關(guān)于細(xì)菌又有新研究了!美國(guó)俄勒岡大學(xué)的研究人員通過(guò)實(shí)驗(yàn)證明每個(gè)人身上的微生物群每時(shí)每刻都在向周遭的空氣散發(fā)數(shù)百萬(wàn)細(xì)菌,這是人類所擁有的獨(dú)特的“微生物云簽名”。這可不僅僅是個(gè)性簽名那么簡(jiǎn)單。想一想,這種如同指紋一樣獨(dú)一無(wú)二的細(xì)菌云在案件偵查方面將會(huì)起到至關(guān)重要的作用。思維縝密的罪犯或許可以擦掉留在犯罪現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的指紋,但這細(xì)菌云卻是抹不掉的。罪犯?jìng)?,顫抖吧?/p>
Wherever You Go, Your Personal Cloud of Microbes Follows
Kelly McEvers (Host): You can’t see it, but every one of us is walking around in a cloud, a cloud formed by millions of 1)microorganisms 2)spewing from our bodies. That is the conclusion of a study released today. NPR health correspondent Rob Stein reports the findings could lead to new ways to understand and use the microbiomes that live in and around each of us.
Rob Stein (Byline): A lot of people probably know this character, from the cartoon, Peanuts.
(Soundbite of Film, Happiness Is a Warm Blanket, Charlie Brown)
Ciara Bravo: (As Patty) Pigpen, you’re a disgrace.
Stein: Pigpen’s the little kid who walks around in a cloud of dirt whose friends, like Violet, are always giving him grief.
(Soundbite of Film, Happiness Is a Warm Blanket, Charlie Brown)
Shane Baumel: (As Pigpen) What’s the matter?
Blesst Bowden: (As Violet) What’s the matter, he asks? You’re a mess when you eat, a mess when you play and a mess when you’re just standing still.
James Meadow: Yeah, it turns out that that kid is all of us.
Stein: James Meadow led the new research at the University of Oregon.
Meadow: It’s just a 3)microscopic, invisible cloud that’s really hard to see.
Stein: Because our clouds aren’t dirt, they’re microscopic bacteria and other organisms. You see, we all carry around millions of microorganisms—bacteria, 4)fungi, viruses. Most of them aren’t dangerous. In fact, they help us in lots of ways. Scientists call this our microbiome.
Meadow: A lot of recent work on the human microbiome has revealed that we’re kind of spilling our microbiome all over our houses and our offices and the people around us.
Stein: By touching them, sharing objects, beds. But Meadow and his colleagues wanted to see if we’re also spewing our microbial companions into the air around us. So they studied the air around 11 volunteers as they sat alone, one by one, in a special sealed booth for four hours.
Meadow: And the results really surprised us.
Stein: Not only could they clearly detect 5)plumes containing thousands of different types of bacteria, they could tell all sorts of things from the clouds, like whether they came from a man or a woman. And they realized each person’s cloud is sort of like a 6)fingerprint.
Meadow: We each give off a slightly different cocktail of those bacteria. There’s just really subtle differences, and you can tell that different people give off a slightly different cocktail. We could actually tell people apart.
Stein: Meadow says this raises all kinds of possibilities, like someday maybe being able to identify a murder suspect by reading the microbial cloud he or she left behind at the scene of a crime.
Meadow: You know, there’s a lot of reasons why we might want to know if some 7)nefarious character’s been in the certain room in the last few hours, and maybe there’s a way to use microbes for that.
Stein: Other scientists agree. Rob Knight studies the microbiome at the University of California, San Diego.
Rob Knight: What’s exciting about this is, in addition to showing that we leave microbes behind on surfaces we touch, this also shows that we release our personal microbes into the air of the spaces we inhabit.
Stein: The research could also explain how we get our microbes in the first place.
Knight: We know that if you live with people, and even if you just work with people, your microbial community has come to resemble theirs. And in the past, we mostly thought that that was due to touch. It may be just that you’re releasing microbes into the air and some of those microbes are colonizing the people you’re with.
Stein: Knight thinks we’ve just begun to understand what our microbes could tell us.
Knight: We’re finding out that our microbes have a tremendous amount of data in them, right? And if you think about that as a data recording device that we’re just beginning to read out now, your microbes may contain a tremendous amount of information about where you’ve been, who you’ve been in contact with and so forth.
Stein: So Pigpen may not have been so far off after all.
(Soundbite of Film, Happiness Is a Warm Blanket, Charlie Brown)
Baumel: (As Pigpen) Sort of makes you want to treat me with more respect, doesn’t it?
(Soundbite of Film, Happiness Is a Warm Blanket, Charlie Brown)
凱莉·麥克弗斯(主持人):我們當(dāng)中的每個(gè)人都走在一團(tuán)云狀物中,盡管你不能看見(jiàn)它。這團(tuán)云狀物是由數(shù)百萬(wàn)從我們身體里噴涌而出的微生物形成的。那是今天(編者注:文中的今天指2015年9月22日)發(fā)布的一個(gè)研究結(jié)果。美國(guó)國(guó)家公共電臺(tái)健康頻道的通訊記者羅布·斯坦報(bào)道稱,這個(gè)研究結(jié)果可以使我們獲得認(rèn)識(shí)和利用生活在我們體內(nèi)或我們周圍的菌群的新方法。
羅布·斯坦(撰稿人):很多人可能會(huì)從《花生漫畫(huà)》(注:《花生漫畫(huà)》是一部長(zhǎng)篇連載的美國(guó)漫畫(huà),作者為查爾斯·舒爾茨。漫畫(huà)的主人公為查理·布朗,以及其飼養(yǎng)的米格魯獵兔犬史努比。后來(lái),該漫畫(huà)還出現(xiàn)了諸如露茜、萊納斯、乒乓、莎莉·布朗等知名的個(gè)性角色)里認(rèn)識(shí)這個(gè)角色。
(電影《幸福是一條溫暖的毛毯》片段)
西婭拉·布拉沃:(帕蒂的配音員)乒乓,你真丟人。
斯坦:乒乓是一個(gè)小孩子,他走在一團(tuán)灰塵中,他的朋友們,比如說(shuō)維奧莉特,總是在指責(zé)他。
(電影《幸福是一條溫暖的毛毯》片段)
沙恩·鮑梅爾:(乒乓的配音員)怎么了?
布萊斯特·鮑登:(維奧萊特的配音員)怎么了?他竟然問(wèn)怎么了。你吃飯的時(shí)候是一團(tuán)糟,玩的時(shí)候是一團(tuán)糟,就連你站著不動(dòng)的時(shí)候也是一團(tuán)糟。
詹姆斯·梅多:是的,事實(shí)是那個(gè)孩子就是我們大家。
斯坦:來(lái)自俄勒岡大學(xué)的詹姆斯·梅多引領(lǐng)著這項(xiàng)新的研究。
梅多:這是一團(tuán)微觀的,無(wú)形的,真的很難看見(jiàn)的云狀物。
斯坦:因?yàn)槲覀兊脑茽钗锊皇腔覊m,而是微觀的細(xì)菌和其他微生物。你知道的,我們都帶有數(shù)百萬(wàn)微生物——細(xì)菌、真菌、病毒。這些微生物大多數(shù)都是無(wú)害的。事實(shí)上,它們?cè)诤芏喾矫鎸?duì)我們有幫助。科學(xué)家把它們稱為我們的菌群。
梅多:最近,很多關(guān)于人類菌群的實(shí)驗(yàn)揭示我們?cè)谀撤N程度上把我們的菌群到處散發(fā)到我們的家里、辦公室里和我們周圍的人身上。
斯坦:通過(guò)接觸它們,共用物品、床(等方式)。但是梅多和他的同事想要知道我們是否也把我們的微生物同伴噴到我們周圍的空氣中。所以他們找來(lái)11名志愿者,讓他們一個(gè)接一個(gè)地在一個(gè)特別的密封隔間里獨(dú)自坐四小時(shí),然后研究他們周圍的空氣。
梅多:實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果真的令人吃驚。
斯坦:他們不僅能很明顯地檢測(cè)到包含有數(shù)千種不同細(xì)菌的“云霧”,還能從這些云狀物里區(qū)分出各種東西,比如說(shuō)它們是來(lái)自男的還是女的。他們還了解到每個(gè)人的云狀物在某種程度上都像一個(gè)指紋。
梅多:我們每個(gè)人都會(huì)釋放出稍微不同的細(xì)菌混合物。這些差異真的很細(xì)微。你可以辨別出不同的人釋放出稍微不同的混合物。事實(shí)上,我們可以把人們區(qū)別開(kāi)來(lái)。
斯坦:梅多說(shuō)這激發(fā)了各種可能性,比如說(shuō)將來(lái)某天(我們)可能做到識(shí)別一個(gè)殺人嫌疑犯,通過(guò)分析他或她在犯罪現(xiàn)場(chǎng)留下的微生物云團(tuán)。
梅多:你知道的,有很多原因可以解釋我們可能想知道一些邪惡的人是否在過(guò)去幾個(gè)小時(shí)里曾在一間特定的房間待過(guò),或許利用菌群是一種解決方法。
斯坦:其他科學(xué)家也同意這種說(shuō)法。來(lái)自加利福尼亞大學(xué)圣地亞哥分校的羅布·奈特是菌群的研究人員。
羅布·奈特:關(guān)于這很令人激動(dòng)的是,除了表明我們?cè)诮佑|過(guò)的物體表面留下微生物外,還表明了我們也釋放個(gè)人的微生物到所居住地方的空氣里。
斯坦:這項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)也解釋了我們從一開(kāi)始是怎樣獲得這些微生物的。
奈特:我們了解到如果你和某些人住在一起,甚至僅僅是和某些人一起工作,你的微生物群會(huì)變得和他們的很相似。在過(guò)去,大多數(shù)人認(rèn)為這歸結(jié)于接觸。(但現(xiàn)在我們認(rèn)為)這可能是因?yàn)槟汜尫盼⑸锏娇諝饫铮渲械囊恍┪⑸镛D(zhuǎn)移到和你在一起的人身上。
斯坦:奈特認(rèn)為我們剛剛開(kāi)始認(rèn)識(shí)到我們的微生物能告訴我們什么。
奈特:我們發(fā)現(xiàn)我們的微生物包含有數(shù)量驚人的數(shù)據(jù),對(duì)吧?如果你把這看作是數(shù)據(jù)記錄儀,我們正從中讀取數(shù)據(jù),你的微生物有可能會(huì)包含非常多的信息,這些信息包括你曾去過(guò)的地方、你接觸過(guò)的人等等。
斯坦:這樣的話,(成為)乒乓也許終究不那么遙遠(yuǎn)。
(電影《幸福是一條溫暖的毛毯》片段)
鮑梅爾:(乒乓的配音員)這多少可以讓你們想要尊重一下我,不是嗎?
(電影《幸福是一條溫暖的毛毯》片段)