戴 洪,郝宏瑩,邵 明,陳 彪
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中國(guó)帕金森病患者認(rèn)知功能障礙與COMT基因多態(tài)性及其相關(guān)因素分析
戴 洪1,郝宏瑩2,邵 明3*,陳 彪4
(1總參警衛(wèi)局衛(wèi)生保健處,北京 100017;2青島大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬煙臺(tái)毓璜頂醫(yī)院神經(jīng)科重癥監(jiān)護(hù)室,煙臺(tái) 264000;3重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬四川省康復(fù)醫(yī)院神經(jīng)康復(fù)科,成都 611135;4首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)宣武醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科及神經(jīng)生物學(xué)研究室,北京腦重大疾病研究院帕金森病重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,北京 100063)
認(rèn)知功能障礙是帕金森?。≒D)患者嚴(yán)重的非運(yùn)動(dòng)癥狀,即使在疾病的早期也常出現(xiàn)。本研究旨在分析兒茶酚?O?甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶(COMT)基因多態(tài)性及其相關(guān)因素與PD認(rèn)知功能障礙的關(guān)聯(lián)性。在全國(guó)29家帕金森病研究協(xié)作醫(yī)院組成的中國(guó)帕金森病研究協(xié)作組(CPSG)征集1 087例PD患者,詳細(xì)詢問(wèn)病史按照是否伴有認(rèn)知功能障礙分為認(rèn)知功能障礙組(385例)及非認(rèn)知功能障礙組(702例),并檢測(cè)COMT基因的多態(tài)性。用2檢驗(yàn)及Fisher精確概率法分析比較PD認(rèn)知功能障礙與COMT基因型之間的關(guān)聯(lián),并利用二分類logistic回歸分析法篩選PD認(rèn)知功能障礙的危險(xiǎn)因素。認(rèn)知功能障礙組與非認(rèn)知功能障礙組相比,兩組間COMT基因型及等位基因差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(>0.05)。logistic回歸分析結(jié)果顯示發(fā)病年齡、Hoehn-Yahr分期、PD綜合評(píng)分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ評(píng)分與認(rèn)知功能障礙呈正相關(guān),即發(fā)病年齡越大、Hoehn-Yahr分期越高、UPDRSⅢ評(píng)分越高的患者越容易發(fā)生認(rèn)知功能障礙。PD患者認(rèn)知功能障礙與疾病嚴(yán)重程度及發(fā)病年齡相關(guān)。
帕金森??;兒茶酚?O?甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶;認(rèn)知功能障礙
帕金森?。≒arkinson’s disease,PD)是一種常見的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)變性疾病,主要臨床表現(xiàn)是靜止性震顫、肌僵直、運(yùn)動(dòng)減少和姿勢(shì)不穩(wěn)等運(yùn)動(dòng)癥狀以及抑郁、睡眠障礙和認(rèn)知功能障礙等非運(yùn)動(dòng)癥狀。其中認(rèn)知功能障礙是PD最嚴(yán)重的非運(yùn)動(dòng)癥狀之一,即使在疾病的早期也常出現(xiàn)[1,2]。最常受影響的認(rèn)知功能包括執(zhí)行、記憶、注意力轉(zhuǎn)移控制等功能,這些功能障礙可能與紋狀體前多巴胺通路功能障礙相關(guān)。而兒茶酚?O?甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶(catechol-O-methyltransferase,COMT)是體內(nèi)多巴胺降解的關(guān)鍵酶,其基因多態(tài)性與COMT高、中或低活性相關(guān)。因此研究者們推測(cè)COMT基因多態(tài)性可能與認(rèn)知功能障礙具有一定的關(guān)聯(lián)性。我們檢測(cè)了全國(guó)范圍內(nèi)1 087例PD患者的COMT單核苷酸突變位點(diǎn)rs4680的基因多態(tài)性,同時(shí)詳細(xì)詢問(wèn)其病史,并分析PD患者認(rèn)知功能障礙的相關(guān)因素。
選擇自2008年7月至2012年8月由中國(guó)帕金森病研究協(xié)作組(CPSG)收集的來(lái)自全國(guó)29家研究協(xié)作醫(yī)院的1 087例PD患者,每名患者由兩名PD??漆t(yī)師分別進(jìn)行病史詢問(wèn)、指導(dǎo)患者完成PD量表并進(jìn)行評(píng)分。1 087例PD患者年齡63.0(55.0,70.0)歲,病程3.0(1.0,6.0)。其中男性631例,女性456例。所有PD患者診斷均符合英國(guó)腦庫(kù)PD診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[3],研究方案通過(guò)首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)宣武醫(yī)院及各研究中心當(dāng)?shù)貍惱砦瘑T會(huì)審查,所有患者均簽署知情同意書。
對(duì)所有PD患者進(jìn)行詳細(xì)的病史詢問(wèn),包括發(fā)病年齡、病程及詳細(xì)的用藥情況。簡(jiǎn)易智能精神狀態(tài)檢查量表(Mini-Mental State Examination,MMSE)是臨床、科研及社區(qū)工作中最有名及應(yīng)用最廣的對(duì)認(rèn)知功能障礙進(jìn)行全面評(píng)估的工具[4],主要通過(guò)定向力、記憶力、注意力和計(jì)算力、回憶能力、語(yǔ)言能力等5個(gè)方面評(píng)估患者是否存在認(rèn)知功能障礙。MMSE總分30分,27~30分者為認(rèn)知功能正常,≤27分者表示有認(rèn)知功能障礙。將1 087例中國(guó)PD患者按照是否伴有認(rèn)知功能障礙分為認(rèn)知功能障礙組(385例)及非認(rèn)知功能障礙組(702例)。認(rèn)知功能障礙組,發(fā)病年齡(60.0±10.4)歲;非認(rèn)知功能障礙組,發(fā)病年齡(57.0±10.7)歲。
由經(jīng)過(guò)專門培訓(xùn)的神經(jīng)內(nèi)科醫(yī)師統(tǒng)一完成帕金森病綜合評(píng)定量表(Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale,UPDRS)評(píng)分和Hoehn-Yahr分期評(píng)定。
患者入組時(shí)取肘靜脈血5ml,置于乙二胺四乙酸(ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid,EDTA)抗凝管,提取并純化DNA。參照相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)設(shè)計(jì)引物[5],擴(kuò)增編碼為COMT(rs4680)的基因。COMT(rs4680)基因的引物序列為F:5'-TCGTGGAGG- CCGTGATTCAGG-3',R:5'-AGGTCTGACAAC- GGGTCAGGC-3',其PCR產(chǎn)物大小為217bp。采用Sanger雙脫氧鏈終止法(ABI3700xl測(cè)序儀,美國(guó))對(duì)PCR產(chǎn)物進(jìn)行基因測(cè)序(正向測(cè)序)。
Hoehn-Yahr分期及UPDRS評(píng)分是評(píng)估PD病情嚴(yán)重程度的工具,評(píng)分越高,PD病情越重。與非認(rèn)知功能障礙組比較,認(rèn)知功能障礙組的Hoehn-Yahr Ⅲ及UPDRS的評(píng)分均偏高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(<0.05;表1)。
基因分布情況如表2所示。用2檢驗(yàn)及Fisher精確概率法比較分析兩組間基因型及等位基因分布差異,結(jié)果顯示兩組間比較基因型及等位基因差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(>0.05)。
將1 087例PD患者的年齡、起病年齡、病程、UPDRSⅢ評(píng)分、Hoehn-Yahr分期、COMT基因型數(shù)據(jù)與MMSE評(píng)分同時(shí)引入二分類logistic回歸模型,以逐步向前法進(jìn)行認(rèn)知功能障礙的危險(xiǎn)因素篩查(表3),結(jié)果顯示發(fā)病年齡、Hoehn-Yahr分期、UPDRSⅢ評(píng)分與認(rèn)知功能障礙正相關(guān),即發(fā)病年齡越大、Hoehn-Yahr分期越高、UPDRSⅢ評(píng)分越高的患者越易發(fā)生認(rèn)知功能障礙。所有基因型經(jīng)Hardy-Weinberg遺傳平衡定律檢驗(yàn)均符合遺傳定律。
認(rèn)知功能障礙使PD患者的生活質(zhì)量明顯降低。有研究表明,診斷初期的PD患者中24%~62%伴有認(rèn)知功能障礙,診斷3年后可升至57%[1,6]。認(rèn)知功能障礙可能與紋狀體前多巴胺通路功能障礙相關(guān),而COMT在多巴胺的代謝中發(fā)揮重要作用,其基因多態(tài)性使不同個(gè)體COMT酶活性各不相同。COMT基因位于22號(hào)染色體長(zhǎng)臂11區(qū)21帶(22q11.21),其第四外顯子1947位核苷酸發(fā)生G→A突變(rs4680),使COMT酶第158/108位纈氨酸被甲硫氨酸替代(Val→Met),COMT酶活性降低50.0%~66.7%[7,8],并以共顯性的方式遺傳,其中基因型為AA、AG、GG的個(gè)體COMT酶活性分別為低活性、中等活性、高活性。
本研究是國(guó)內(nèi)第一個(gè)分析中國(guó)PD患者認(rèn)知功能障礙與COMT基因多態(tài)性及相關(guān)因素的大樣本研究,研究結(jié)果顯示認(rèn)知功能障礙與COMT基因多態(tài)性無(wú)關(guān),Bia?ecka等[9]的研究得出了同樣的結(jié)果,雖然COMT將左旋多巴代謝成同型半胱氨酸,而PD患者認(rèn)知功能障礙與血漿同型半胱氨酸水平相關(guān),但COMT多態(tài)性與認(rèn)知功能障礙無(wú)直接關(guān)聯(lián)性,其機(jī)制尚不明確。同樣,Hoogland等[10]的研究也顯示,COMT基因多態(tài)性與認(rèn)知功能障礙無(wú)直接相關(guān),COMT可能通過(guò)與多巴胺能藥物相互作用而影響認(rèn)知功能。我們的研究結(jié)果還顯示,PD認(rèn)知功能障礙與起病年齡、Hoehn-Yahr分期、UPDRSⅢ評(píng)分正相關(guān),即起病年齡越大、Hoehn-Yahr分期越高、UPDRSⅢ評(píng)分越高的患者越易發(fā)生認(rèn)知功能障礙。PD患者認(rèn)知功能障礙與疾病嚴(yán)重程度及起病年齡相關(guān),可能與疾病進(jìn)展過(guò)程中皮質(zhì)路易體范圍逐漸擴(kuò)大有關(guān)[11]。
而另有研究顯示,PD患者中,前額葉背外側(cè)皮質(zhì)多巴胺相對(duì)過(guò)剩,COMT(GG)基因型的患者COMT酶活性較高,可以更好地代謝相對(duì)過(guò)剩的多巴胺,使皮質(zhì)活動(dòng)更強(qiáng),認(rèn)知功能相對(duì)較好[12,13]。目前各項(xiàng)研究尚未得到一致的結(jié)果,可能有以下幾方面原因:(1)種族不同使基因型分布不同,從而可能影響疾病的臨床表型;(2)在不同的研究中,使用的評(píng)估工具也不盡相同,影響研究結(jié)果。(3)樣本量大小及統(tǒng)計(jì)方法不同,也會(huì)造成研究結(jié)果不同。本研究為國(guó)內(nèi)首個(gè)PD認(rèn)知功能障礙與COMT基因多態(tài)性及相關(guān)因素的研究,研究對(duì)象來(lái)自全國(guó)29個(gè)研究中心,覆蓋范圍廣且樣本量較大,所有患者臨床數(shù)據(jù)完善,病史全面、可靠,我們應(yīng)用MMSE評(píng)分評(píng)估患者認(rèn)知功能,評(píng)估方法簡(jiǎn)單全面。我們的研究為進(jìn)一步在中國(guó)人群中進(jìn)行PD認(rèn)知功能障礙相關(guān)因素分析提供了臨床及遺傳學(xué)的線索和依據(jù)。同時(shí),我們也將繼續(xù)對(duì)這些PD患者進(jìn)行隨訪,優(yōu)化評(píng)估方法從而做進(jìn)一步研究。
表1 認(rèn)知功能障礙組與非認(rèn)知功能障礙組PD患者量表評(píng)分
PD: Parkinson’s disease; UPDRS: Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale
表2 認(rèn)知功能障礙組與非認(rèn)知功能障礙組COMT基因型及等位基因分布比較
COMT: catechol-O-methyltransferase
表3 PD患者認(rèn)知功能障礙危險(xiǎn)因素logistic回歸分析結(jié)果
PD: Parkinson’s disease; UPDRS: Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale
中國(guó)帕金森病研究協(xié)作組(CPSG)成員在研究對(duì)象征集及研究所用PD患者靜脈血樣本采集工作中作出了巨大貢獻(xiàn),謹(jǐn)在此予以衷心的感謝。CPSG由以下成員組成(按提供研究對(duì)象多少排序):陳彪,邵明,徐嚴(yán)明,馮濤,梁戰(zhàn)華,包華,劉藝?guó)Q,管小婷,葉欽勇,陳海波,沈霞,陳秋慧,顧平,許予明,呂文,劉平,陳玲,劉春風(fēng),于寶成,徐遠(yuǎn),萬(wàn)新華,張寶榮,陳生弟,羅本燕,王萍,孫圣剛,王震宇,陳新平,禤彩霞。
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(編輯: 劉子琪)
Association of COMT gene polymorphism and related factors with cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease in Chinese population
DAI Hong1, HAO Hong-Ying2, SHAO Ming3*, CHEN Biao4
(1Health Care Division, Security Bureau of Headquarters of the General Staff, Beijing 100017, China;2Intensive Care Unit of Neurological Department, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Medical College of Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, China;3Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Sichuan Provincial Rehabilitation Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University, Chengdu 611135, China;4Department of Neurology and Neurobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Parkinson’s Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100063, China)
Cognitive impairment is one of the most serious non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD), and appears even in early stage of the disease. Our study aimed to analyze the association of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) polymorphism and related factors with cognitive impairment in Chinese PD population.A total of 1 087 Chinese PD patients were recruited by Chinese Parkinson Study Group (CPSG) from 29 research centers throughout all over the country. They were divided into cognitive impairment group (=385) and non-cognitive impairment group (=702) according to their medical history and clinical data. COMT genotype was sequenced.-square test and Fisher’s exact test were used to analyze the association between cognitive impairment and COMT polymorphism, and binary logistic regression model was used to screen the risk factors for cognitive impairment.There were no significant differences in the genotype and allele of the objective gene between the two groups (>0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that age at onset, Hoehn-Yahr score, and Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) Ⅲ score were positively correlated with cognitive impairment. The PD patients with older age at onset, higher scores in Hoehn-YahrscaleandUPDRS Ⅲ were prone to have cognitive impairment.Cognitive impairment is related to the age at onset and severity of the disease.
Parkinson’s disease; catechol-O-methyltransferase; cognitive impairment
(863 Program, 2006AA02A408, 2012AA02A514)
R742.5
A
10.11915/j.issn.1671-5403.2015.06.099
2015?04?03;
2015?04?22
國(guó)家高技術(shù)研究發(fā)展計(jì)劃(863計(jì)劃)項(xiàng)目(2006AA02A408,2012AA02A514);瑞士諾華制藥有限公司科研基金
邵 明,E-mail: yimshao@gmail.com