王 振,錢(qián)葉勇,李 昆,柏宏偉,李 鋼,范 宇,劉路鵬,常京元,石炳毅
解放軍第309醫(yī)院 全軍器官移植研究所泌尿二科,北京 100091
活體供腎移植急性排斥反應(yīng)發(fā)生與供受者年齡的關(guān)系
王 振,錢(qián)葉勇,李 昆,柏宏偉,李 鋼,范 宇,劉路鵬,常京元,石炳毅
解放軍第309醫(yī)院 全軍器官移植研究所泌尿二科,北京 100091
目的探討活體供腎移植受者發(fā)生急性排斥反應(yīng)(acute rejection,AR)的年齡因素。方法對(duì)本移植中心2006年1月-2013年12月327例行活體供腎腎移植受者隨訪,供者年齡≥55歲定義為老年供者,受者年齡<30歲定義為年輕受者。記錄供、受者的臨床基線特征;移植后第1、3、6、12、24、36、48、60個(gè)月均行隨訪,內(nèi)容包括基本體格檢查、病史、實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查、AR發(fā)病情況。應(yīng)用單因素和Cox比例風(fēng)險(xiǎn)模型進(jìn)行多因素分析,確定AR發(fā)病危險(xiǎn)因素。結(jié)果AR組隨訪時(shí)間為(35.9±13.2)個(gè)月,非AR組為(36.3±15.4)個(gè)月;腎移植術(shù)后受者前3個(gè)月內(nèi)AR的發(fā)生率為7.3%(24/327)。AR組血肌酐水平、尿蛋白發(fā)生率高于同時(shí)間非AR組(P<0.05)。多因素分析顯示,老年供者年輕受者是AR的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,相對(duì)危險(xiǎn)度(relative risk,RR)為3.67(95% CI:2.61 ~ 4.58,P=0.002)。結(jié)論接受老年供腎的年輕受者是AR的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。
老年人(55歲);免疫原性;急性排斥反應(yīng);腎移植;活體供腎
親屬活體器官捐獻(xiàn)供腎移植作為家庭自救的主要方式,成為治療尿毒癥的最有效手段[1]。研究表明,接受老年供腎的腎移植受者效果不佳,然而供腎者的年齡是一個(gè)固定的變量[2-3]。因此,針對(duì)其他引發(fā)腎功能損傷的危險(xiǎn)因素并給予針對(duì)性的防治,是提高老年供者活體供腎移植效果的關(guān)鍵[4]。急性排斥反應(yīng)(acute rejection,AR)引起移植腎急性損害,嚴(yán)重影響移植腎存活。減少AR發(fā)生,對(duì)于提高老年供腎移植的移植效果至關(guān)重要[5-6]。本研究對(duì)327例腎移植受者進(jìn)行長(zhǎng)期隨訪,描述其急性排斥反應(yīng)發(fā)病情況,探討年齡與AR的關(guān)系,旨在為改善腎移植受者預(yù)后、提高活體移植效果提供依據(jù)。
1 研究對(duì)象 納入對(duì)象為我中心2006年1月-2013年12月所行327例活體供腎、成人首次腎移植供受者。所有受者依據(jù)排斥反應(yīng)分為排斥組和非排斥組。老年供者的定義:供腎者年齡≥55歲,年輕受者的定義:移植受者年齡<30歲。依據(jù)供受者年齡分為以下4組:老年供腎給年輕受者組,老年供腎給正常受者(>30歲)組,正常供腎給正常受者組,正常供腎給年輕受者組。本研究獲得醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)的批準(zhǔn),均鑒定知情同意。
2 免疫治療 所有腎移植受者根據(jù)群體反應(yīng)性抗體(panel reaction antibody,PRA)水平,接受CD25單克隆抗體誘導(dǎo)治療、兔抗胸腺細(xì)胞球蛋白(rabbit antithymocyte globulin,rATG)誘導(dǎo)治療方案或無(wú)誘導(dǎo)治療方案。術(shù)后維護(hù)免疫抑制劑為常規(guī)三聯(lián)用藥,包括鈣調(diào)磷酸酶抑制劑(環(huán)孢素或他克莫司)、抗增殖類(lèi)藥物(霉酚酸酯或硫唑嘌呤)、聯(lián)合規(guī)律減量的類(lèi)固醇激素。
3 研究方法 在腎移植術(shù)時(shí)完成所有供受者的人口學(xué)資料和病史資料收集,包括供體的年齡、性別、體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(body mass index,BMI)和腎小球?yàn)V過(guò)率(glomerular filtration rate,GFR),受者的年齡、性別、透析時(shí)間、PRA、BMI以及冷缺血時(shí)間、熱缺血時(shí)間、人類(lèi)白細(xì)胞抗原不匹配數(shù)(HLA mismatched,HLA MM)、供體腎動(dòng)脈數(shù)目和免疫抑制方案。收集的所有數(shù)據(jù)均以電子文檔形式記錄在中國(guó)腎移植科學(xué)登記系統(tǒng)。研究的首要終點(diǎn)是移植術(shù)后前3個(gè)月排斥反應(yīng)發(fā)生情況,分別行單因素和多因素分析,從而確定親屬活體供腎腎移植AR的危險(xiǎn)因素。
4 隨訪 AR組采用類(lèi)固醇激素還是rATG治療取決于生化和臨床反應(yīng)。以行腎移植時(shí)間為起點(diǎn),隨訪于2013年12月截止。隨訪大多為門(mén)診隨診,少部分輔以住院復(fù)查。隨訪內(nèi)容:基本體格檢查、病史詢(xún)問(wèn)、實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查、AR發(fā)病情況。
1 隨訪情況 AR組隨訪時(shí)間為(35.9±13.2)個(gè)月,非AR組為(36.3±15.4)個(gè)月;兩組差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。術(shù)后3個(gè)月內(nèi),24例受者發(fā)生AR,發(fā)生率為7.3%。根據(jù)“Banff 2003”分級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),23例受者AR為I級(jí),經(jīng)治療后AR逆轉(zhuǎn);1例受者AR為Ⅲ級(jí),經(jīng)治療后無(wú)效而行移植腎切除;無(wú)受者死亡。
2 各組腎功能比較 AR組供者GFR為(43.3±12.0) ml/ (min·1.73 m2),非AR組供者為(43.5±11.9) ml/(min· 1.73 m2),差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.94)。非AR組受者移植術(shù)后6個(gè)月、12個(gè)月、24個(gè)月和36個(gè)月的血肌酐水平低于同時(shí)間的AR組受者水平(P<0.05,圖1A)。AR組受者移植術(shù)后1年、2年和3年的蛋白尿發(fā)生率高于非AR組受者(P<0.05,圖1B)。
3 AR危險(xiǎn)因素的單因素分析 兩組受者的年齡、性別比和BMI無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。兩組受者的移植相關(guān)指標(biāo),如HLA錯(cuò)配數(shù)、冷缺血時(shí)間、熱缺血時(shí)間、PRA、供腎動(dòng)脈數(shù)目、供腎摘取術(shù)式(開(kāi)放取腎vs后腹腔鏡下供腎摘取)和免疫抑制方案,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。兩組供者的人口學(xué)特征,包括年齡、性別比和BMI,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。見(jiàn)表1。
4 供受者年齡與AR的關(guān)系 中老年供者的AR發(fā)生率為15.2%,高于年輕供者AR發(fā)生率(6.0%);兩者差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.059)。年輕受者的AR發(fā)生率為9.5%,正常年齡受者AR發(fā)生率為4.3%,兩者差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.088)。老年供者年輕受者的AR發(fā)生率為20.1%,與其他3組相比有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P=0.023)。見(jiàn)表2。
圖 1 AR組和非AR組平均血肌酐(A)和蛋白尿百分比(B)直方圖Fig. 1 Histograms of mean creatinine level (A) and percentage of proteinuria (B) in recipients with AR and those without AR
表1 AR組和非AR組的人口學(xué)和臨床特征Tab. 1 Demographics and clinical characteristics of AR and non-AR group
表2 不同年齡組急性排斥反應(yīng)發(fā)生率Tab. 2 Incidence of AR in different age groups (n,%)
5 AR危險(xiǎn)因素的多因素分析 表1中與AR相關(guān)因素(P<0.1)被納入Cox比例風(fēng)險(xiǎn)模型。多因素分析顯示,供受者年齡分組是AR的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。年輕供者年輕受者組作為對(duì)照組,AR發(fā)生率最低(2.4%)。老年供者正常受者是AR的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,相對(duì)危險(xiǎn)度為3.67(95% CI:2.61 ~ 4.58,P=0.002)。與老年供者年輕受者相比,正常供者年輕受者組和老年供者正常受者組的發(fā)生AR相對(duì)危險(xiǎn)度分別為1.12(95% CI:0.64 ~ 2.01)和1.04(95% CI:0.87 ~1.23),差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。見(jiàn)表3。
表3 早期急性排斥反應(yīng)發(fā)生危險(xiǎn)的多因素分析Tab. 3 Multivariate analysis of risk factors of early AR episodes
臨床研究證實(shí),腎移植術(shù)后排斥反應(yīng)導(dǎo)致移植腎功能損害(血肌酐升高、蛋白尿)[7-8]。移植腎功能損害會(huì)導(dǎo)致移植腎持續(xù)的“自適應(yīng)”過(guò)程,使腎小球處于高灌注、超濾過(guò)狀態(tài),長(zhǎng)久會(huì)導(dǎo)致腎間質(zhì)和腎小球纖維化,引起節(jié)段性或腎小球全球硬化,最終導(dǎo)致移植物丟失[9]。老年供腎功能減退、適應(yīng)能力差、缺血再灌注損失修復(fù)能力減弱、對(duì)藥物腎毒性耐受力差,減少急性排斥反應(yīng)的發(fā)生率可明顯降低老年活體供腎移植失敗的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),提高移植效果。
我們發(fā)現(xiàn),老年供體腎移植AR風(fēng)險(xiǎn)在很大程度上取決于受者年齡。與年輕供者(<50歲)相比,老年供者(>50歲)并不增加移植后排斥風(fēng)險(xiǎn),表明老年供腎(>50歲)不是急性排斥反應(yīng)的危險(xiǎn)因素。同樣,受者的年齡也不是AR的危險(xiǎn)因素:年輕受者排斥反應(yīng)的發(fā)生率并沒(méi)有增加。然而,供體和受體年齡的組合是腎移植后急性排斥反應(yīng)的危險(xiǎn)因素。本文發(fā)現(xiàn),接受老年供腎的年輕受者是AR的高危人群。動(dòng)物研究證明,老年器官移植可引起更強(qiáng)的早期免疫反應(yīng)[10]。臨床研究證實(shí),老年供體腎的免疫原性更強(qiáng),可吸引更多的炎性細(xì)胞聚集[11-12]。綜上所述,老年供腎是高免疫風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的供體[13-15]。而年輕的受者對(duì)于異種抗原可產(chǎn)生一個(gè)更有效的免疫應(yīng)答,因此是免疫高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)受者[16-17]。因此,AR在接受老年供腎的年輕受者中發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加是不足為奇的。
本研究一個(gè)重要的臨床啟示是依據(jù)供受者年齡的個(gè)體化免疫抑制方案可以減少活體供腎移植AR的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),提高移植效果。在臨床腎移植實(shí)踐中,接受老年供腎的年輕受者應(yīng)被視作“免疫高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)”人群,并給予更強(qiáng)的免疫抑制方案。臨床經(jīng)驗(yàn)證實(shí),腎移植術(shù)后誘導(dǎo)免疫抑制治療可降低急性排斥反應(yīng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[18]。因此對(duì)于接受老年供腎的年輕受者術(shù)后給予“高效免疫誘導(dǎo)方案+低CNI+足量抗增殖劑量”的免疫治療方案。這種個(gè)體化方案的優(yōu)勢(shì)在于“高效免疫誘導(dǎo)方案+足量抗增殖劑量”明顯降低腎移植術(shù)后早期CNIs暴露水平且不增加急性排斥反應(yīng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),臨床上達(dá)到明顯減輕CNIs對(duì)老年供腎的腎毒性、降低排斥風(fēng)險(xiǎn),提高移植腎效果[19-21]。而對(duì)于接受青年供腎的非年輕受者術(shù)后給予“較低免疫抑制強(qiáng)度的抑制方案”則有助于降低術(shù)后嚴(yán)重感染的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[22]。因此,根據(jù)供受者年齡的個(gè)體化免疫抑制方案是提高活體供腎移植效果的關(guān)鍵[23]。
入選患者的數(shù)量相對(duì)較少是本研究的主要不足。然而,本研究最重要的特點(diǎn)是樣本間的均質(zhì)性,且包含與排斥反應(yīng)相關(guān)所有的變量。正因?yàn)槿绱?,使本研究剔除了多種危險(xiǎn)因素(如種族、不同免疫抑制方案、不同外科技術(shù)),導(dǎo)致結(jié)果發(fā)生偏倚。
總之,接受老年供腎的年輕腎移植受者是活體供腎移植急性排斥反應(yīng)發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,供受者年齡的個(gè)體化免疫抑制方案可顯著降低排斥反應(yīng)發(fā)生率,提高腎移植效果。在臨床活體腎移植中,需要更多的前瞻性臨床研究來(lái)驗(yàn)證這種個(gè)體化免疫抑制方案的有效性和安全性。
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Relationship between acute rejection in living donor kidney transplantation and age of donors and recipients
WANG Zhen, QIAN Yeyong, LI Kun, BAI Hongwei, LI Gang, FAN Yu, LIU Lupeng, CHANG Jingyuan, SHI Bingyi
No.2 Department of Urology, Institute of Organ Transplantation of PLA, 309th Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100091, China
SHI Bingyi. Email: shibingyi@medmail.com.cn
ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of age on acute rejection (AR) in living donor kidney transplantation (LDKT) recipients.MethodsThis study was performed in 327 donor–recipient pairs of kidney transplantation in our center from January 2006 to December 2013. Donors with age over than 55 years were defined as elder donors, while recipients with age younger than 30 years were defined as young recipients. Clinical baseline data about donors and recipients were recorded and patients were followed up at 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60 months after transplantation with medical examination, medical history examination, laboratory examination, AR occurrence examination. The risk factors that might be associated with AR were analyzed using both univariate analysis and Cox proportional hazards regression modeling.ResultsThe follow-up period of AR and without AR group was (35.9±13.2) months and (36.3±15.4) months, respectively. The incidence of AR in recipients within 3 months after transplantation was 7.3% (24/327). The serum creatinine level and the incidence of proteinuria in AR group were higher than without AR group in the same period. Multivariate analysis revealed that young recipient who received older donor graft was an independent risk factor for AR with the relative risk (RR) of 3.67 (95% CI: 2.61- 4.58, P=0.002).ConclusionThe independent risk factor of AR is young recipients who receive older donor graft.
aged (55 years); immunogenicity; acute rejection; kidney transplantation; living donor
R 617
A
2095-5227(2015)10-1025-04 DOI:10.3969/j.issn.2095-5227.2015.10.017
時(shí)間:2015-06-15 15:47
http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.3275.R.20150615.1547.003.html
2015-04-30
王振,男,博士,主治醫(yī)師。研究方向:泌尿外科和腎移植。Email: urology_wangzhen@163.com
石炳毅,男,主任醫(yī)師,博士生導(dǎo)師。Email: shibingyi @medmail.com.cn
解放軍醫(yī)學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)2015年10期