黃婷苗， 鄭險峰*， 侯仰毅 ， 李 曉， 王朝輝, 2

(1西北農林科技大學資源環(huán)境學院/農業(yè)部西北植物營養(yǎng)與農業(yè)環(huán)境重點實驗室，陜西楊凌 712100；2西北農林科技大學， 旱區(qū)作物逆境生物學國家重點實驗室，陜西楊凌 712100)

秸稈還田對冬小麥產量和氮、磷、鉀吸收利用的影響

黃婷苗1， 鄭險峰1*， 侯仰毅1， 李 曉1， 王朝輝1, 2

(1西北農林科技大學資源環(huán)境學院/農業(yè)部西北植物營養(yǎng)與農業(yè)環(huán)境重點實驗室，陜西楊凌 712100；2西北農林科技大學， 旱區(qū)作物逆境生物學國家重點實驗室，陜西楊凌 712100)

秸稈還田； 冬小麥； 產量； 養(yǎng)分吸收； 養(yǎng)分調控

1 材料與方法

1.1 試驗時間、地點

圖1 2011年7月2013年5月試驗地點降水量Fig.1 The monthly precipitation from July 2011 to May 2013 at the experimental site[注(Note)： 資料來源于周至縣氣象局 Data from Meteorological Administration of Zhouzhi County, Shaanxi Province.]

1.2 試驗設計

1.3 測定項目與方法

1.3.1 土壤樣品 試驗開始前(2011年10月)，采用5點混合法取0—20 cm土層基礎土樣，風干后分別過1 mm和0.25 mm篩。有機質含量用油浴加熱—重鉻酸鉀容量法；全氮用濃硫酸消煮—半微量開氏法；硝態(tài)氮用1 mol/L氯化鉀浸提—連續(xù)流動分析儀測定；有效磷用0.5 mol/L碳酸氫鈉提取—鉬銻抗比色法；速效鉀用1 mol/L乙酸銨提取—火焰光度法；pH(水土比為2.5 ∶1)用電位法；土壤容重用環(huán)刀法測定[17]。

1.3.2 植株樣品 于冬小麥出苗后在各小區(qū)隨機選取3個1 m長的樣段，并標記，用于調查小麥田間分蘗數(shù)。在成熟期(2012年6月5日，2013年5月27日)采集植株樣品，各小區(qū)隨機選取3個1 m2具有代表性的樣點，風干后用脫粒機脫粒、稱重；取部分籽粒樣品，于65℃烘干至恒重，測定水分含量，計算小麥籽粒產量。同時，每個小區(qū)隨機采集3個1 m長的樣段混合后，沿根莖結合處剪掉根系，將地上部作為一個分析樣品，風干后分為籽粒、莖葉和穎殼三部分，分別稱重后，各取部分樣，于65℃烘干至恒重，計算各處理小麥收獲指數(shù)。各部位烘干樣粉碎后，用濃H2SO4-H2O2消煮，AA3連續(xù)流動分析儀測定氮、磷含量，火焰光度計測定鉀含量。小麥籽粒氮、磷、鉀含量，產量和生物量均以65℃烘干后的干物質量表示。

1.4 數(shù)據處理

地上部吸氮(磷、鉀)量(kg/hm2)=[籽粒含氮(磷、鉀)量(g/kg)×籽粒產量(kg/hm2)+莖葉含氮(磷、鉀)量(g/kg)×莖葉生物量(kg/hm2)+穎殼含氮(磷、鉀)量(g/kg)×穎殼生物量(kg/hm2)]/1000

氮(磷、鉀)收獲指數(shù)(%)=籽粒吸氮(磷、鉀)量(kg/hm2)/地上部吸氮(磷、鉀)量(kg/hm2)×100[18]

試驗數(shù)據用Excel 2007進行處理，SAS 8.1軟件進行方差分析，作圖工具為Sigmaplot 12.0。

圖2 玉米秸稈還田對冬小麥籽粒產量的影響Fig.2 Effects of the maize straw return to soil on grain yield of winter wheat[注(Note)： S0—玉米秸稈不還田Without maize straw return; S1—玉米秸稈還田With maize straw return. 圖中不同小、大寫字母分別表示秸稈不還田和秸稈還田條件下氮水平間的差異達5%顯著水平Different small and capital letters indicate differences among different N rates at the 5% level under the straw removal treatments and straw return to soil treatments, respectively.]

2 結果與分析

2.1 小麥籽粒產量

對小麥產量和施氮量的回歸分析(圖2)發(fā)現(xiàn)，秸稈還田與不還田的肥料效應曲線相交，與不還田相比，秸稈還田小麥有低施氮量減產、高氮量時增產的趨勢。第一年，施氮量低于N 153 kg/hm2時，秸稈還田處理的產量低于不還田處理，不施氮時，秸稈還田的籽粒產量為3427 kg/hm2，比不還田處理減少3.0%，當施氮量高于N 153 kg/hm2時，秸稈還田處理的小麥產量增加，施氮量252和336 kg/hm2時，產量分別為7077和7320 kg/hm2，比不還田處理增加3.2%和7.2%。第二年，兩條曲線交點處施氮量為N 187 kg/hm2，不施氮肥時，秸稈還田的小麥產量為4317 kg/hm2，比不還田減產8.4%；施氮量為N 252和336 kg/hm2時，小麥產量分別為5801和5833 kg/hm2，比不還田處理增加2.4%和5.6%。由此可見，秸稈還田后小麥是否增產受氮肥用量的影響。秸稈還田與不還田兩個處理的產量曲線相交，施氮量低于交點值時，秸稈還田小麥減產；高于此值則增產，且增產量隨著氮肥用量的增大更加明顯。

2.2 小麥生物量

對生物量與施氮量進行回歸分析，其結果(圖3)表明，秸稈還田對小麥生物量的影響與產量有相似的趨勢，即低氮降低、高氮增加。第一年，施氮量低于N 190 kg/hm2時，秸稈還田的小麥生物量降低，高于N 190 kg/hm2時，生物量增加。不施氮肥和施純氮N 84 kg/hm2時，秸稈還田處理的生物量分別為9634和13032 kg/hm2，比不還田處理降低5.0%和3.5%；施氮量提高到N 336 kg/hm2時，生物量為17732 kg/hm2，比不還田處理增加8.9%。第二年，施氮量為N 202 kg/hm2時，秸稈還田與不還田的小麥生物量(10811 kg/hm2)相等，不施氮肥時，秸稈還田的小麥生物量為8068 kg/hm2，比不還田處理降低11.3%，差異達顯著水平；施氮量為N 336 kg/hm2時，比不還田處理增加5.6%?？梢?，要使秸稈還田條件下的生物量高于不還田，氮肥用量應不低于N 190 kg/hm2。

對小麥收獲指數(shù)的分析表明，秸稈還田與否沒有顯著影響，但低施氮量(N 0和84 kg/hm2)時，秸稈還田的小麥收獲指數(shù)有增加趨勢。施氮量為N 0、 84、 168、 252和336 kg/hm2時，第一年秸稈還田和不還田的小麥收獲指數(shù)分別為35.6%、39.4%、40.9%、41.4%、41.3%和34.9%、38.6%、40.4%、41.4%、42.0%，第二年分別為53.5%、53.1%、52.7%、52.2%、51.6%和51.8%、52.2%、52.2%、52.0%和51.6%。說明秸稈還田條件下，施氮量不足N 168 kg/hm2時，由于氮素相對缺乏，小麥生長受到抑制，會將有限的干物質更多地向籽粒轉移。

圖3 玉米秸稈還田對冬小麥生物量的影響Fig.3 Effects of the maize straw return to soil on biomass of winter wheat[注(Note)： 圖中不同小、大寫字母分別表示秸稈不還田和秸稈還田條件下氮水平間的差異達5%顯著水平Different small and capital letters indicate differences among different N rates at the 5% level under the straw removal treatments and straw return to soil treatments, respectively. “#”表示同一氮水平玉米秸稈還田與不還田處理間差異達到5%顯著水平 Indicates that the differences between the maize straw return to soil and straw removal treatments under the same N rate at the 5% level. S0—玉米秸稈不還田Without maize straw return; S1—玉米秸稈還田With maize straw return.]

2.3 小麥冬前分蘗與產量構成要素

表1表明，秸稈還田對小麥冬前分蘗和公頃穗數(shù)的影響也呈現(xiàn)出低氮降低，高氮增加的趨勢，在試驗的第2年更為明顯。第一年，不施氮秸稈還田處理的冬前分蘗和公頃穗數(shù)分別比不還田處理降低7.9%和17.3%，第二年，不施氮肥和施氮量N 84 kg/hm2時，冬前分蘗分別降低6.8%和6.0%，公頃穗數(shù)分別降低10.3%和5.1%，但當施氮量增至N 252 kg/hm2時，小麥穗數(shù)比不還田處理增加11.0%，差異達顯著水平。

2.4 小麥籽粒氮、磷、鉀含量

表1 小麥冬前分蘗數(shù)和公頃穗數(shù)Table 1 Tiller number before winter and spike number per hectare

注(Note): S0—玉米秸稈不還田Without maize straw return; S1—玉米秸稈還田With maize straw return. 同行數(shù)據后不同大寫字母表示玉米秸稈還田與不還田的差異達5%顯著水平 Values followed by different capital letters in same row are significantly different between treatments of the maize straw return to soil or not at the 5% level in the same year; 同列數(shù)據后不同小寫字母表示氮水平間的差異達5%顯著水平Values followed by different small letters in a column are significantly different among different N rates at the 5% level.

表2 小麥籽粒氮、磷、鉀含量(g/kg)Table 2 Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents in wheat grain

注(Note): S0—玉米秸稈不還田Without maize straw return; S1—玉米秸稈還田With maize straw return. 同行數(shù)據后不同大寫字母表示玉米秸稈還田與不還田的差異達5%顯著水平Values followed by different capital letters in same row are significantly different between treatments of the maize straw return to soil or not at the 5% level in the same year; 同列數(shù)據后不同小寫字母表示氮水平間的差異達5%顯著水平Values followed by different small letters in a column are significantly different among different N rates at the 5% level.

2.5 小麥氮素吸收與利用

從圖4可以看出，在低氮量時，秸稈還田較秸稈不還田處理的小麥地上部吸氮量降低，施氮量高時則相反。前后兩年氮肥用量分別低于N 275和200 kg/hm2時，秸稈還田的小麥吸氮量低于不還田；第一年，施氮量為N 168 kg/hm2時，小麥吸氮量比不還田處理顯著降低13.6%，第二年不施氮肥和施氮N 84 kg/hm2時，分別降低8.2%和5.4%。兩年氮肥用量分別高于N 275和200 kg/hm2時，秸稈還田的小麥吸氮量增加，施氮N 336 kg/hm2時，第一年和第二年的吸氮量分別比不還田處理增加6.4%和10.3%?？梢?，由于還田的秸稈腐解需要消耗一部分氮素，導致小麥地上部吸氮量降低、氮素累積下降，但施氮量充足時，這一影響不僅可以消除，秸稈還田還能促進小麥吸收更多的氮素。

圖4 玉米秸稈還田對冬小麥地上部吸氮量的影響Fig.4 Effects of the maize straw return to soil on nitrogen uptake in aboveground of winter wheat[注(Note)： 圖中不同小、大寫字母分別表示秸稈不還田和秸稈還田條件下氮水平間的差異達5%顯著水平 Different small and capital letters indicate differences among different N rates at the 5% level under the straw removal treatments and straw return to soil treatments, respectively. “#”表示同一氮水平玉米秸稈還田與不還田處理間差異達到5%顯著水平 Indicates that the differences among means of the maize straw return to soil and straw removal treatments under the same N rate at the 5% level. S0—玉米秸稈不還田Without maize straw return; S1—玉米秸稈還田With maize straw return.]

試驗結果還表明，秸稈還田的氮收獲指數(shù)在低施氮量時增加，施氮量高時無差異。第一年秸稈還田和不還田不同施氮水平的氮素收獲指數(shù)分別為78.1%、81.4%、79.7%、79.1%、79.0%和73.9%、78.9%、82.2%、78.3%、76.0%，第二年分別為82.3%、82.4%、79.5%、79.1%、79.2%和80.9%、80.0%、80.1%、79.1%、79.6%。說明施氮量低時，作物氮素營養(yǎng)不足，秸稈還田小麥將更多的氮素轉向籽粒，以保證籽粒正常生長所需的氮營養(yǎng)。

2.6 小麥磷素吸收與利用

秸稈還田對磷的收獲指數(shù)亦無顯著影響，但施氮量較低(N 0和84 kg/hm2)時，與不還田相比，秸稈還田的磷收獲指數(shù)有增加趨勢。隨著施氮量的增加，第一年，秸稈還田和不還田的磷收獲指數(shù)分別為69.0%、75.0%、74.0%、78.4%、80.7%和67.0%、73.4%、74.5%、77.6%、79.1%，第二年分別為89.1%、87.6%、87.3%、87.2%、86.6%和87.1%、87.0%、87.1%、87.8%、86.1%。

圖5 玉米秸稈還田對冬小麥地上部吸磷量的影響Fig.5 Effects of the maize straw return to soil on phosphorus uptake in aboveground of winter wheat[注(Note)： 圖中不同小、大寫字母分別表示秸稈不還田和秸稈還田條件下氮水平間的差異達5%顯著水平 Different small and capital letters indicate differences among different N rates at the 5% level under the straw removal treatments and straw return to soil treatments, respectively. “#”表示同一氮水平玉米秸稈還田與不還田處理間差異達到5%顯著水平 Indicates that the differences among means of the maize straw return to soil and straw removal treatments under the same N rate at the 5% level. S0—玉米秸稈不還田Without maize straw return; S1—玉米秸稈還田With maize straw return.]

2.7 小麥鉀素吸收與利用

圖6 玉米秸稈還田對冬小麥地上部吸鉀量的影響Fig.6 Effects of the maize straw return to soil on potassium uptake in aboveground of winter wheat[注(Note)： 圖中不同小、大寫字母分別表示秸稈不還田和秸稈還田條件下氮水平間的差異達5%顯著水平Different small and capital letters indicate differences among different N rates at the 5% level under the straw removal treatments and straw return to soil treatments, respectively. S0—玉米秸稈不還田Without maize straw return; S1—玉米秸稈還田With maize straw return.]

低氮時秸稈還田處理的鉀收獲指數(shù)增加，尤其在試驗持續(xù)到第二年時更加明顯，高氮量時無顯著影響。不同氮水平時，第一年秸稈還田與不還田的鉀收獲指數(shù)分別為16.4%、15.5%、13.1%、16.3%、13.8%和15.1%、15.1%、15.4%、12.8%、12.5%，第二年分別為21.2%、21.6%、19.4%、18.5%、17.5%和19.9%、19.6%、19.5%、18.4%、17.2%。說明施氮量低時，秸稈還田的小麥莖葉中鉀素殘留減少，向籽粒轉移的比例增加。

3 討論

3.1 秸稈還田的小麥產量及其構成要素

在產量構成要素中，同一施氮水平時，秸稈還田對小麥的穗粒數(shù)和千粒重沒有明顯影響，而穗數(shù)表現(xiàn)為低氮量下減少，施氮量高時增加，與產量的變化趨勢一致。說明公頃穗數(shù)變化是影響秸稈還田小麥產量的直接原因。主要是因為氮素不足時，在小麥生長前期，如有新鮮有機物的加入，使微生物活動加強，土壤養(yǎng)分過度消耗，后期氮素供應不足，導致形成的無效分蘗增多、有效穗數(shù)降低[20]；氮素充足時，不僅滿足了微生物分解秸稈需要的氮素，充足的氮素也可保障小麥正常生長，穗數(shù)增加。在山東泰安的試驗發(fā)現(xiàn)，施氮量較高時(N 240 kg/hm2)，玉米秸稈還田耙耕處理小麥穗數(shù)增加6.7%，產量增加4.7%[21]。因此，玉米秸稈還田條件下，根據目標產量，同時應補充供微生物活動和作物正常生長需要的氮素，是獲得小麥增產的關鍵。

3.2 秸稈還田小麥籽粒氮磷鉀含量及其吸收利用

本試驗中，秸稈還田對小麥籽粒氮磷鉀含量均無明顯影響，但第一年施氮量分別低于N 275、123和213 kg/hm2，第二年分別低于N 200、165和241 kg/hm2時，秸稈還田小麥氮、磷、鉀吸收量降低，超過這一施氮量時，氮磷鉀吸收量增加。河南小麥玉米輪作試驗發(fā)現(xiàn)，不施氮肥，秸稈還田小麥地上部吸氮量降低7.6%，施氮量提高到N 270和360 kg/hm2時，地上部吸氮量分別增加5.5%和7.9%[10]。印度西北部田間試驗也證明，稻草不還田、推薦施氮N 120 kg/hm2時，還田小麥吸氮量降低9.8%，氮肥利用率降低21%[22]?？梢姡捎诮斩捀庑枰牡?，氮肥不足時，土壤中可利用的氮素減少，抑制了作物地上部氮的吸收和累積。氮磷、氮鉀間也存在明顯的正交互作用[23]，氮素不足導致小麥磷鉀吸收降低。氮肥充足時，一方面可為土壤提供足夠的養(yǎng)分“源”[24]，另一方面，可促進對磷鉀吸收[25-26]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，低氮時秸稈還田有增加氮磷鉀收獲指數(shù)的趨勢。說明生長后期土壤氮素供應不足、難以滿足作物的氮營養(yǎng)需求時，小麥會將吸收的養(yǎng)分更多地從莖稈轉運到籽粒。田間水稻試驗也發(fā)現(xiàn)，不施氮肥時，與小麥秸稈不還田相比，秸稈還田能顯著提高水稻氮磷鉀收獲指數(shù)[27]。

3.3 秸稈還田小麥增產高效的養(yǎng)分調控

4 結論

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Yield and N, P and K uptake and utilization of winter wheat affected by straw return to soil

HUANG Ting-miao1, ZHENG Xian-feng1*, HOU Yang-yi1, LI Xiao1, WANG Zhao-hui1,2

(1CollegeofNaturalResourcesandEnvironment,NorthwestA&FUniversity/KeyLaboratoryofPlantNutritionandAgro-environmentinNorthwestChina,MinistryofAgriculture,Yangling,Shaanxi712100,China;2NorthwestA&FUniversity/StateKeyLaboratoryofCropStressBiologyinAridAreas,Yangling,Shaanxi712100,China)

【Objectives】Guanzhong Plain in Shaanxi province is a typical winter wheat-summer maize rotation region in China, where maize straw returned to soil before winter wheat sowing is one of main crop straw management patterns. In order to increase crop yield and fertilizer utilization efficiency by optimizing nutrient management of winter wheat under the maize straw return to soil, a two-year location-fixed field experiment was carried out to explore the best nutrient management measure for high yield and high efficiency production of winter wheat when the straw was returned to soil in Guanzhong Plain. 【Methods】 The field experiment was initiated in October 2011 and ended in May 2013 at Zhongnan town, Zhouzhi county in Shaanxi province. Local winter wheat cultivar of Zhoumai 23 and summer maize cultivar of Zhengdan 958 were used as test crops. The experiment was arranged in a split block design with two main treatments and five subplots. The main treatments included all the maize straw return to soil (S1) and all straw removal treatment (S0), and the subplots were five N application rates of 0, 84, 168, 252 and 336 kg/hm2with four replicates. Effects of the maize straw return to soil on grain yield of the following wheat and its nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (N, P and K) uptake and utilization were studied. 【Results】 The results show that the winter wheat grain yield and the amounts of N, P and K uptake in aboveground part at the maturity stage are decreased when the N rate is low under the straw return, while they are increased under the high N rates, compared with the maize straw removal treatment. The grain yields are decreased under the straw return treatments when the N rates are lower than 153 and 187 kg/hm2, respectively in the first and second year, and the yields are increased when the N rates are higher than them, even with more yield increases under much higher N rates. The response of the biomass to the straw return is the same as the grain yield, and under the same amount of biomass and the maize straw return or removal, the N rates are 190 and 202 kg/hm2in the first and second year, respectively. Among the wheat yield component factors, grain number per spike and 1000-grain weight are not significantly affected by the straw return under the same N rate, while the spike number per hectare is different, and the increased grain yield under the straw return condition at higher N rate is mainly caused by the enhanced spike number. The amounts of N, P and K uptake in aboveground part of winter wheat are increased by the straw return when the N application rates are higher than 275, 123 and 213 kg/hm2in the first year and 200, 165 and 241 kg/hm2in the second year, respectively, but their harvest indexes are not in the increasing tendency under high levels of N rates. Also, the reduction of P concentration in winter wheat grain is found due to over-fertilization of nitrogen.【Conclusions】 Comprehensive consideration of the changes of winter wheat grain yield, N, P and K uptake and their utilization in aboveground part under the same N level and the straw return to soil condition, the N application rates for winter wheat are suggested to be within the range of N 150 to 200 kg/hm2in the winter wheat-summer maize rotation region of Guanzhong Plain for ensuring higher wheat yield and utilization efficiencies of N, P and K nutrient resource when the maize straw is returned to soil before winter wheat sowing.

straw return; winter wheat; yield; nutrient uptake; nutrient management

2014-03-10 接受日期： 2014-05-09 網絡出版日期： 2015-05-06

國家現(xiàn)代農業(yè)產業(yè)技術體系建設專項 (CARS-3-1-31)；國家公益性行業(yè)(農業(yè))科研專項經費項目(201303104)；西北農林科技大學基本科研業(yè)務費專項(Z109021202)資助。

黃婷苗(1990—)，女，山西運城人，碩士研究生，主要從事植物營養(yǎng)與調控研究。E-mail: woshitmiao@163.com * 通信作者 E-mail: zhengxf@nwsuaf.edu.cn

S512.01； S141.4

A

1008-505X(2015)04-0853-11