李川

定語從句、狀語從句與名詞性從句是高考考查的重要語法項(xiàng)目。在高考備考中，注意把握好定語從句的基本特征，把握好關(guān)系詞的具體用法，努力夯實(shí)基礎(chǔ)，科學(xué)高效備考。

一、考點(diǎn)剖析

定語從句包括限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句兩種。目前在語法填空這一題型中，有關(guān)定語從句的考點(diǎn)在空白處之后沒有提示詞，需要考生根據(jù)所掌握的知識(shí)對(duì)題干進(jìn)行分析判斷，確定題干考查的是否屬于定語從句，然后再對(duì)應(yīng)該填寫的關(guān)系詞進(jìn)一步推敲。

（一）考查關(guān)系代詞

1.對(duì)關(guān)系代詞which的考查

【典例1】Mr. Fox said he hoped his invention， is set to be installed in other villages in the area over the coming months， will mark a return to convenience shopping for rural communities.（2014年上海卷）

解析：which。在題干中，invention為定語從句的先行詞，空白處在從句中做主語，故應(yīng)用which做為非限制性定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞。

【典例2】Of course whenever they turned to look at him， they had to look at Mary， made her feel like a star.（2012年廣東卷）

解析：分析題干可知，Mary之后是非限制性定語從句，先行詞是空前的一句話內(nèi)容，故應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞which做為定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞。

【知識(shí)延伸】which做關(guān)系代詞時(shí)，既可引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句，也可引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，在從句中做主語或賓語，指物或指代一句話的內(nèi)容。

2.對(duì)關(guān)系代詞who的考查

【典例1】Nicks guests， had heard their conversation， asked why they should not buy salt more cheaply if they could.（2013年廣東卷）

解析：在題干中，Nicks guests是指人的先行詞，兩個(gè)逗號(hào)之間的部分是其非限制性定語從句，且先行詞在從句中做主語，故應(yīng)填關(guān)系代詞who。

【典例2】Happiness and success often come to those are good at recognizing their own strengths.（2013年湖南卷）

解析：先行詞為those，用于指代人；空白處在從句中做主語，故應(yīng)填關(guān)系代詞who引導(dǎo)定語從句。

【知識(shí)延伸】who為關(guān)系代詞時(shí)，兩種定語從句均可引導(dǎo)，先行詞指人，且在從句中做主語或賓語（做賓語時(shí)前無介詞）。關(guān)系詞常用who的情況：先行詞為明確指人的anyone，one，ones，those等詞時(shí)；在分隔式定語從句中，先行詞指人，為了避免歧義時(shí)；當(dāng)先行詞為人稱代詞時(shí)。

3.對(duì)關(guān)系代詞whom的考查

【典例1】The children， all of had played the whole day long， were worn out. （2013年浙江卷）

解析：在題干中，兩個(gè)逗號(hào)之間的部分是非限制性定語從句，先行詞children指人，且關(guān)系詞在從句中做介詞of的賓語，故應(yīng)填關(guān)系代詞whom。

【典例2】Behind him were other people to he was trying to talk， but after some minutes they walked away and sat near me， looking annoyed.

解析：在題干中，other people為定語從句的先行詞，關(guān)系詞在從句中做介詞to的賓語，故應(yīng)填關(guān)系代詞whom

【知識(shí)延伸】whom為關(guān)系代詞時(shí)，兩種定語從句均可引導(dǎo)，先行詞指人，且在從句中做賓語。

4.對(duì)關(guān)系代詞that的考查

【典例1】Please send us all the information you have about the candidate for the position.（2014年陜西卷）

解析：先行詞為all the information，后面的部分是其定語從句，且先行詞在從句中做have的賓語，而先行詞前有all修飾時(shí)，應(yīng)填關(guān)系代詞that。

【典例2】Hes the only student in the class has been selected to take part in the Model United Nations conference.

解析：在題干中，關(guān)系詞在從句中做主語，且先行詞student之前有the only修飾，故應(yīng)填that。

【知識(shí)延伸】that為關(guān)系詞時(shí)，先行詞可指人，也可指物，只能用于引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句，而且不能位于介詞之后。關(guān)系詞應(yīng)用that的情況：先行詞是all，everything，anything等不定代詞時(shí)；先行詞被the only，the very，the right等修飾時(shí)；先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)；先行詞是序數(shù)詞或被序數(shù)詞所修飾時(shí)；先行詞是最高級(jí)或被最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。

5.對(duì)關(guān)系代詞as的考查

【典例1】 is often the case with children， Amy was better by the time the doctor arrived.（2013年陜西卷）endprint

[JP+1]

解析：先行詞為逗號(hào)之后的一句話內(nèi)容，且關(guān)系詞在從句中做主語，而定語從句位于句首時(shí)，只能使用as做為引導(dǎo)詞，故As符合題意。[JP]

【典例2】 we have stressed many times， “serve the people” is our first policy.

解析：逗號(hào)前是位于句首的非限制性定語從句，在關(guān)系詞之中只有as有這一用法，故空白處填A(yù)s。

[JP2]

【知識(shí)延伸】as為關(guān)系詞時(shí)，先行詞可指人或物，也可指一句話的內(nèi)容，引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句時(shí)，常用于the same … as和such … as結(jié)構(gòu)中，引導(dǎo)非限制性定語時(shí)，可位于句首、句中或句尾，常有“正如，正像”之意，常用結(jié)構(gòu)為：as anybody can see；as we know；as we had expected；as is well known；as has been said before；as often happens；as is reported；as is often the case；as is mentioned above；as has been pointed out等。[JP]

6.對(duì)關(guān)系代詞whose的考查

【典例1】A company profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad.（2014年山東卷）

解析：A company為定語從句的先行詞，關(guān)系詞在從句中做名詞profits的定語，故填whose。

【典例2】The book tells stories of the earthquake through the eyes of those lives were affected.（2013年福建卷）

解析：先行詞為those，且空白處在從句中做名詞lives的定語，故填whose。

【知識(shí)延伸】whose在引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí)，可指人或物，只在從句中做定語。當(dāng)先行詞指物時(shí)，有時(shí)可轉(zhuǎn)換成of which形式，先行詞指人時(shí)，可轉(zhuǎn)換成of whom 形式。

（二）考查關(guān)系副詞

1.對(duì)關(guān)系副詞where的考查

【典例1】The next day， my brother and I went to the beach we watched some people play volleyball.（2014年廣東卷）

解析：先行詞為空前的beach，且關(guān)系詞在從句中做地點(diǎn)狀語，故填where。

【典例2】So I decided to leave home for New York， I might have a better chance to find a good job.（2014年上海卷）

[JP3]

解析：在題干中，地點(diǎn)名詞New York為先行詞，關(guān)系詞在從句中做地點(diǎn)狀語，故填where。[JP]

【知識(shí)延伸】where為關(guān)系副詞時(shí)，先行詞指地點(diǎn)，且關(guān)系詞在從句中做地點(diǎn)狀語。先行詞是activity，situation，point，case，stage，scene等抽象名詞，且關(guān)系詞在從句中做狀語時(shí)，應(yīng)用關(guān)系副詞where做為引導(dǎo)詞。

2.對(duì)關(guān)系副詞when的考查

【典例1】I didnt become a serious climber until the fifth grade， I went up to rescue a kite that was stuck in the branches of a tree.（2014年浙江卷）

解析：空前的the fifth grade為先行詞，逗號(hào)后是非限制性定語從句，且先行詞在從句中做時(shí)間狀語，故填when。

【典例2】I am looking forward to the daymy daughter can read this book and know my feelings for her.（2014年湖南卷）

解析：先行詞day指時(shí)間，且在從句中做時(shí)間狀語，故填when。

【知識(shí)延伸】句中的先行詞為age，time，day，morning，night，week，year 等表示時(shí)間的名詞，且關(guān)系詞在從句中做時(shí)間狀語時(shí)，應(yīng)用關(guān)系副詞when引導(dǎo)。

3.對(duì)關(guān)系副詞why的考查

【典例1】Many people hold the view that light punishment is the primary reason drunk driving has been increasing in the past few years.

解析：先行詞the primary reason為表示原因的名詞，且關(guān)系詞在從句中做原因狀語，故填why。

【典例2】The reason more and more young people dream of becoming a famous singer or musician is that they can become millionaires overnight.

解析：reason為先行詞，且關(guān)系詞在從句中做原因狀語，故應(yīng)填why。

【知識(shí)延伸】why為關(guān)系副詞時(shí)，先行詞指的是原因（往往是reason），且關(guān)系詞在從句中做原因狀語。

二、備考建議

在備考時(shí)需要靈活掌握好六個(gè)關(guān)系代詞和三個(gè)關(guān)系副詞的基本用法。在判斷應(yīng)用哪一個(gè)關(guān)系詞來引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí)，應(yīng)該先找準(zhǔn)定語從句的先行詞，確定先行詞指人、指物，還是一句話內(nèi)容。需要注意的是離關(guān)系詞最近的詞不一定就是先行詞，因?yàn)榭赡艽嬖诜指羰蕉ㄕZ從句。其次要確定關(guān)系詞在從句中所充當(dāng)?shù)木渥映煞?。需要注意的是，先行詞往往決定不了關(guān)系詞的使用，關(guān)鍵是應(yīng)確定關(guān)系詞在從句中所起的具體作用。在復(fù)習(xí)知識(shí)的同時(shí)，還要強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練，不斷培養(yǎng)和提高應(yīng)用能力。endprint

三、強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練

（一）單句語法填空

1. I borrow the book[WTBX] Sherlock Holmes[WTBZ] from the library last week， my classmates recommended to me.

2. Until now， we have raised 50，000 pounds for the poor children， is quite unexpected.

3. Students should involve themselves in community activities they can gain experience for growth.

4. Well reach the target in a month we set at the beginning of the year.

5. The book has helped me greatly in my daily communication， especially at work a good impression is a must.

6. English is a language shared by several diverse cultures， each of uses it differently.

7. Many countries are now setting up national parks animals and plants can be protected.

8. He wrote a letter he explained what had happened in the accident.

9. Maybe you leave a habit is driving your family crazy.

10. People should not do things will disturb their neighbors unnecessarily.

11. He filled his leather container so that he could bring some back to an elder had been his teacher.

12. Jane paused in front of a counter some attractive ties were on display.

13. The exact year Angela and her family spent together in China was 2013.

14. Among the many dangers sailors have to face， probably the greatest of all is fog.

15. Youll find taxis waiting at the bus station you can hire to reach your host family.

16. Have you sent thankyou notes to the relatives from you received gifts？

17. An ecosystem consists of the living and nonliving things in an area interact with one another.

18. The president of the World Bank says he has a passion for China， he remembers starting as early as his childhood.

19. Finally he reached a lonely island was completely cut off from the outside world.

20. There is no simple answer， is often the case in science.

21. Nowadays people are more concerned about the environment they live.

22. We have launched another manmade satellite， is announced in todays newspaper.

23. When I arrived， Bryan took me to see the house I would be staying.

24. The museum will open in the spring with an exhibition and a viewing platform visitors can watch the big glasshouses being built.

25. John invited about 40 people to his wedding， most of are family members.

26. Mo Yan was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2012， made one of the Chinese peoples longheld dreams come true.endprint

27. By 16：30， was almost closing time， nearly all the paintings had been sold.

28.A lot of language learning， has been discovered， is happening in the first year of life， so parents should talk much to their children during that period.

29. Care of the soul is a gradual process in even the small details of life should be considered.

30. After the flooding， people were suffering in that area， urgently needed clean water， medicine and shelter to survive.

（二）語法填空綜合訓(xùn)練

A

Nowadays， it is common that more and more high school students open their own microblogs on the Internet. For one thing， it can provide a colorful platform to show their talent. For 1， it is a useful way to release their pressure. And all these make it more and more popular with high school students， 2 many parents and teachers hold a different view. They think that managing ones microblog will take a lot of time and energy， 3 should be used to study.

In my view，I am greatly in favor 4 this activity. Today the Internet is playing 5 important and essential role in our life. Therefore as high school students of the Information Age， we need to learn to make use of this 6 （value） tool to communicate and display ourselves. Whats more， opening and organizing microblogs need various abilities such

7 writing， designing， being skillful at computer and so on. Only if we master those abilities can we make a successful microblog. As a result， we improve ourselves while 8 （organize） our microblogs.

In fact， microblog9 （oneself） is of little harm. It is your attitude towards it10 matters. We should take the advantages and avoid some bad effects.

B

Babara： You look 11 （tire）. Whats the matter with you？

Bob： Nothing serious. I want to have a job after graduation. I am under great pressure.

Babara：Do you find that 12 is difficult to find a suitable job this year？

Bob：Yes. Now college graduates 13 （encourage） to start their own business， 14sounds really good for us. In the meanwhile， we may know more about ourselves and society.

Babara：Yes， but it is not as easy 15 you imagine. For college students there are a lot of problems， especially the one of not having enough money. And our education doesnt provide enough knowledge on how to solve it.

Bob：Maybe you are right. But our government allows college graduates to borrow money from banks 16 maybe some can get money from their parents.endprint

Babara：But you have to pay back the money sooner or 17. So some college graduates prefer to live a 18 （peace） life rather than start their own businesses through jobhunting which is competitive.

Bob：Oh， they dont have dreams. But I have made 19my mind to achieve my dream. How about you？

Babara： Well， it always takes time to consider before 20（make） a decision.

參考答案與解析：

（一）單句語法填空

1.which。在題干中，先行詞為空前的名詞book，且關(guān)系詞在從句中做recommended的賓語，故應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞which做非限制性定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞。

2.which。children之后是非限制性定語從句，先行詞為空前的一句話內(nèi)容，且關(guān)系詞在從句中做主語，故填which。

3. where。先行詞為community activities，且關(guān)系詞在從句中做地點(diǎn)狀語，故用關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)定語從句。

4. which/ that。the target為先行詞，且關(guān)系詞在從句中做set的賓語，故用關(guān)系代詞which/ that引導(dǎo)定語從句。

5. where。句意為“這本書在日常交流中對(duì)我有很有幫助，尤其是在需要有良好印象的工作方面是必備的?！毕刃性~為空前的名詞work，且關(guān)系詞在從句中做地點(diǎn)狀語，故應(yīng)填關(guān)系副詞where。

6. which。several diverse cultures是先行詞，且關(guān)系詞在從句中做介詞of的賓語，故應(yīng)用which引導(dǎo)定語從句。

7.where。national parks為先行詞，且關(guān)系詞在從句中做地點(diǎn)狀語，故填where。

8. where?？涨暗拿~letter是先行詞，且關(guān)系詞在從句中做地點(diǎn)狀語，故填關(guān)系副詞where。

9.that/ which。先行詞為空前的名詞habit，且關(guān)系詞在從句中做主語，故應(yīng)用that/ which引導(dǎo)定語從句。

10.which/ that。在題干中，先行詞為things，且空白處在從句中做主語，故應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)定語從句。

11. who/ that。an elder是指人的先行詞，之后是其定語從句，且關(guān)系詞在從句中做主語，故填關(guān)系代詞who/ that。

12. where。counter為先行詞，且關(guān)系詞在從句中做地點(diǎn)狀語，故應(yīng)填關(guān)系副詞where。

13.which/ that。The exact year為定語從句的先行詞，關(guān)系詞在從句中做動(dòng)詞spent的賓語，故用關(guān)系代詞which/ that引導(dǎo)定語從句。

14.which/ that。the many dangers為先行詞，且關(guān)系詞在從句中做動(dòng)詞face的賓語，故應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞which/ that引導(dǎo)定語從句。

15.which/ that。taxis為先行詞，且關(guān)系詞在從句中做動(dòng)詞hire的賓語，故填which/ that。

16.whom。relatives為指人的先行詞，且關(guān)系詞在從句中做介詞from的賓語，故應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞whom引導(dǎo)定語從句。

17.that/ which。句意為“生態(tài)系統(tǒng)是由一個(gè)區(qū)域里相互作用的生物和非生物構(gòu)成的?！薄皌he living and nonliving things”為先行詞，且關(guān)系詞在從句中做主語，故用that/ which引導(dǎo)定語從句。

18.which。passion為先行詞，且關(guān)系詞在從句中做remembers的賓語，故用關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。

19.that/ which。a lonely island為先行詞，且關(guān)系詞在從句中做主語，故用關(guān)系代詞that/ which引導(dǎo)定語從句。

20. as。逗號(hào)后是非限制性定語從句，先行詞是逗號(hào)前的一句話內(nèi)容，且空白處在從句中做主語，故as符合題意（as is often the case為定語從句的常用句式，意為“通常就是這樣”）。

21. where。先行詞為environment，且關(guān)系詞在從句中做地點(diǎn)狀語，故用關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)定語從句。

22. which。逗號(hào)前的句子為定語從句的先行詞，且關(guān)系詞在從句中做主語，故應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。

23.where。house為先行詞，且空白處在從句中做地點(diǎn)狀語，故應(yīng)用關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)定語從句。

24. where。a viewing platform為表示地點(diǎn)的先行詞，且關(guān)系詞在從句中做地點(diǎn)狀語，故填where。

25.whom。先行詞為“40 people”，且關(guān)系詞在從句中做介詞of的賓語，故應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞whom引導(dǎo)定語從句。

26.which。逗號(hào)前的句子為先行詞，關(guān)系詞在從句中做主語，故應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。

27.which。16：30雖然是表示時(shí)間的先行詞，但是關(guān)系詞在從句中做主語，故應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。

28. as?！?has been discovered”為非限制性定語從句，先行詞為主句的一句話內(nèi)容，且關(guān)系詞在從句中做主語，結(jié)合語境“正如所發(fā)現(xiàn)的”，as與題意相符（as引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí)，有時(shí)有“正如”之意）。endprint

29.which。先行詞為空前的名詞process，且空白處在從句中做介詞in的賓語，故應(yīng)填關(guān)系代詞which。

30.who。people為定語從句的先行詞，且關(guān)系詞在非限制性定語從句中充當(dāng)主語，故填關(guān)系代詞who。

（二）語法填空綜合訓(xùn)練

A

1.another?？疾楣潭ù钆?。此處為固定結(jié)構(gòu)“for one thing… for another…”，意為“一方面……另一方面……”，故空格處填another。

2.but。考查并列連詞。空白處前后是兩個(gè)并列的句子，且空白處表示轉(zhuǎn)折，故轉(zhuǎn)折連詞but符合題意。

3.which?？疾槎ㄕZ從句。a lot of time and energy為先行詞，逗號(hào)后為非限制性定語從句，且關(guān)系詞在從句中做主語，故應(yīng)填which。

4.of?？疾榻樵~短語。根據(jù)空前及語境可知，此處為介詞短語in favor of，意為“支持，贊同”，故空白處填介詞of。

5.an?？疾閯?dòng)詞短語。play a role in為動(dòng)詞短語，意為“在……起作用”，由此結(jié)合空后的形容詞important可知，空白處應(yīng)填寫不定冠詞an。

6.valuable。考查形容詞?？瞻滋幵诰渲凶龆ㄕZ，故空白處填提示詞的形容詞形式。

7.as?？疾楣潭ù钆洹４颂帪楣潭ù钆鋝uch as，意為“例如”。

8.organizing?？疾槭÷院头侵^語動(dòng)詞。根據(jù)省略知識(shí)可知，while之后省略了we are，完整的句子為“while we are organizing our microblogs”，故空白處填提示詞的現(xiàn)在分詞形式。

9.itself。考查代詞。根據(jù)主語microblog可知，空白處應(yīng)該填寫反身代詞itself。

10.that。考查強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。題干為強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，對(duì)your attitude towards it進(jìn)行了強(qiáng)調(diào)，由此結(jié)合強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的特點(diǎn)可知，that與題意相符。

B

11.tired?？疾樾稳菰~?？瞻滋幵诰渲凶霰碚Z，且主語是人，故空白處應(yīng)用提示詞的過去分詞形式（分詞形容詞化）。

12.it?？疾榇~?？瞻滋帪樾问街髡Z，真正的主語是空后的不定式短語，故空白處填it。

13.are being encouraged?？疾閯?dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)。空白處與主語之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，由此結(jié)合句首的時(shí)間狀語和語境可知，空白處應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

14.which?？疾槎ㄕZ從句。逗號(hào)后為非限制性定語從句，先行詞為空前句子，且關(guān)系詞在從句中做主語，故空白處填which。

15.as?？疾楣潭ù钆洹８鶕?jù)空前內(nèi)容可知，此處為固定搭配as…as，故空白處填as。

16.and。考查并列連詞?？瞻滋幥昂笫莾蓚€(gè)并列的句子，由此結(jié)合語境可知，應(yīng)填and。

17.later?？疾楣潭ǘ陶Z。sooner or later為固定短語，意為“遲早”，故空格處填later。

18.peaceful?？疾樾稳菰~?？瞻滋幵诰渲凶龆ㄕZ，故空白處應(yīng)該填寫提示詞的形容詞形式。

19.up。考查動(dòng)詞短語。make up ones mind為動(dòng)詞短語，意為“下決心”，故空白處填up。

20.making?？疾榉侵^語動(dòng)詞。在題干中，before為介詞，之后應(yīng)該接動(dòng)名詞做賓語，故空白處填提示詞的動(dòng)名詞形式。endprint