Chenglin XIE,Yi YAO,Changqing MA,Ming FENG

1.Yangzhou Agricultural Technology Promotion Station,Yangzhou 225000,China;2.Gaoyou Vegetable Cultivation Technology Station,Gaoyou 225600,China

Black soybeans are abundant with bioactive substances,unsaturated fattyacid, dietary fiber,vitamins,trace elements and essential amino acids and soy products,with high medical and food values,functioning well in removing free radical,delaying senescence,boosting immunity and improving sleeping quality[1-5].Wuqing No.1,also named Gaoyou black soybean,is bred based on Danbo black soybean introduced from Japan in 1996 by Gaoyou Vegetable Cultivation Technology Station and Yangzhou Agricultural Technology Promotion Station.Specifically,yield of Wuqing No.1 is 375 kg/hm2higher than that of Danbo black soybean,and the contained protein and fat are higher than that of other cultivars.Besides,crude protein content advances three points than normal black soybeans.In general,it is a cultivar that contains significantamounts of8 essential amino acids.It is a nourishing and also an important ingredient in traditional Chinese medicine,and the beneficial claims for nourishment include clearing away heat and toxic materials,replenishing blood,inducing diuresis to alleviate edema and improving eyesight.Besides,it is pitch-black and the pod is green and glittering,providing natural pigment for food industry.The research introduced breeding process,characters and high-yield cultivation technology of Wuqing No.1 in order to provide references for black soybean industrialization in Yangzhou and surrounding areas.

Selection and Breeding Process

Wuqing No.1 is a new summer soybean cultivarbred byGaoyou Vegetable Cultivation Technology Station and Yangzhou Agricultural Technology Promotion Station.Variants were selected from Danbo black soybean introduced from Japan in 1997 and high-quality plants were selected bycomprehensive breeding method during 1998-1999.In 2000,the plants were cultivated in a fertile plant nursery and identified in an identification nursery in 2011.In 2002,the plants were authenticated in different spots.During 2003-2005,variety comparative test and demonstrated planting were carried out simultaneously and demonstration cultivation was con-tinued in 2006-2010.During 2011-2012,the plants were taken for summer soybean test in Jiangsu and the areas in the south of Huai River in 2014.The plants were named Wuqing No.1 and registered 201402(Fig.1).

Characteristics

Plant type

As shown in Fig.2,Wuqing No.1 grows straight;vegetative growth and reproductive growth proceed vigorously during seed growth stage;branches grow long and strong.It can beconcludedfrom Fig.3thatthe plants grow tight,with thicker stem and roots in mature stage;the leaf is ovalshaped,and flowers are purple;the leaves are covered with fine brown or gray hairs.The leaves usually fall before the seeds are mature.

Agronomic characters

The growth term lasts for 120 d;plant height is in the range of 80-90 cm;podding height is 22 cm;the main stem has 17.5 internodes;the plant has 3-4 effective branches and 40-60 pods;every pod has 1.7 seeds and hundred-seed weight is 40 g.

Seed quality

Wuqing No.1 is black and ovalshape,with dark navel.With large sizes,the soybeans perform well in commodity value and taste delicious.Testified by the Supervision,Inspection&Testing Center of Cereal Quality,Ministry of Agriculture,Wuqing No.1 contains 46.1% crude protein,and 18.4% crude fat.As shown in Fig.4,seed coat of Wuqing No.1 is black,and kernel is turquoise and ovalshape.In contrast,seed coat of Danbo black soybean is ash black,covered with dusts,and the kernel is yellowish white and round.

Yielding Performance

Wuqing No.1 was chosen as test materials in soybean regions in JiangsuProvinceduring2011-2013.Specifically,average yield was 2 695.5 kg/hm2;the yield of 2012-2013 averaged 2 302.5 kg/hm2,increasing by 13.5% compared with that of Nannong No.30;the yield averaged 2 637 kg/hm2in 2013,increasing by 24.5%.

Adaptation ranges

Wuqing No.1 performs poorly in shade and grows fast.Therefore,it should be grown in the areas with abundant sunshine,large temperature difference between day and night,annual mean temperature of 13.5-15℃,annual precipitation of 1 200-1 700 m,and daily sun shine hour of 1100 h/year.Besides,soils should be fertile fluviogenic soils or sticky soils,with pH of 5-7.Additionally,water table should be below 60 m,convenient for irrigation.Therefore,Jiangsu Province and the regions in the south of Huai River are much suitable.

Disease tolerance

Verified by National Soybean Improvement Center,Nanjing Agricultural University,Wuqing No.1 is mediumsensitive to SC3 (Soybean mosaic)and sensitive to SC7.In growth term,the cultivar is tolerant to Soybean mosaic in initial-flowering stage and infected bythe disease in podding stage.

Key Points ofHigh-yield Cultivation

Wuqing No.1 is suitable to be grown as summer soybean in Jiangsuand the south of Huai River,especially in fertile areas in central Jiangsu.The yield is generally 2 700 kg/hm2,and even as high as 3 000 kg/hm2.Besides,yield structure includes density of 67 500-75 000 plant/hm2,60-80 pods per plant,1.7 seeds per pod,hundred-seed weight of 40 g.

Crop rotation

Wuqing No.1 should be grown in fields where legume crops are never grown in previous two seasons in case of successive cropping obstacle.It is recommended that the cultivar can be grown with graminaceous crops.

Sowing

The sowing term is distributed from middle June to early July,and optimal term is late June.The sowing quantity is 37.5-45.0 kg/hm2,and seeds should be sunned for 1-2 d before sowing.

Planting density

The planting density is in the range of 60 000-67 500 plant/hm2,with line spacing of 60-70 cm and row spacing of 25-30 cm.It is notable that the density can even increase in infertile farmlands orfarmlands seeds sown later.

Fertilizer and water management

For Wuqing No.1,total nitrogen quantity should be 90-120 kg/hm2,including pure nitrogen of 45 kg/hm2,phosphorus pentoxide,potassium oxide of 45 kg/hm2,and pure nitrogen of 45-75 kg/hm2in flowering stage.It is notablethat15% paclobutrazol(×2 000)can be spread 1-2 times in the farmland where Wuqing No.1 grows overmuch during flowering stage.After podding stage,leaf can be spread with monopotassium phosphate.Besides,attention should be paid to flood control and drought relief and soils should be guaranteed humid in podding stage.

Control on disease and insects

Wuqing No.1 is usually infected by aphid,Lerodea eufala and Prodenia litura,which can be controlled by imidacloprid, abamectin, and chlorantraniliprole.Besides,soil insect can be controlled also.Forexample,weeds are generally controlled with acetochlor and s-metolachlor before seedling grows,and haloxyfop-R-methyl and Fluoroglycofen after seedlings grow.

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