(huán)保站、冶金廳、鴻邊門、馬鞍山、小河區(qū)、金陽(yáng)新區(qū)、烏當(dāng)區(qū)、桐木嶺9個(gè)監(jiān)測(cè)點(diǎn)進(jìn)行監(jiān)測(cè)，獲取2013年12月9日至2014年1月21日的PM2.5日均濃度數(shù)據(jù)，以及2014年1月7日0時(shí)到2014年1月20日23時(shí)共336 h的時(shí)均濃度數(shù)據(jù)，通過指標(biāo)統(tǒng)計(jì)和計(jì)算，參考世界衛(wèi)生組織的空氣質(zhì)量準(zhǔn)則，結(jié)合地理信息系統(tǒng)技術(shù)，對(duì)貴陽(yáng)市冬季PM2.5濃度變化的時(shí)空特征，進(jìn)行定量和定性分析，分析污染物濃度變化及其各相關(guān)驅(qū)動(dòng)因素之間的關(guān)系.結(jié)果表明，冬季貴陽(yáng)PM2.5日均濃度的平均值為85.8 μg/m3，日均濃度的最大值和最小值分別是主城區(qū)太慈橋96.1 μg/m3和遠(yuǎn)郊區(qū)桐木嶺67.8 μg/m3，全距達(dá)28.3 μg/m3.日均濃度和時(shí)均濃度的抽樣平均誤差分別為4.11 μg/m3和1.8 μg/m3.時(shí)均濃度變化趨勢(shì)包括了單峰型、雙峰型、遞減型、遞增型和U型等類型，它們表現(xiàn)出的類似趨勢(shì)是：在清晨6:00降低到最低值，并在21:00左右升高到最大值.貴陽(yáng)PM2.5濃度變化受氣象條件、土地利用、工業(yè)污染、揚(yáng)塵、汽車尾氣和燃煤為主的能源結(jié)構(gòu)的影響，它們表現(xiàn)出復(fù)雜的相關(guān)性.

關(guān)鍵詞：冬季；PM2.5濃度；時(shí)空特征；驅(qū)動(dòng)因素；貴陽(yáng)市

來源出版物：災(zāi)害學(xué)，2014，29（4）: 63-68

我國(guó)六大中心城市PM2.5污染特征及誘因?qū)Ρ确治?/p>

姬露露，陳長(zhǎng)坤，王楠楠

摘要：對(duì)2013年11月至2014年2月中旬時(shí)段內(nèi)，處于不同發(fā)展程度的上海、濟(jì)南、福州、西安、武漢和長(zhǎng)沙等六大中心城市PM2.5指標(biāo)值進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)；分析了各個(gè)城市PM2.5污染特征，并對(duì)比研究了導(dǎo)致該類污染的內(nèi)外原因.結(jié)果表明：內(nèi)在因素方面，城市PM2.5污染程度與其發(fā)展速度呈倒U型關(guān)系；特別是產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)城市PM2.5污染的影響尤為顯著；外在因素方面，充沛的降水量對(duì)區(qū)域該類污染的改善作用明顯，地形因素是導(dǎo)致地區(qū)PM2.5嚴(yán)重超標(biāo)的重要原因，來自區(qū)域污染源的影響解釋了相鄰城市該指標(biāo)變化規(guī)律相似的現(xiàn)象.

關(guān)鍵詞：城市；PM2.5；污染特征；誘因分析

來源出版物：災(zāi)害學(xué)，2014，29（4）: 230-234

基于全國(guó)城市PM2.5達(dá)標(biāo)約束的大氣環(huán)境容量模擬

薛文博，付飛，王金南，等

摘要：基于第3代空氣質(zhì)量模型WRF-CAMx和全國(guó)大氣污染物排放清單，開發(fā)了以環(huán)境質(zhì)量為約束的大氣環(huán)境容量迭代算法，并以我國(guó)333個(gè)地級(jí)城市PM2.5年均濃度達(dá)到環(huán)境空氣質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（GB3095-2012）為目標(biāo)，模擬計(jì)算了全國(guó)31個(gè)省市區(qū)SO2、NOx、一次PM2.5及NH3的最大允許排放量.分析結(jié)果表明，以城市PM2.5年均濃度達(dá)標(biāo)為約束，全國(guó)SO2、NOx、一次PM2.5和NH3的環(huán)境容量分別為1363.26×104，1258.48×104，619.04×104，627.71×104t.2010年全國(guó)實(shí)際SO2、NOx、一次PM2.5和NH3排放量分別超過環(huán)境容量的66%、81%、96%、52%.空氣污染較嚴(yán)重的河南、河北、天津、安徽、山東及北京6省市4項(xiàng)污染物排放量均超過環(huán)境容量1倍以上，環(huán)境容量嚴(yán)重超載區(qū)域與PM2.5高污染地區(qū)具有顯著的空間一致性.

關(guān)鍵詞：CAMx；PM2.5；空氣質(zhì)量達(dá)標(biāo)；環(huán)境容量

來源出版物：中國(guó)環(huán)境科學(xué)，2014，34（11）: 2490-2496

Aircraft engine exhaust emissions and other airport-related contributions to ambient air pollution: A review

Masiol，Mauro； Harrison，Roy M.

Abstract: Civil aviation is fast-growing（about +5% every year），mainly driven by the developing economies and globalisation. Its impact on the environment is heavily debated，particularly in relation to climate forcing attributed to emissions at cruising altitudes and the noise and the deterioration of air quality at ground-level due to airport operations. This latter environmental issue is of particular interest to the scientific community and policymakers，especially in relation to the breach of limit and target values for many air pollutants，mainly nitrogen oxides and particulate matter，near the busiest airports and the resulting consequences for public health. Despite the increased attention given to aircraft emissions at ground-level and air pollution in the vicinity of airports，many research gaps remain. Sources relevant to air quality include not only engine exhaust and non-exhaust emissions from aircraft，but also emissions from the units providing power to the aircraft on the ground，the traffic due to the airport ground service，maintenance work，heating facilities，fugitive vapours from refuelling operations，kitchens and restaurants for passengers and operators，intermodal transportation systems，and road traffic for transporting people and goods in and out to the airport. Many of these sources have received inadequate attention，despite their high potential for impact on air quality. This review aims to summarise the state-of-the-art research on aircraft and airport emissions and attempts to synthesise the results of studies that have addressed this issue. It also aims to describe the key characteristics of pollution，the impacts upon global and local air quality and to address the future potential of research by highlighting research needs.

Keywords: Aviation Atmospheric pollution； Emissions； LTO cycles； Particulate matter； Oxides of nitrogen

來源出版物：Atmospheric Environment，2014，95: 409-455聯(lián)系郵箱：R.M. Harrison； r.m.harrison@bham.ac.uk

PM2.5in China: Measurements，sources，visibility and health effects，and mitigation

David Y.H Pui； Sheng-Chieh Chen； Zhili Zuo

Abstract: Concern over the health effects of fine particles in the ambient environment led the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to develop the first standard for PM2.5（particulate matter less than 2.5 μm）in1997. The Particle Technology Laboratory at the University of Minnesota has helped to establish the PM2.5standard by developing many instruments and samplers to perform at mospheric measurements. In this paper，we review various aspects of PM2.5，including its measurement，source apportionment，visibility and health effects，and mitigation. We focus on PM2.5studies in China and where appropriate，compare them with those obtained in the U.S. Based on accurate PM2.5sampling，chemical analysis，and source apportionment models，the major PM2.5sources in China have been identified to be coal combustion，motor vehicle emissions，and industrial sources. Atmospheric visibility has been found to correlate well with PM2.5concentration. Sulfate，ammonium，and nitrate carried by PM2.5，commonly found in coal burning and vehicle emissions，are the dominant contributors to regional haze in China. Short-term exposure to PM2.5is strongly associated with the increased risk of morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular and respiratory diseases in China. The strategy for PM2.5mitigation must be based on reducing the pollutants from the two primary sources of coal-fired power plants and vehicle emissions. Although conventional Particulate Emission Control Devices（PECD）such as electrostatic precipitators in Chinese coal-fired power plants are generally effective for large particles，most of them may not have high collection efficiency of PM2.5. Baghouse filtration is gradually incorporated into the PECD to increase the PM2.5collection efficiency. By adopting stringent vehicle emissions standard such as Euro5 and 6，the emissions from vehicles can be gradually reduced over the years. An integrative approach，from collaboration among academia，government，and industries，can effectively manage and mitigate the PM2.5pollution in China.

Keywords: PM2.5in China； Atmospheric particle size distribution； PM2.5sampling； Chemical composition of PM2.5； Source apportionment models； PM2.5health impact； PM2.5mitigation； Coal-fired power plant； Particle emission control devices（PECD）； Baghouse filtration；Integrative approach

來源出版物：Particuology，2014，13: 1-26聯(lián)系郵箱: D.Y.H. Pui； dyhpui@umn.edu

High secondary aerosol contribution to particulate pollution during haze events in China

Ru-Jin Huang； Yanlin Zhang； Carlo Bozzetti； et al.

Abstract: Rapid industrialization and urbanization in developing countries has led to an increase in air pollution，along a similar trajectory to that previously experienced by the developed nations. In China，particulate pollution is a serious environmental problem that is influencing air quality，regional and global climates，and human health. In response to the extremely severe and persistent haze pollution experienced by about 800 million people during the first quarter of 2013（refs 4，5），the Chinese State Council announced its aim to reduce concentrations of PM2.5（particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 micrometres）by up to 25 percent relative to 2012 levels by 2017（ref. 6）. Such efforts however require elucidation of the factors governing the abundance and composition of PM2.5，which remain poorly constrained in China. Here we combine a comprehensive set of novel and state-of-the-art offline analytical approaches and statistical techniques to investigate the chemical nature and sources of particulate matter at urban locations in Beijing，Shanghai，Guangzhou and Xi'an during January 2013. We find that the severe haze pollution event was driven to a large extent by secondary aerosol formation，which contributed 30-77 percent and 44-71 percent（average for all four cities）of PM2.5and of organic aerosol，respectively. On average，the contribution of secondary organic aerosol（SOA）and secondary inorganic aerosol（SIA）are found to be of similar importance（SOA/SIA ratios range from 0.6 to 1.4）. Our results suggest that，in addition to mitigating primary particulate emissions，reducing the emissions of secondary aerosol precursors from，for example，fossil fuel combustion and biomass burning is likely to be important for controlling China's PM2.5levels and for reducing the environmental，economic and health impacts resulting from particulate pollution.

來源出版物：Nature，2014，514（7521）: 218-222

Mineral dust and NOXpromote the conversion of SO2to sulfate in heavy pollution days

Hong He； Yuesi Wang； Qingxin Ma

Abstract: Haze in China has been increasing in frequency of occurrence as well as the area of the affected region. Here，we report on a new mechanism of haze formation，in which coexistence with NOXcan reduce the Environmental capacity for SO2，leading to rapid conversion of SO2to sulfate because NO2and SO2have a synergistic effect when they react on the surface of mineral dust. Monitoring data from five severe haze episodes in January of 2013 in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei regions agreed very well with the laboratory simulation. The combined air pollution of motor vehicle exhaust and coal-fired flue gases greatly reduced the atmospheric environmental capacity for SO2，and the formation of sulfate was found to be a main reason for the growth of fine particles，which led to the occurrence of haze. These results indicate that the impact of motor vehicle exhaust on the atmospheric environment might be underestimated.

來源出版物: Scientific Reports，Scientific Reports4，Article number: 4172聯(lián)系郵箱：Hong He，honghe@rcees.ac.cn

Source apportionment of PM2.5in the harbour-industrial area of Brandish（Italy）: Identification and estimation of the contribution of in-port ship emissions

Cesari，D； Genga，A； Ielpo，P； et al.

Abstract: Harbors are important for economic and social development of coastal areas but they also represent an anthropogenic source of emissions often located near urban centers and industrial areas. This increases the difficulties in distinguishing the harbour contribution with respect to other sources. The aim of this work is the characterization of main sources of PM2.5acting on the Brandish harbour-industrial area，trying to pinpoint the contribution of import ship emissions to primary and secondary PM2.5. Brandish is an important port-city of the Adriatic Sea considered a hot-spot for anthropogenic environmental pressures at National level. Measurements were performed collecting PM2.5samples and characterizing the concentrations of 23 chemical species（water soluble organic and inorganic carbon；major ions: O42-，NO3-，NH4+，CI-，C2O42-，Na+，K+，Mg2+，Ca2+； and elements: Ni，Cu，V，Mn，As，Pb，Cr，Sb，F(xiàn)e，Al，Zn，and Ti）. These species represent，on average，51.4% of PM2.5and were used for source apportionment via PMF. The contributions of eight sources were estimated: crustal（16.4±0.9% of PM2.5），aged marine（2.6±0.5%），crustal carbonates（7.7±0.3%），ammonium sulphate（273±0.8%），biomass burning fires（11.7±0.7%），traffic（16.4±1.7%），industrial（0.4±0.3%）and a mixed source oil combustion-industrial including ship emissions in harbour（15.3±1.3%）. The PMF did not separate the in-port ship emission contribution from industrial releases. The correlation of estimated contribution with meteorology showed directionality with an increase of oil combustion and sulphate contribution in the harbour direction with respect to the direction of the urban area and an increase of the V/Ni ratio. This allowed for the use of V as marker of primary ship contribution to PM2.5（2.8±1.1%）. The secondary contribution of oil combustion to non-sea-salt-sulphate，nssSO42-，was estimated to be 1.3 μg/m3（about 40% of total nssSO42-or 11% of PM2.5）.

Keywords: PM2.5； Source apportionment； Ship and harbour emissions； Secondary sulphate； PMF

來源出版物：Science of the Total Environment，2014，497: 392-400聯(lián)系郵箱：Cesari，D； d.cesari@isac.cnr.it

Phthalate diesters in Airborne PM2.5and PM10in a suburban area of Shanghai: Seasonal distribution and risk assessment

Ma，Jing； Chen，Liu-lu； Guo，Ying； et al.

Abstract: Concentrations of nine phthalate diesters in 24-h airborne PM2.5and PM10were determined from October 2011 to August 2012 in a suburban area in Shanghai，China. Dimethyl phthalate（DMP），diethyl phthalate（DEP），di-n-butyl phthalate（DBP），di-iso-butyl phthalate（DIBP），benzyl butyl phthalate（BzBP），and di（2-ethylhexyl）phthalate（DEHP）were frequently detected in airborne particulate matter at sum concentrations of these six compounds ranging from 13.3 to 186 ng/m3，with an average value of 59.8 ng/m3in PM2.5，and from 10.1 to 445 ng/m3，with an average value of 132 ng/m3in PM10. DEHP，DBP，and DIBP were the major phthalate diesters found in PM samples. DEHP was found predominantly in coarse（size fraction of between PM2.5and PM10）particles，whereas DMP，DEP，DBP，DIBP，and BzBP were found predominantly in fine（PM2.5）particles. The concentrations of phthalates in PM during warm months（207 ng/m3for PM10，and 71.9 ng/m3for PM2.5，on average）were significantly higher than those during cold months（76.9 ng/m3for PM10and 50.4 ng/m3for PM2.5）. Significant positive correlations were found between concentrations of total phthalates，DEHP，and BzBP，with the total mass and organic carbon content of PM. Based on the concentrations of DEHP，incremental lifetime cancer risks（ILCR）from inhalation exposure were estimated using a Monte Carlo simulation. Although the 95% probabilities for the ILCR values for the general population were below the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency（EPA）threshold of 10-6，our result is an underestimate of the actual health risk because we only considered the outdoor inhalation exposure to DEHP in this study.

Keywords: PM2.5； PM10； Phthalate diesters； Incremental lifetime cancer risks； Air pollution

來源出版物：Science of the Total Environment，2014，497: 467-474聯(lián)系郵箱：Kannan，K； kkannan@wadsworth.org

Source contributions to primary and secondary inorganic particulate matter during a severe wintertime PM2.5pollution episode in Xi'an，China

Wang，Dexiang； Hu，Jianlin； Xu，Yong； et al.

Abstract: Average PM2.5concentrations of similar to 250 μg m-3and peak concentrations of similar to 500 μg m-3were observed in Xi'an，the largest city in Northwest China during an extreme event in January 2013. The source-oriented versions of the Community Multi-scale Air Quality（CMAQ）model with anthropogenic emissions from Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research（EDGAR）were used to study the source contributions of six different source categories including energy production，industries，transportation，residential activities，"other"（agriculture，biomass，waste burning，and biogenic sources），and windblown dust to primary and secondary inorganic PM2.5（nitrate and sulfate）during this episode. The model generally captured the variation and magnitude of PM2.5concentrations at monitoring sites. The monthly average concentration of the predicted PM2.5in Xi'an was ＞200 μg m-3，comparing favorably with the measurement of similar to 250 μg m-3. Predicted concentrations of elemental carbon（EC），organic aerosol（OA），sulfate，nitrate，and ammonium were 6，35，18，22，and 12 μg m-3，respectively. Chemically unresolved PM2.5components（PM2.5Other）were similar to 80 μg m-3. Industries and residential activities dominated EC，organic carbon（OC）and PM2.5Other，contributing 85%，95%，and 83%，respectively. Energy production（mainly coal combustion）was the dominating source for secondary nitrate，contributing 46%. Other local and upwind sources were also important，contributing 43% and 11% of total nitrate，respectively. Primary sulfate was similar to 10 μg m-3in vicinity surrounding point sources. Secondary sulfate from upwind sources was also important with concentrations of similar to 4-5 μg m-3. Secondary sulfate formed by SO2emitted from local sources was dominated by energy production. Based on the contributions of different sources to primary components and secondary nitrate and sulfate，the contributions of different sources to PM2.5total mass in Xi'an during the extremely polluted months are: energy 5%，industries 58%，transportation 2%，residential activities 16%，dust 4%，and other（including other components，inexplicit sources，and upwind sources）15%.

Keywords: Xi'an； Source apportionment； Particulate matter； WRF/CMAQ； EDGAR

來源出版物：Atmospheric Environment，2014，97: 182-194

聯(lián)系郵箱：Zhang，HL； tamzhang@ucdavis.edu； qying@civil.tamu.edu

Production-based emissions，consumption-based emissions and consumption-based health impacts of PM2.5carbonaceous aerosols in Asia

Takahashi，Kei； Nansai，Keisuke； Tohno，Susumu； et al.

Abstract: This study determined the production-based emissions，the consumption-based emissions，and the consumption-based health impact of primary carbonaceous aerosols（black carbon: BC，organic carbon: OC）in nine countries and regions in Asia（Indonesia，Malaysia，the Philippines，Singapore，Thailand，China，Taiwan，South Korea，and Japan）in 2008. For the production-based emissions，sectoral emissions inventory of BC and OC for the year of 2008 based on the Asian international input output tables（AIIOT）was compiled including direct emissions from households. Then，a multiregional environmental input output analysis with the 2008 AIIOT which was originally developed by updating the table of 2000 was applied for calculating the consumption-based emissions for each country and region. For the production-based emissions，China had the highest BC and OC emissions of 4520 Gg-C in total，which accounted for 75% of the total emissions in the nine countries and regions. For consumption-based emissions，China was estimated to have had a total of 4849 Gg-C ofBC and OC emissions，which accounted for 77% of the total emissions in the Asia studied. We also quantified how much countries and regions induced emissions in other countries and regions. Furthermore，taking account of the source receptor relationships of BC and OC among the countries and regions，we converted their consumption-based emissions into the consumption-based health impact of each country and region. China showed the highest consumption-based health impact of BC and OC totaling 111×103premature deaths，followed by Indonesia，Japan，Thailand and South Korea. China accounted for 87% of the sum total of the consumption-based health impacts of the countries/regions，indicating that China's contribution to consumption-based health impact in Asia was greater than its consumption-based emissions. By elucidating the health impacts that each country and region had on other countries and from which country the impacts were received，we demonstrated that the characteristics of the consumption-based health impact varied significantly by country and region. We also determined the difference in the health.

Keywords: Premature deaths； Organic carbon； Black carbon； Consumption-based accounting； Multiregional input-output analysis；Source-receptor relationship

來源出版物：Atmospheric Environment，2014，97: 406-415聯(lián)系郵箱：Takahashi，K； takahashi.kei.84s@st.kyoto-u.ac.jp

Impact of long-range transport of aerosols on the PM2.5composition at a major metropolitan area in the northern Kyushu area of Japan

Kaneyasu，Naoki； Yamamoto，Shigekazu； Sato，Kei； et al.

Abstract: In view of the recent rapid economic growth and accompanying energy consumption in the East Asian region，particularly in China，there is much concern about the effects of emitted particulate pollutants on human health. We have thus investigated the impact of long-range transport of aerosols on urban air quality in the upwind areas of Japan by comparing the PM2.5composition collected for multiple years in Fukuoka，a representative metropolis in the Kyushu area，and in Fukue Island，located 190 km southwest of Fukuoka. Daily averaged PM2.5concentrations in Fukuoka and Fukue were almost identical. PM2.5concentrations at these sites were dominated by sulfate and particulate organics，and their fluctuation patterns were similar except for organics in the warm season. In contrast，those of nitrate and elemental carbon differed substantially between the sites. In addition，the ratios of Pb/Zn and Cd/Pb in Fukuoka were close to the reported values in Beijing. Non-sea-salt sulfate concentration in Fukuoka measured in this study and reported in the past measurements apparently coincided with the decadal SO2emission change in China reported in a recent emission inventory. Therefore，we conclude that even in a city as large as Fukuoka，the PM2.5concentration in the northern part of the Kyushu area is primarily dominated by the inflow of long-range transported aerosols throughout the year，except in the summer，rather than local air pollution emitted at each site.

Keywords: PM2.5； Long-range transport； East Asia； Sulfate； Metallic element； NAAQS

來源出版物：Atmospheric Environment，2014，97: 416-425聯(lián)系郵箱：Kaneyasu，N； kane.n@aist.go.jp

PAHs in PM2.5in Zhengzhou: concentration，carcinogenic risk analysis，and source apportionment

Wang，Jia； Geng，Ning Bo； Xu，Yi Fei； et al.

Abstract: Ambient air samples were collected at two different locations between 2011 and 2012 in Zhengzhou，China in order to assess the concentration level，health risks，as well as the sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons（PAHs）in particulate matter（PM2.5）. The mean annual levels of PM2.5observed at industry site and residential site were 172±121 and 160±72 μg m-3，respectively，which were about five times the annual value of proposed PM2.5standard（35 μg m-3）in China. The PM2.5in all daily samples（n=47）exceeds the proposed PM2.5standard in China（75 μg m-3）at both industrial and residential sites. Seasonal variations of PM2.5showed a clear trend of winter ＞ autumn＞ spring ＞ summer at both sites. The total concentrations of 16 PM2.5-associated PAHs ranged from 61±51 to 431±281 and 38±25 to 254±189 ng m-3，with mean value of 176±233 and 111±146 ng m-3at industry and residential sites，respectively. The major species were fluoranthene，pyrene，chrysene，benzo［b］fluoranthene and benzo［k］fluoranthene，and the concentration levels of PAHs in PM2.5were higher in winter than those of other seasons at both sites. The annual mean values of toxicity equivalency concentrations of a（16）PAHs in PM2.5were 22.8 and 13.5 ng m-3in industry and residential area，respectively. In this study，the risk level of adult citizens through inhalation exposure to PAHs was calculated. The average estimates of lifetime inhalation cancer risks were approximately 8.9×10-7and 6.3×10-7for industry and residential sites，respectively. The main sources of 16 PAHs from both diagnostic ratios and principle component analysis identified as vehicular emissions and coal combustion.

Keywords: PM2.5； PAHs； Exposure assessment； Lifetime inhalation cancer risk

來源出版物: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment，2014，186（11）: 7461-7473聯(lián)系郵箱：Zhang，RQ； rqzhang@zzu.edu.cn

Effect of exposure to PM2.5on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Liang，Ruijuan； Zhang，Biao； Zhao，Xiaoyi； et al.

Abstract: Background: Comprehensive studies have confirmed that particulate matter air pollution could trigger myocardial infarction，heart failure and reduce heart rate variability； however，its effect on blood pressure（BP）remains controversial. Therefore，we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the association and its magnitude between exposure to PM2.5and BP.

Methods: The databases of PubMed，Ovid Medline and Embase between 1948 and 15 November 2013 were searched to identify the studiesexploring the association between particulate matters（diameter ＜ 2.5 μm）（PM2.5）and BP. Selection was performed by screening abstracts and titles and then reviewing the full text of potentially eligible studies. We extracted descriptive and quantitative information from each study and used a random-effects model to calculate BP change and 95% confidence interval（95% CI）for each increment of 10 μg/m3in PM2.5. Meta-regression and subgroup analyses were conducted to explore the source of heterogeneity and the impact of possible confounding factors.Results: Of 1028 identified articles，after screening and reviewing in detail，22 studies were included in our meta-analysis. The overall analysis suggested that BP was positively related to PM2.5exposure with an elevation of 1.393 mmHg，95% CI（0.874-1.912）and 0.895 mmHg，95% CI（0.49-1.299）per 10 μg/m3increase for SBP and DBP，respectively. Long-term exposure showed the strongest associations with BP. And for short-term effect，the largest magnitude was seen at the lag of the previous 5 days average prior to BP measurement. Subgroup analyses yielded consistent results with the overall analyses. Meta-regression of SBP did not identify any significant potential causes of heterogeneity. For DBP，study design，the method of BP monitoring，publication year，study design，study period and sample size were significant modifiers of the relationship between DBP and PM2.5.

Conclusion: Exposure to PM2.5had a statistically significant impact on BP and the magnitude of this effect may have substantially clinical implication.

Keywords: air pollution； blood pressure； meta-analysis

來源出版物：Journal of Hypertension，2014，32（11）: 2130-2141聯(lián)系郵箱：Fan，ZJ； Fan@pumch.cn

Impact of urbanization level on urban air quality: A case of fine particles（PM2.5）in Chinese cities

Han，Lijian； Zhou，Weiqi； Li，Weifeng； et al.

Abstract: We examined and compared PM2.5concentrations in urban and the surrounding regions，and further investigated the impact of urbanization on urban PM2.5concentrations at the Chinese prefectures. Annual PM2.5concentrations in most prefectures were greater than 10 μg/m3，the air quality guideline of the World Health Organization. Those prefectures were mainly distributed along the east coast and southeast of Sichuan province； The urban PM2.5concentrations（Urban（PM2.5））in 85 cities were greater than（＞10 μg/m3）those in the surrounding area. Those cities were mainly located in the Beijing-Sichuan and Shanghai-Guangxi belts. In addition，Urban（PM2.5）was less than（＜0 μg/m3）that in surrounding areas in only 41 prefectures，which were located in western China or nearby mega cities； Significant positive correlations were found between Urban（PM2.5）and urban population（R2=0.99，P＜0.05），and between Urban（PM2.5）and urban second industry fraction（R2=0.71，P＜0.05），suggesting that urbanization had considerable impact on PM2.5concentrations.

Keywords: Urbanization； Air pollution； Fine particulate matter（PM2.5）； Chinese prefectures

來源出版物: Environmental Pollution，2014，194: 163-170聯(lián)系郵箱：Zhou，WQ； wzhou@rcees.ac.cn

Using hourly measurements to explore the role of secondary inorganic aerosol in PM2.5during haze and fog in Hangzhou，China

Jansen，Roeland Cornelis； Shi Yang； Chen Jianmin； et al.

Abstract: This paper explores the role of the secondary inorganic aerosol（SIA）species ammonium，NH4+，nitrate，NO3-，and sulfate，SO42-，during haze and fog events using hourly mass concentrations of PM2.5measured at a suburban site in Hangzhou，China. A total of 546 samples were collected between 1 April and 8 May 2012. The samples were analyzed and classified as clear，haze or fog depending on visibility and relative humidity（RH）. The contribution of SIA species to PM2.5mass increased to similar to 50% during haze and fog. The mass contribution of nitrate to PM2.5increased from 11% during clear to 20% during haze episodes. Nitrate mass exceeded sulfate mass during haze，while near equal concentrations were observed during fog episodes. The role of RH on the correlation between concentrations of SIA and visibility was examined，with optimal correlation at 60%-70% RH. The total acidity during clear，haze and fog periods was 42.38，48.38 and 45.51 nmol m-3，respectively，indicating that sulfate，nitrate and chloride were not neutralized by ammonium during any period. The nitrate to sulfate molar ratio，as a function of the ammonium to sulfate molar ratio，indicated that nitrate formation during fog started at a higher ammonium to sulfate molar ratio compared to clear and haze periods. During haze and fog，the nitrate oxidation ratio increased by a factor of 1.6-1.7，while the sulfur oxidation ratio increased by a factor of 1.2-1.5，indicating that both gaseous NO2and SO2were involved in the reduced visibility.

Keywords: haze； secondary inorganic aerosol； PM2.5； Yangtze River Delta

來源出版物：Advances in Atmospheric Sciences，2014，31（6）: 1427-1434聯(lián)系郵箱：Chen，JM； jmchen@fudan.edu.cn

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons（PAHs）in atmospheric PM2.5and PM10at a coal-based industrial city: Implication for PAH control at industrial agglomeration regions，China

Wu，Di； Wang，Zongshuang； Chen，Jianhua； et al.

Abstract: Eighteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons（PAHs）in PM2.5and PM10are identified and quantified at five sites of E'erduosi in 2005 by GC-MS. Total PAH concentrations in PM2.5and PM10are in the ranges of 0.58-145.01 ng m-3and 5.80-180.32 ng m-3for the five sites，decreasing as coal-chemical base site（ZGE）＞ heavy industrial site（QPJ）＞ residential site with heavy traffic（DS）＞ suburban site surrounded by grassland（HJQ）＞ background site（QGN）for both PM2.5and PM10. PAH concentrations in the coal-chemical base site are 250 and 31.1 times of those in the background site. Flu，Pyr，Chr，BbF，BeP，IND and BghiP are abundant for the coal-chemical base site，totally accounting for 75% of the PAH concentrations. 4，5 and 6 rings PAHs are dominant，accounting for 88.9%-94.2% and 90.5%-94.1% of PAHs in PM2.5and PM10，respectively. Combustion-derived PAH concentrations cover 42%-84% and 75%-82% of PAHs in PM2.5and PM10，indicating large amounts of combustion sources existed for them in E'erduosi. PAH compositions between PM2.5and PM10，are quite different from each other for sites with few human activities（HJQ and QGN）by coefficient of divergence analysis. Results obtained from principal component analysis and diagnostic ratios indicate that coal combustion，vehicle emission，wood combustion and industrial processes are the main sources for PAHs in E'erduosi. According to BaP equivalent concentration，the potential health risk of PAHs in PM2.5at the two industrial sites ZGE and QPJ are 537 and 460 times of those for the background site. And they are 4.3 and 3.7 times of those for the residential site. The potential PAH pollution in particles at other industrial agglomeration regions that occurred in China in recent years should be paid attention by the local government.

Keywords: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons； PM2.5； PM10； Diagnostic ratios； Principal component analysis； Coal-based industrial city

來源出版物：Atmospheric Research，2014，149: 217-229聯(lián)系郵箱：Wang，ZS； zongshuangw@yahoo.com.cn

Wild land fire management and air quality in the southern Sierra Nevada: Using the Lion Fire as a case study with a multi-year perspective on PM2.5impacts and fire policy

Schweizer，Don； Cisneros，Ricardo

Abstract: Management of fire is an important and controversial policy issue. Active fire suppression has led to a backlog of fuels，limited the ecological benefits of fire，and reduced short-term smoke impacts likely delaying these emissions to future generations over a larger spatial extent. Smoke impacts can be expected to increase as fire size and intensity increase and the fuel backlog is consumed； whether through reintroduction of fire under desirable conditions or through stand replacing fire. Land Management Agencies would like to increase the use of naturally ignited fires to burn during favorable conditions as a way to reduce catastrophic fires. This study provides information about the levels of air quality impacts expected from these types of fires and discusses some of the policy controversies of managed fire that propagate inconsistencies between agencies and enter the public discourse. The Lion Fire，a primarily low intensity 8370 ha fire that was extensively monitored for Particulate Matter less than 2.5 microns（PM2.5），is used to quantify impacts to air quality. PM2.5monitoring sites are used to assess exposure，public health impacts，and subsequently quantify annual air quality during a year with a fire that is within the historic normal fire size and intensity for this area. Ground level PM2.5impacts were found to be localized with 99% of the hourly Air Quality Index readings in the moderate or good category for the sites impacted by the fire. PM2.5concentrations at sites nearest the fire were below annual federal air quality standards for PM2.5with annual 98th percentile at the most impacted sites（Johnsondale，Kernville，and Camp Nelson）of 35.0，34.0，and 28.0 lig IT1-3 respectively. Smoke impacts to PM2.5concentrations were not found to reach the populated Central Valley. The findings suggest that this type of fire can be implemented with minimal public health impacts thus allowing an opportunity for air and fire managers to alter policy to allow additional burning in an area with severe anthropogenic air pollution and where frequent widespread fire is both beneficial and inevitable. The more extensive air quality impacts documented with large high intensity fire may be averted by embracing the use of fire to prevent unwanted high intensity burns. A widespread increase in the use of fire for ecological benefit may provide the resiliency needed in Sierra Nevada forests as well as be the most beneficial to public health through the reduction of single dose exposure to smoke and limiting impacts spatially.

Keywords: Smoke impacts； Wildland fire； Policy； Public health； Air quality

來源出版物：Journal of Environmental Management，2014，144: 265-278聯(lián)系郵箱：Cisneros，R； rcisneros@ucmerced.edu

Source Apportionment Using Radiocarbon and Organic Tracers for PM2.5Carbonaceous Aerosols in Guangzhou，South China: Contrasting Local- and Regional-Scale Haze Events

Liu，Junwen； Li，Jun； Zhang，Yanlin； et al.

Abstract: We conducted a source apportionment and investigated the atmospheric behavior of carbonaceous aerosols during hazy and normal days using radiocarbon（C-14）and biomass burning/secondary organic aerosol（SOA）tracers during winter in Guangzhou，China. Haze episodes were formed either abruptly by local emissions or through the accumulation of particles transported from other areas. The average contributions of fossil carbon to elemental carbon（EC），water-insoluble organic carbon，and water-soluble organic carbon were 71±10%，40±6% and 33±3%，respectively. High contributions of fossil carbon to EC（80%-90%）were observed for haze samples that were substantially impacted by local emissions，as were the highest（lowest）ratios for NO3-/SO42-（OC/EC），which indicates that these particles mainly came from local vehicle exhaust. Low contributions of fossil carbon to EC（60%-70%）were found for haze particles impacted by regional transport. Secondary organic carbon（SOC）calculated using SOA tracers accounts for only similar to 20% of the SOC estimated by C-14，which is probably because some important volatile organic carbons are not taken into account in the SOA tracer calculation method and because of the large discrepancy in ambient conditions between the atmosphere and smog chambers. A total of 33±11% of the SOC was of fossil origin，a portion of which could be influenced by humidity.

Keywords: pearl river-delta； non-fossil sources； elemental carbon； background site； fine particles； chemical-compositions； atmospheric aerosol； climate； biomass； levoglucosan

來源出版物：Environmental Science & Technology，2014，48（20）: 12002-12011聯(lián)系郵箱：Li，J； junli@gig.ac.cn

Interlab Comparison of Elemental Analysis for Low Ambient Urban PM2.5Levels

Kang，Choong-Min； Achilleos，Souzana； Lawrence，Joy； et al.

Abstract: There is growing concern about the accuracy of trace elemental analysis of ambient particulate matter（PM）samples. This has become important because ambient PM concentrations have decreased over the years，and the lower filter loadings result in difficulties in accurate analysis. The performance of energy-dispersive X-ray reflectance spectrometry was evaluated at Harvard School of Public Health using several methodologies，including intercomparison between two other laboratories. In reanalysis of standard films as unknown samples following calibration，the HSPH ED XRF measurements represented good performance: 2% errors in precision and 4% errors in accuracy. Replicate analysis of ambient air filters with low PM2.5levels indicated that S，K，F(xiàn)e，and Ca showed excellent reproducibility，most other quantifiable elements were below 15% error，and the elements with larger percent of flagged measurements had less in precision. Results from the interlaboratory comparison demonstrated that most quantifiable elements，except Na and Al，were quite comparable for the three laboratories. Na performance could be validated from the stoichiometry of Na to Cl of indoor PM2.5filter samples.

Keywords: toxicological evaluation； particulate matter； air-pollution； united-states； particles； aerosols； speciation； metals

來源出版物：Environmental Science & Technology，2014，48（20）: 12150-12156聯(lián)系郵箱：Kang，CM； aircmk@gmail.com

A hybrid model for PM2.5forecasting based on ensemble empirical mode decomposition and a general regression neural network

Zhou，Qingping； Jiang，Haiyan； Wang，Jianzhou； et al.

Abstract: Exposure to high concentrations of fine particulate matter（PM2.5）can cause serious health problems because PM2.5contains microscopic solid or liquid droplets that are sufficiently small to be ingested deep into human lungs. Thus，daily prediction of PM2.5levels is notably important for regulatory plans that inform the public and restrict social activities in advance when harmful episodes are foreseen. A hybrid EEMD-GRNN（ensemble empirical mode decomposition-general regression neural network）model based on data preprocessing and analysis is firstly proposed in this paper for one-day-ahead prediction of PM2.5concentrations. The EEMD part is utilized to decompose original PM2.5data into several intrinsic mode functions（IMFs），while the GRNN part is used for the prediction of each IMF. The hybrid EEMD-GRNN model is trained using input variables obtained from principal component regression（PCR）model to remove redundancy. These input variables accurately and succinctly reflect the relationships between PM2.5and both air quality and meteorological data. The model is trained with data from January 1 to November 1，2013 and is validated with data from November 2 to November 21，2013 in Xi'an Province，China. The experimental results show that the developed hybrid EEMD-GRNN model outperforms a single GRNN model without EEMD，a multiple linear regression（MLR）model，a PCR model，and a traditional autoregressive integrated moving average（ARIMA）model. The hybrid model with fast and accurate results can be used to develop rapid air quality warning systems.

Keywords: PM2.5； Ensemble empirical mode decomposition； General regression neural network； Multiple linear regression； Principal components regression

來源出版物：Science of the Total Environment，2014，496: 264-274聯(lián)系郵箱：Jiang，HY； jianghaiyan.cn@gmail.com

PM2.5，PM10and health risk assessment of heavy metals in a typical printed circuit noards manufacturing workshop

Zhou，Peng； Guo，Jie； Zhou，Xiaoyu； et al.

Abstract: A typical Printed Circuit Board（PCB）manufacturer was chosen as the object of this study. During PCB processing，fine particulate matter and heavy metals（Cu，Zn，Pb，Cr，Cd and Ni）will be released into the air and dust，which then impact workers' health and the environment. The concentrations of total suspended particle（TSP），PM10and PM2.5in the off-site were 106.3，90.0 and 50.2 μg/m3，respectively，while the concentrations of TSP，PM10and PM2.5in the workshops ranged from 36.1 to 365.3，from 27.1 to 289.8 and from 22.1 to 212.3 μg/m3，respectively. Almost all six of the heavy metals were detected in all of the particle samples except Cd. For each workshop，it was obvious that Zn was the most enriched metal in TSP，followed by Cu ＞ Pb（Cr）＞ Ni ＞ Cd，and the same trend was found for PM10and PM2.5. In the dust samples，Cu（which ranged from 4.02 to 56.31 mg/g）was the most enriched metal，followed by Zn，Cr，Pb，Ni and Cd，and the corresponding concentrations ranged from 0.77 to 4.47，0.37 to 1.59，0.26 to 0.84，0.13 to 0.44 and nd to 0.078 mg/g，respectively. The health risk assessment showed that noncancerous effects are unlikely for Zn，Pb，Cr，Cu，Cd and Ni. The carcinogenic risks for Cd and Ni were all lower than 10-6，except for Cr. This result indicates that carcinogenic risks for workers are relatively possible in the workshops. These findings suggest that this technology is advanced from the perspective of environmental protection in the waste PCB's recycling industry.

Keywords: Heavy metal； PM2.5； Dust； Risk assessment； PCB manufacturing

來源出版物：Journal of Environmental Sciences-China，2014，26（10）: 2018-2026聯(lián)系郵箱：Lin，KF； kuangfeilin@ecust.edu.cn

（責(zé)任編輯王帥帥，衛(wèi)夏雯）

·高被引論文摘要·
被引頻次：305
中國(guó)PM2.5污染狀況和污染特征的研究

王瑋，湯大鋼，劉紅杰，等

近10余年來在中國(guó)的城市地區(qū)和清潔地區(qū)進(jìn)行了PM2.5的采集和分析，其中包括PM2.5的質(zhì)量濃度、離子和元素成分、酸度和酸化緩沖能力以及來源解析，研究結(jié)果表明，中國(guó)大部分地區(qū)PM2.5的污染較重，不論是質(zhì)量濃度，還是各種主要成分濃度，在TSP和PM10中都占有很高的比重，而PM2.5的酸度也遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于TSP和PM10，特別是近年來PM2.5污染還有相對(duì)加劇的趨勢(shì).

大氣污染；大氣氣溶膠；PM2.5；酸性降水