4.0ng/mL)的患者,隨機(jī)分為兩組,分別行2D-TRUS及3D-TRUS超聲引導(dǎo)下的穿刺活檢。結(jié)果3D-TRUS引導(dǎo)下的前列腺穿刺活"/>
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[摘要] 目的 比較經(jīng)直腸二維及三維超聲引導(dǎo)下前列腺穿刺活檢的陽(yáng)性率,評(píng)價(jià)這兩種方法在臨床應(yīng)用中的價(jià)值。 方法 選取既往無(wú)前列腺癌病史的60例直腸指檢或者前列腺特異抗原(PSA)異常(>4.0ng/mL)的患者,隨機(jī)分為兩組,分別行2D-TRUS及3D-TRUS超聲引導(dǎo)下的穿刺活檢。 結(jié)果 3D-TRUS引導(dǎo)下的前列腺穿刺活檢,其前列腺癌的陽(yáng)性檢出率高于2D-TRUS(50.0%∶36.7%),P=0.001,3D-TRUS陽(yáng)性針數(shù)的比例明顯高于2D-TRUS,P=0.000。 結(jié)論 3D-TRUS超聲引導(dǎo)下的前列腺穿刺活檢陽(yáng)性檢出率明顯高于2D-TRUS。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 經(jīng)直腸前列腺超聲;穿刺活檢;前列腺腫瘤
[中圖分類號(hào)] R445.1 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 2095-0616(2014)24-07-04
Comparison of per rectum two-dimensional and three-dimensional ultrasound guidance in prostatic systematicness puncture biopsy
CHANG Ying YANG Jingchun WANG Ping
Department of Ultrasound Diagnosis, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University,Beijing 100053,China
[Abstract] Objective To compare the positive rate of per rectum two-dimensional and three-dimensional ultrasound guidance in prostatic systematicness puncture biopsy, to evaluate the value of clinical application of the two methods. Methods 60 patients with digital rectal examination or abnormal of prostatic specific antigen(PSA)(>4.0ng/mL)without past medical history of prostate cancer were divided into two groups who were respectively actualized on prostatic systematicness puncture biopsy of two-dimensional and three-dimensional ultrasound guidance. Results The positive rate of prostatic cancer of 3D-TRUS(50.0%)in prostatic systematicness puncture biopsy was higher than which of 2D-TRUS(36.7%)(P=0.001), the number of positive needles of 3D-TRUS was obviously higher than which of 2D-TRUS(P=0.000). Conclusion The positive rate of 3D-TRUS in prostatic systematicness puncture biopsy was higher than which of 2D-TRUS.
[Key words] Prostatic ultrasound per rectum; Puncture biopsy; Prostatic neoplasms
前列腺癌是老年患者中最常見(jiàn)的癌癥,其位于癌癥死因中的第二位[1-2]。經(jīng)直腸二維灰階超聲(2D-TRUS)引導(dǎo)下穿刺活檢是其診斷的臨床標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[3]。在臨床中,2D-TRUS引導(dǎo)下的穿刺在初篩人群的首次穿刺中陽(yáng)性率只有30%~40%[4-7],30%~50%前列腺癌容易漏診[8-9]。此外,由于前列腺癌多灶性的病理學(xué)特征,因此,前列腺癌的診斷是唯一沒(méi)有統(tǒng)一穿刺標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的器官。2D-TRUS的低顯示率及解剖結(jié)構(gòu)的影響[10],目前逐漸發(fā)展成系統(tǒng)活檢及多模態(tài)影像指導(dǎo)下的靶向穿刺。近幾年來(lái),三維超聲(3D-TRUS)引導(dǎo)下的穿刺活檢逐步改善了前列腺癌的穿刺質(zhì)量[11],本研究觀察血PSA
水平增高患者,常規(guī)行2D-TRUS及3D-TRUS引導(dǎo)下的前列腺穿刺活檢,明確兩種超聲檢查在臨床中的應(yīng)用性及局限性。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
全部患者均為2013年1月~ 2014年5月在首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)宣武醫(yī)院行前列腺穿刺活檢患者,共60例,年齡47~70歲,平均(58.1±7.6)歲。所有患者均經(jīng)2D-TRUS檢查懷疑前列腺有局灶性病變,并且PSA升高(>4.0μg/L)。剔除已行過(guò)前列腺疾病治療及臨床上明確診斷為前列腺炎的患者及有嚴(yán)重心肺功能障礙、出凝血功能障礙、嚴(yán)重過(guò)敏史的患者。所有患者前列腺穿刺標(biāo)本均經(jīng)病理檢查。
本研究獲準(zhǔn)醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)。所有受試者在進(jìn)行經(jīng)直腸超聲引導(dǎo)前列腺穿刺活檢前均被告知實(shí)驗(yàn)研究目的和研究方案,并簽署知情同意書。
1.2 儀器及方法
應(yīng)用飛利浦-Elite 3D經(jīng)直腸探頭進(jìn)行實(shí)時(shí)3D超聲顯像及重建。超聲探頭頻率為4~8MHz。圖像掃查從尖部至基底部,圖像存儲(chǔ)穿刺針點(diǎn)及針道。三維所形成的前列腺圖像稱之為全景圖像,通過(guò)重建三個(gè)角度獲得的數(shù)據(jù)而獲得,穿刺針發(fā)出后停留于前列腺體內(nèi),并傳輸?shù)焦ぷ髦?。穿刺針道表現(xiàn)為高回聲,針道的近端和遠(yuǎn)端都能夠清晰顯示出來(lái)。endprint
所有入選患者進(jìn)行預(yù)防性應(yīng)用抗生素,并且在穿刺前12h進(jìn)行清洗灌腸。檢查時(shí)患者取左側(cè)臥位,雙腿屈曲,膝蓋靠向下腹部。所有穿刺均由2位有5年以上穿刺經(jīng)驗(yàn)的超聲醫(yī)師操作,應(yīng)用18G穿刺針經(jīng)行標(biāo)本取材,組織條長(zhǎng)度22mm。穿刺方案選擇10點(diǎn)系統(tǒng)穿刺和目標(biāo)穿刺相結(jié)合,10點(diǎn)系統(tǒng)穿刺即前列腺雙側(cè)周緣區(qū)旁正中、中部、外側(cè)、外側(cè)偏前和移形區(qū)各1針,目標(biāo)穿刺指在超聲檢查所示前列腺異常聲像圖表現(xiàn)處穿刺2針。
患者隨機(jī)分為兩組,第一組入選患者30例進(jìn)行2D-TRUS引導(dǎo)下穿刺活檢,第二組入選患者30例行3D-TRUS引導(dǎo)下穿刺活檢,穿刺活檢由同一位有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的超聲醫(yī)師進(jìn)行操作。
病理檢查:所有前列腺穿刺活檢標(biāo)本經(jīng)福爾馬林固定后,由一名高年資病理診斷醫(yī)師進(jìn)行診斷,如果診斷為前列腺癌,對(duì)其進(jìn)行Gleason評(píng)分。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
采用SPSS16.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件。計(jì)量資料以()表示行t檢驗(yàn),對(duì)于陽(yáng)性檢出率的比較采用x2檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
組1及組2中患者的年齡、血清PSA和前列腺體積之間差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。見(jiàn)表1。
在經(jīng)穿刺活檢后明確診斷為前列腺癌的患者中,組1的穿刺陽(yáng)性率為36.7%(10/30),組2的穿刺陽(yáng)性率為50.0%(15/30),兩者陽(yáng)性率的比較采用卡方檢驗(yàn),其P=0.001<0.05,因此可以認(rèn)為兩種方法在檢出前列腺癌陽(yáng)性率方面差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。見(jiàn)表1。
本研究中將穿刺陽(yáng)性患者根據(jù)病理Gleason評(píng)分分級(jí),應(yīng)用卡方檢驗(yàn)比較兩組之間不同分級(jí)內(nèi),患者所占比例之間的差異,P值分別為0.23,0.18,0.15,均>0.05,因此,在Gleason評(píng)分分級(jí)比較中兩組無(wú)明顯差異。統(tǒng)計(jì)每組穿刺總針數(shù),分別計(jì)算各組中的陽(yáng)性針數(shù)百分比,并對(duì)其經(jīng)行率的比較,其P值為0.000,兩組在陽(yáng)性針數(shù)比較中差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
3 討論
半個(gè)世紀(jì)以來(lái),雖然大家都在努力增加前列腺癌穿刺活檢的敏感性及特異性,但是其首次穿刺的陽(yáng)性率仍然較低,約為30%~40%[4-7](本研究為36.7%)。
首先提高前列腺癌穿刺的陽(yáng)性率可以通過(guò)增加系統(tǒng)穿刺針數(shù)和目標(biāo)穿刺點(diǎn)的數(shù)目得以改善[7,9,12-14]。對(duì)于2D超聲引導(dǎo)下的穿刺活檢存在一個(gè)明顯的局限性,它不能像3D那樣精確定位穿刺活檢區(qū),其圖像僅有助于識(shí)別解剖標(biāo)志。這些導(dǎo)致錯(cuò)誤的取樣和穿刺定位[15]。其次,經(jīng)直腸超聲技術(shù)的發(fā)展關(guān)注于改善跟蹤穿刺針的位置,在這種實(shí)時(shí)3D超聲引導(dǎo)下能夠準(zhǔn)確地跟蹤穿刺針位置及定位。計(jì)算機(jī)幫助3D超聲定位系統(tǒng)每次穿刺都能在實(shí)時(shí)狀態(tài)下,并且精確記錄每次穿刺在前列腺實(shí)體中的位置,這樣可以足夠地覆蓋感興趣區(qū)。許多研究表明,前列腺癌較高陽(yáng)性率是基于3D超聲引導(dǎo)下的定位系統(tǒng)[16-21]。
本研究是在2D或3D超聲引導(dǎo)下的系統(tǒng)穿刺對(duì)照研究。結(jié)果顯示,3D超聲定位系統(tǒng)穿刺活檢與2D超聲相比明顯提高了前列腺癌的陽(yáng)性檢出率。其原因可能是由于定位的精確性。另外,本研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),兩組陽(yáng)性針數(shù)所占比率有著顯著差異(35.2% vs 8.4%)。目前,前列腺癌的診斷遇到的挑戰(zhàn)是明確那些有臨床意義的患者。所有的前列腺穿刺必須找出有臨床意義的癌。許多研究表明,不同的穿刺方案已經(jīng)提高了前列腺癌的發(fā)現(xiàn)能力,但是很少有研究去探討有臨床意義的癌。3D超聲是較易掌握、獨(dú)立完成及不需要額外的材料就能進(jìn)行的經(jīng)直腸前列腺穿刺活檢。它是唯一后期需要分析的超聲圖像,可以為前列腺術(shù)中做指導(dǎo)。除此之外,這種新型的軟件需要3D圖像數(shù)據(jù)和穿刺組織學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)相結(jié)合,這樣更有利于靶向治療。空間定位穿刺有助于隨訪患者的再次穿刺定位及PSA升高患者的穿刺定位。
此外,MRI/TRUS融合成像對(duì)可疑部位的定位,提高了前列腺癌的診斷和治療[18,22]。目前,實(shí)時(shí)MRI引導(dǎo)下穿刺技術(shù)臨床已在應(yīng)用[23],但是其存在費(fèi)用昂貴,實(shí)施操作性差,時(shí)間長(zhǎng)的缺點(diǎn),臨床應(yīng)用普遍性差。因此3D超聲影像新技術(shù)的出現(xiàn)將對(duì)前列腺癌穿刺活檢的檢出具有重要的臨床價(jià)值。
本研究的局限性在于樣本數(shù)量少、前列腺癌的診斷及組織病理分級(jí)均來(lái)自于穿刺活檢組織標(biāo)本,如在手術(shù)切除標(biāo)本病理基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行研究,結(jié)果將會(huì)更為可靠。
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(收稿日期:2014-11-03)endprint