郝昌明

在初中英語里，how可引導(dǎo)特殊疑問句、賓語從句和感嘆句，也可與不定式連用，還可用于一些習(xí)慣表達(dá)的句式之中。這些句式表達(dá)效果好，使用頻率高，成為中考試題最為走俏的句式考點。本文結(jié)合近幾年各地中考英語試題介紹how的熱點句型。

一、how引導(dǎo)特殊疑問句

how可做特殊疑問詞，引導(dǎo)特殊疑問句，意為“如何、怎樣”，用來詢問做事方式或手段。

做特殊疑問詞時how也可以短語的形式出現(xiàn)引導(dǎo)特殊疑問句，此時它意為“多么”。這樣的短語常見的有how often，how long，how soon，how far，how many，how much，how old等。其中，how often，how long與how soon在中考試題中出現(xiàn)頻率很高。

1. how often意為“多久一次”，詢問動作發(fā)生的頻率，回答時常用“every +基數(shù)詞+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”，表示“每（隔）……”。

【真題1】（2014年蘇州卷） — do you go to the sports club？

—At least once a week.

A. How long B. How often

C. How muchD. How far

解析：B。由“At least once a week.”可以判斷，上一句詢問頻率，因此應(yīng)填How often引導(dǎo)特殊疑問句。

【真題2】（2014年無錫卷） — is the World Cup held？

—Every 4 years.

A. How soonB. How often

C. WhenD. Where

解析：B。由答語可判斷出上一句詢問頻率，因此應(yīng)填How often引導(dǎo)特殊疑問句。

【真題3】（2014年鹽城卷） — does Nancy help the old lady with her housework？

—About twice a week.

A. How oftenB. How long

C. How muchD. How soon

解析：A。由答語可判斷出上一句詢問頻率，因此應(yīng)由How often引導(dǎo)特殊疑問句。

2. how long意為“多久、多長”，既可詢問動作或狀態(tài)持續(xù)的時間，也可詢問物體長度。how long用于詢問時間時，常用“for +時間段”或“since +時間點”來作答。

【真題1】（2014年宿遷卷） — have you lived in Suqian， Jane？

—For about 16 years.

A. How manyB. How much

C. How longD. How often

解析：C。由“For about 16 years.”可推斷出，空格處表示“多久”，因此應(yīng)填How long引導(dǎo)特殊疑問句。

【真題2】（2014年連云港卷） — will the fog and haze last？

—Ive no idea. There is no sign of an end.

A. How soonB. How far

C. How longD. How often

解析：C。由last和“There is no sign of an end.” 可推斷出，空格處表示“多長時間”，因此應(yīng)填How long。

【真題3】（2014年廈門卷） — does it take from our school to the farm by bus？

—About one hour and a half.

A. How farB. How long

C. How often

解析：B。由答語可知，上一句問的是“乘公共汽車從我們學(xué)習(xí)到農(nóng)場，需要花費(fèi)多長時間？”，因此應(yīng)填How long。

3. how soon意為“要過多久”，詢問某事要過多長時間才能完成或某人要過多長時間才能完成某事，常用in表示的未來時間作答。

【真題1】（2014年上海卷） — can you finish the report on food safety？

—In two days.

A. How farB. How much

C. How oftenD. How soon

解析：D。由“In two days.”可以推出上一句問的是“你還要多久才能完成有關(guān)食品安全的報告？”，因此應(yīng)填How soon。

【真題2】（2014年寧波卷） — will the dinner be ready？

—Just a minute.

A. How muchB. How long

C. How soonD. How often

解析：C。由“Just a minute.”可以推出，空格處表示“要過多久”，因此應(yīng)填How soon。

【真題3】（2013年安徽卷） — can you finish this English examination？

—In about one and a half hours.

A. How farB. How often

C. How soonD. How longendprint

解析：C。由“In about one and a half hours.”可以推出，空格處表示“要過多久”，因此應(yīng)填How soon。

4. how far意為“多遠(yuǎn)”，詢問距離。

【真題】（2014年青島卷） — is it from your home to school？

—Its three miles.

A. How farB. How long

C. How bigD. How high

解析：A。由from your home to school和“Its three miles.”可以推出，空格處表示“多遠(yuǎn)”，因此應(yīng)填How far。

5. how much意為“多少”，可修飾或指代不可數(shù)名詞。

【真題1】（2012年北京卷） — is the dictionary？

—Its $ 22.95.

A. How oldB. How long

C. How thickD. How much

解析：D。上一句問的是“這本詞典多少錢？”，因此應(yīng)填How much。

【真題2】（2012年河北卷） — did you pay for the CD？

—Only nine dollars.

A. How manyB. How much

C. How longD. How often

解析：B。上一句問的是“這張CD多少錢”，因此應(yīng)填How much。

6. how many意為“多少”，可修飾或指代復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。

【真題】（2014年北京卷） — people are there in your family？

—Three.

A. How oftenB. How long

C. How manyD. How much

解析：C。由“Three.”可以推出空格處表示“多少”，因其修飾可數(shù)名詞people，因此應(yīng)填How many。

二、how引導(dǎo)賓語從句

how既可做連詞獨自引導(dǎo)賓語從句（此時意為“如何、怎樣”），也可構(gòu)成短語引導(dǎo)賓語從句（此時意為“多……”）。how及其短語引導(dǎo)的賓語從句均應(yīng)使用陳述語序。

【真題】（2014年南京卷） —David， could you tell me ？

—Every four years.

A. when the 2014 World Cupwill finish

B. how often the World Cup takes place

C. how many teams take part in the World Cup

D. who may score the most goals inthe 2014 World Cup

解析：B。由“Every four years.”可以推出，空格處詢問“頻率”，因此賓語從句應(yīng)由how often引導(dǎo)。

三、“how +不定式”

“how +不定式”在句中可做主語、賓語或表語，表示“如何……”，具有名詞功能。

【真題1】（2011年蘭州卷） We cant work out the physics problem. Can you tell us ？

A. how to doB. what to do it

C. how to do itD. what should to do

解析：C。由語境邏輯可以推出，空格處表示“如何做這道物理題”，所以應(yīng)用how to do it做賓語。

【真題2】（2011年北京卷） —Excuse me， could you tell me how to Beijing Zoo？

—Well， you may take Bus No. 27.

A. getB. gets

C. gettingD. to get

解析：D。答語“Well， you may take Bus No. 27.”暗示，空格處表示“（如何）到達(dá)”，所以應(yīng)填to get。

四、how引導(dǎo)感嘆句

how可做感嘆詞，引導(dǎo)兩種感嘆句：① “How +原級形容詞或副詞+主語+謂語+！”；②“How +形容詞+a / an +單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞+主語+謂語+！”。

【真題1】（2014年南京卷） — brave Zhang Hua is！

—Yes. He helped his neighbour， Mrs Sun， out of the fire.

A. What aB. How

C. How aD. What

解析：B?？崭裉幈硎尽岸嗝础?，修飾形容詞brave，因此應(yīng)填How引導(dǎo)感嘆句。

【真題2】（2013年廣東卷） Mo Yan won the Nobel Prize for Literature last year. excellent he is！

A. HowB. What

C. What aD. What an

解析：A。空格處表示“多么”，修飾形容詞excellent，因此應(yīng)填How引導(dǎo)感嘆句。

【真題3】（2013年長沙卷） clever the boy is！endprint

A. HowB. What

C. What a

解析：A?？崭裉幈硎尽岸嗝础?，修飾形容詞clever，因此應(yīng)填How引導(dǎo)感嘆句。

五、how用于習(xí)慣表達(dá)中

how常用于一些習(xí)慣表達(dá)的句式中，請看下表：

how的習(xí)慣表達(dá)句式含義

How are you？你身體好嗎？

How do you find / like …？ 你認(rèn)為……怎么樣？

How do you think about …？ 你認(rèn)為……怎么樣？

How about doing sth.？ 你認(rèn)為……怎么樣？

No matter how … 無論多么……

How come？怎么可能發(fā)生這樣的事？

【真題1】（2014年南京卷） —The documentary A Bite of China II is quite popular around China recently. How do you like it？

—.

A. I think soB. Pretty good

C. Its my pleasureD. All right

解析：B?！癏ow do you like it？”意為“你認(rèn)為它怎么樣？”，因此應(yīng)用評價性語言作答。

【真題2】（2014年南通卷） —How do you like your school life？

—.

A. Its a famous school

B. Its very colorful

C. Id like to study there

D. I like my school

解析：B。問句意為“你認(rèn)為你的學(xué)校生活怎么樣？”，因此答句應(yīng)對學(xué)校生活進(jìn)行評價。

鞏固性練習(xí)：

從A、B、C、D四個選項中，選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項。

1.— will you go to visit your grandfather who lives in a mountain village？

—By train.

A. WhatB. How

C. WhenD. Which

2.— do you visit the park in your town？

—Every three months.

A. How soonB. How long

C. How oftenD. How old

3.— will you begin to learn how to drive a car？

—In about half a year.

A. How oftenB. How long

C. How farD. How soon

4.— will your parents stay with you this time？

—For a few days.

A. How longB. How soon

C. How oftenD. How old

5.—How do you like your visit to the old town？

—.

A. Very interesting

B. I like the town very much

C. Its a famous town

D. I like to stay there

6.—How do you find the new zoo in your city？

—.

A. By busB. On foot

C. By chanceD. Very modern

7. I wonder you worked out the difficult problem in such a short time.

A. whatB. how

C. whyD. which

8.— is your factory from here？

—About five minutes walk.

A. How longB. How many

C. How muchD. How far

9.— do you love your girl friend？

—I cant live without her.

A. How manyB. How much

C. How oldD. How far

10.— was your grandfather when he died suddenly？

—Eightyfive.

A. HowmanyB. How old

C. How farD. How much

11.—Can you tell me you have an English class？

—Every day.

A. how soonB. how long

C. how oftenD. how farendprint

12.— workers are there in your company now？

—About 3，000 workers work in it.

A. How muchB. How many

C. How oftenD. How soon

13. wonderful the film is！ Many people have seen it twice.

A. WhatB. How

C. WhichD. That

14. This problem is reallydifficult and I dont know to work it out.

A. howB. what

C. whichD. where

15. heavily it is raining！ You had better not go out.

A. WhatB. How

C. ThatD. Which

16. do you think about swimming in a river？ It is so hot！

A. HowB. What

C. WhichD. Why

17. No mater difficult this problem may be， I will try to work it out in the shortest time.

A. whatB. which

C. howD. that

18.— is your grandmother？

—She is well. Thank you very much.

A. HowB. What

C. WhoD. Which

19. Tom， would you like to help me to find out to protect these young trees？

A. whatB. how

C. whichD. that

20. HowI want to know my parents can come back from America！

A. how soonB. how long

C. how farD. how much

21. difficult a problem it is！ I just cant work it out.

A. WhatB. How

C. ThatD. Which

22.— do you go to the library to borrow books？

—Every three weeks.

A. How soonB. How long

C. How manyD. How often

23.— is the bridge in your hometown？

—About 8，000 meters.

A. How longB. How far

C. How manyD. How much

24.— can we live such kind of life？

—Soon.

A. How oftenB. How long

C. How soonD. How far

25.— does this shirt cost？

—If you buy two， I will give you a low price.

A. How manyB. How much

C. How farD. How deep

26. At that time，I just didnt know to tell my motherinlaw the terrible news.

A. whatB. which

C. howD. whom

27. fast the car is running！ It is dangerous.

A. WhatB. How

C. WhichD. That

28. —Sorry， I have left my schoolbag at home.

— come？

A. HowB. What

C. WhichD. Why

29.— will you watch the football match if you cant buy a ticket to it？

—I can climb a tree to watch it.

A. WhatB. Which

C. HowD. Why

30.—How often do you have an English exam？

—.

A. Very soonB. Three weeks

C. In a monthD. Every month

Key：

1～5 BCDAA 6～10 DBDBB

11～15 CBBAB 16～20 ACABA

21～25 BDACB 26～30 CBACDendprint