Jia LU

School of Business，Nantong University，Nantong 226019，China

According to Monitoring Report of MigrantWorkers in 2013，the total number of new generation migrant workers has reached 125.28million，accounting for46.6%of thewholemigrantworkers.As core forces of contemporarymigrantworkers，new generationmigrantworkers are not only influenced by blood lineage and status of traditional farmers，but also influenced by urban cultural system and life style，so they are a group most easily integrating into cities.With the first generation migrantworkers returning to rural areasand gradually fading out from the tide ofmigrantwork，the new generationmigrantworkerswill play amore andmore important role in urbanization construction.Taking them as study object is a wise choice and it is urgent and necessary for building a practical and effective evaluation indicator system for citizenization level of new generation migrantworkers.

1 Concept of citizenization level of new generation m igrant workers

1.1 Definition and characteristics of new generationm igrant workersThe term＂migrantworker＂was introduced by Professor Zhang Yulin from Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.With advance of industrialization，the migrant worker is not a highly homogeneous group［1］. In line with obvious intergenerational changes of rural floating population，famous scholar Wang Chunguang put forward the concept of＂new generation migrant workers＂in 2001.Although there is difference in understanding of new generationmigrantworkers，most scholars agree that new generation migrant workers are those migrant workers born after the 1980s，having high material and spiritual demand，high occupational expectation，high educational level，but low work endurance［2］.New generationmigrantworkers generally have following characteristics：young age（16-35 years old），high educational level（above juniormiddle school），no farming experience，high enthusiasm for integrating into cities，gradual approval of institutional status，and slow decline of hometown complex［3］.

1.2 Connotation of citizenizationAsa sociological term，citizenization iswidely applied in the study of three issues concerning agriculture，farmers and rural areas in recent years.Famous sociologist Zheng Hangsheng believed that farmers constantly accept various genesofmodern urban civilization before realizing transformation of status and occupation，and they develop corresponding ability after realizing transformation.Through such ability，they use their citizen rights and finally integrate into cities.

In this study，citizenization is the process of farmers transforming to urban citizens in the action of social economic development.Alongwith thisprocess，it isnotonly the economic change，it also involves change of social status，value concept，and life style.The ultimate objective of citizenization is to eliminate differences between rural farmers and urban citizens，to eliminate discrimination and gap.

2 Current situations of the study on evaluation indicator system for citizenization level of new generation m igrant workers

Through searching key words＂new generation migrant workers＂and＂citizenization ofmigrantworkers＂in China National Knowledge Infrastructure（CNKI），there are numerous papers，but searching keywords＂citizenization level of new generationmigrant workers＂，there are nomore than 10 papers，and the papers about evaluation of citizenization level ofmigrant workers are fewer.It indicates there is space for in-depth study.As to building the evaluation indicator system for citizenization level of new generationmigrantworkers，scholarsgenerally focuson following points.

Ma Yonghao et al［4］believed that complete indicator system of farmer citizenization should include population quality，concept，behavior，social rights，living quality，and social participation.Using Analytic Hierarchy Process，Liu Chuanjiang et al［5］designed indicator system from living occupation，social status，self quality，and awareness and behavior，which avoids defects of equal indicatorweight.Wang Guixin et al［6］established an indicator evaluation system consisted of living condition，economic life，social relation，political participation，and psychological approval from the perspective ofmicro-subject.With the aid of Biprobit Model，Zhang Guangsheng and Zhou Mi［7］evaluated citizenization level of new generationmigrantworkers in the study area and analyzed differences influencing citizenization level.

The above researcheshave high theoretical value and realistic significance.However，the study of citizenization level of new generation migrant workers is a systematic work，most scholars startonly an aspectand itstill lacksaccurate grasp for overall citizenization level.In this study，with reference to the above researches，combining characteristicsofendogenousand exogenous variables，we established an indicator system for evaluating citizenization level of new generationmigrantworkers，to promote rapid development of China's urbanization construction.

3 Establishing indicator system for evaluating citizenization level of new generation m igrant workers

3.1 Ideas of establishing the indicator systemAccording to traditional opinions，most new generation migrant workers are young，unmarried，andmale.However，according to researches of Zhang Guangsheng etal，some new generationmigrantworkersare married，have juniormiddle school education，and the proportion ofmen and women is relatively coordinated.These characteristics show that there are great differences between new generation and previous generationmigrantworkers.Therefore，it is necessary to improve the past indicator system.In addition，the citizenization of new generation migrant workers should not only the process of migrantworkers voluntarily exiting ruralmechanism and going to cities to work and study，but also should be a process of the state encouraging cities to actively admit，understand and promote their citizenization.

On the basis of these ideas，combining factors influencing citizenization level of new generation migrantworkers，with reference to connotation of endogenousand exogenous variables，we divided the indicator system for evaluation of citizenization level into endogenous and exogenous types.Endogenous indicators are internalmotive indicators determining citizenization level of new generationmigrantworkersand aremotive power of citizenization level，while exogenous indicators are indicators influenced bymeso-environment andmacro-national policies and are externalmotive force promoting realization of citizenization level.

3.2 Establishing the indicator system and decomposition of indicatorsUsing AHPmodel，we firstly decomposed the target level and determined the criterion level，namely the first level indicators.Then，we decomposed the criterion level and determined the sub-criterion level，forming the second level indicators.Finally，we changed the targets into actual operation level，forming the third level indicators.Such decomposition has following advantages：（i）taking systematic analysismethod asbasis，the indicators will be more scientific；（ii）it is comprehensive and can avoid missing essential indicators；（iii）it can effectivelymanifestactual attribute of the evaluation object and improve reliability of evaluation［8］.

With reference to previous research findings and by combining characteristics of new generation migrant workers，we determined a framework of evaluation indicators system in broad sense，including endogenous indicators and exogenous indicators.The target level is citizenization level of new generation migrantworkers；the criterion level includes endogenous indicators（micro-individual indicators），exogenous indicators（meso-environmentand macro-policy indicators），levels spread outand form the sub-criterion level，finally form the operation level，and forming a comprehensive，well-arranged and independent indicator system.Decomposition of indicators of each level is as follows：

3.2.1Decomposition of endogenous indicators.Endogenous indicators are also called micro-individual indicators，involve variousmicro-elements of citizenization process of migrant workers，and also a miniature of citizen demands ofmigrant workers.According to behavior and psychological characteristics of citizenization process，we decomposed endogenous indicators into two secondary indicators，namely citizenization willingness and citizenization ability.Since the citizenization willingness is the basic precondition for realization of citizenization，we designed the third level indicators from whether they are willing to stay in cities，years ofmigrantwork，future plan，and willingnesshometown land circulation.These four indicators can be obtained through questionnaire.Citizenization ability is the guarantee for realizing citizenization willingness and also powerful support for citizenization process.Existing researches generally make evaluation through proportion of income level.This is slightly biased.In this study，we notonly observed income levelofmigrantworkers，butalso analyzed the influence of consumption and housing ofmigrantworkers on citizenization process.Besides，educational level promotes citizenization process，and we included it into evaluation indicators.Therefore，the citizenization ability can be evaluated from cultural quality，income level，consumption ability，and living types.

3.2.2Decomposition of exogenous indicators.Exogenous indicators include all external social and institutional factors influencing realization of citizenization of new generation migrant workers.They influence operation effect of endogenous indicators and aremotive force of citizenization.Exogenous indicators can be decomposed into living environment，social security，political rights and cultural life.

Living environment indicator can be divided into urbanization rate and per capita GDP.Jiang Yiping and WeiHoukai etal［15-16］adopted these two indicators in the building of citizenization evalu-ation indicator system.These two indicators are key indicators attractingmigrantworkers to cities and alsomajor indicators in the urbanization process.

Social security indicator includes relevant insurance and protectionmeasures provided by the state formigrantworkers.Social security indicators consistofmany types of insurances，such asendowment insurance，medical insurance，industrial injury insurance，unemployment insurance，and birth insurance.

For political right indicator，we took the right to vote and the right to stand for election and communitymanagementparticipation right as evaluation indicators.The right to vote and the right to stand for election are basic rights of citizens.Migrantworkers are also citizens，so their basic political rights should be guaranteed.Community management reflects whether communities where migrantworkers live fairly guarantee autonomy ofmigrant workers.These two indicatorsmanifestwhether basic political rights ofmigrantworkers are fulfilled.

Cultural life indicator is divided into children education，cultural and recreational facilities，and availability.Children educationmainly refers to whether children ofmigrantworkers have received education of building site，and communitymanagementand availability of recreational facilities mainly evaluate whether migrantworkers enjoy the same rights as urban residents in communitymanagement and cultural and living facilities.These three indicators are exogenous factors influencing citizenization ofmigrant workers.

In our indicator system，there are objective indicators，such as urbanization rate and per capita GDP，and also subjective indicators，such aswillingness of hometown land circulation and availability of public services and resources.In actual evaluation，the data of objective indicators can be obtained from Statistical Yearbook and special yearbook of thewhole country and allareas.The data of subjective indicators can be obtained through questionnaire.

3.3 Determ ination ofweightIn this indicator system，indicators reflecting current situation ofmigrant workers include 6 second level indicators and 20 third level indicators.We believed that they are equally important.All exponential weights adopt the method of field averageweight，assigning each subsystem with the sameweight，and each indicator in the same field with the same weight.Such operation can avoid too subjective arrangement of weights［13］.Wang Guixin and Zhang Fei adopted similar weight methods.

Table 1 Building of the evaluation indicator system for citizenization ofm igrant workers

4 Empirical study of evaluation indicator system for new generation m igrant workers：w ith Jiangsu Province as an example

To obtain firsthand data，we made a field survey in 13 cities in southern，central and northern Suzhou Province in the end of 2014.Through preliminary survey，large scale survey and supplementary survey，we issued questionnaire randomly to certain number of migrant workers in each city and helped them to answer questions and collected questionnaire in site.In total，we issued 800 copies of questionnaire and collected 793 valid ones.Survey sample comprehensively covers agricultural transfer population in Jiangsu Province.

The evaluationmodel for citizenization ofmigrantworkers in Jiangsu Province is as follows：

where 0＜＝U＜＝1，0＜＝N＜＝1，0＜＝W＜＝1，α＝β＝1／2.D isbasic situation ofmigrantworkers，including gender，age，and marital status；N isendogenous indicator，W isexogenous indicator，and N consists of citizenization willingness Iand citizenization ability Cwith the sameweight.Exogenous indicators consist of living environment E，social security S，political rights P，and cultural life L，with each having weight of1／4.

4.1 Evaluation of endogenous indicator NCitizenization willingness indicator I：for indicator I1，37%migrantworkers are unwilling to stay in cities，and 63%are willing to stay in cities.Indicator I2 is an indicator reflecting period of migrant workers getting in touch with cities.Generally，the higher this indicator，the deeper influence of urban political，economic，cultural and life concept， and the stronger willingness of citizenization.Through questionnaire，we obtained that the average I2 is 9.316 years，and compared with the years ofmigrantwork（20），we obtained the proportion of 46.58%.Indicator I3 mainly reflects selection ofmigrantworkers for future residence.Through comprehensive calculation，the proportion of selecting staying at cities and towns is 48.8%and 26.93%respectively，showing high attraction of cities tomigrantworkers.The indicator I4 brings willingness of citizenization more prominent，only 34.05%selected abandoning their land with or without compensation.These indicate that farmers still keep traditional idea and leave away for retreat at the same time ofmigrantworking.Land is the foundation for survival of both traditional and modern farmers.To promote substantial development of citizenization process，the state should dispelworry ofmigrantworkers for future security.

Citizenization ability indicator C：cultural quality is a soft and key indicator determining citizenization level.In this study，we took educational level as indicator for evaluating cultural quality and fully considered the function of educational level in the citizenization process.Our survey indicates that about 47.6%new generationmigrantworkers have received education of seniormiddle school or special secondary school.The overall educational level ofmigrantworkers in Jiangsu Province has considerable improvement compared with the first generation migrant workers.This indicates that great improvement in citizenization ability of migrantworkers in Jiangsu Province and possibility of realizing the new urbanization construction in Jiangsu Province.The income level adopts relative income level.Combining the income ofmigrantworkers in Jiangsu Province of the whole year of 2014 and comparing with the income of urban residents of Jiangsu Province in the same year，we obtained the corresponding value 46.07%as indicator of evaluating income level.Both the consumption level and income level adopt the same measurement method and the measurement result is64.24%.Living condition ismainly evaluated from types of houses.We firstly assigned weight to different types of houses，calculated proportion of each type of house，and finally obtained statistical value of63.49%through weighted summary.

4.2 Evaluation of exogenous indicator WLiving environment indicator：both urbanization rate and per capita GDP come from Statistical Yearbook of Jiangsu Province.Through calculation，the urbanization rate of Jiangsu Province is64.1%.Per capita GDP reaches 48.625%.Social security indicator：the data come from medical insurance，endowment insurance，industrial injury insurance，unemployment insurance，and birth insurance，and public housing fund.The proportion of endowment insurance is 20.34%，medical insurance is 26.15%，industrial injury insurance is23.55%，unemployment insurance is9.14%，birth insurance is 5.87%，and public housing fund is 4.9%，and 9.99%migrant workers said that their companied have never bought any insurance for them.Political rights indicator includes the right to vote and the right to stand for election and community management participation right.Since both indictors are difficult to obtain，we took 25%as the value of political rights indicator with reference to researches of Chen Min and Han Jinzhe［17］and Gao Hongguiet al［18］.Cultural life indicator covers children education and recreational facilities.Through calculation，the children education value is 31.12%.For the availability of recreational facilities，we adopted survey of public service enjoyment，and about 19.74%migrant workers stated that their recreational life was greatly improved aftermigrantworking.

The final evaluation results：the citizenization of migrant workers influenced by endogenous indicators is54.35%；the citizenization ofmigrantworkers influenced by exogenous indicators is 32.33%；excluding individual difference of citizenization，the proportion of citizenization ofmigrantworkers in Jiangsu Province is42.36%.

5 Conclusions

Scientific and effective indicator system is the key for evaluating citizenization level of new generationmigrantworkers and also the precondition for promoting China's economic development and accelerating urbanization process.With reference to connotation of endogenous and exogenous variables and existing evaluation indicator system，we built an evaluation indicator system for citizenization level of new generation migrant workers based on endogenous and exogenous variables.It isexpected to provide certain basis for describing current situation and coordinatingmechanism for citizenization level ofnew generationmigrantworkers，and provide certain guidance for actual evaluation of citizenization level of new generation migrantworkers.Besides，it isexpected to provide certain support and reference for relevant departments making and implementing policies.However，there are certain differences between different regions and levels of government in understanding and evaluation of citizenization level of new generation migrant workers，and there are also certain differences in relevant urban environment and policies and measures，thus it is unrealistic to design a universal evaluation indicator system for all policies and environment.In actual operation，it is feasible to take this indicator system as basis，combine specific environment and evaluation characteristics，and considermeasurability of relevant indicators，and availability of relevant data，in order to flexibly increase or decrease indicators，andmake proper adjustmentof indicatorsweight.

［1］WANG YN.Research on the role transition for new generation of peasant workers to citizens［D］.Changchun：Changchun University of Technology，2012：17-18.（in Chinese）.

［2］HAN ZF.Attention to the characteristic and effectof the＂new generation of civilian labor＂［J］.Journal of Shandong Administrative College and Shandong Economic Management Personnel College，2006，8（4）：32-33.（in Chinese）.

［3］WANG CG.The relationship between social identity and urban-rural integration of new generation of rural floating population［J］.Sociological Research，2001（03）：63-76.（in Chinese）.

［4］MA YH，ZHANGDW，MA CW.A preliminary exploration on the problems of the new generation ofmigrant workers and its citizenization［J］.Truth Seeking，2006（4）：28-30.（in Chinese）.

［5］LIU CJ，CHENG JL.The citizenization of the second generation migrant workers［J］.Population Research，2008，32（5）：48-58.（in Chinese）.

［6］WANG GX，SHEN JF，LIU JB.Citizenization of peasantmigrants during urbanization in China——A case study of Shanghai［J］.Market＆Demographic Analysis，2008，14（1）：3-23.（in Chinese）.

［7］ZHOU M，ZHANG GS，HUANG L.Themeasure of the new generation of migrantworkers’citizenization degree［J］.Journal of Agrotechnical Economics，2012，1（1）：90-98.（in Chinese）.

［8］LUO EL.Research on the evaluation indicator system for new-generation migrantworkers＇employability［J］.Journal of East China University of Science and Technology：Social Science Edition，2010，8（1）：15-19.（in Chinese）.

［9］ZHANG BP.Study on the costof citizenization of agricultural transfer population［J］.Journal of Shanxi Finance and Economics University，2013，35（1）：14-15.（in Chinese）.

［10］ZHU GH.Economic sociology［M］.Shanghai：Fudan University Press，2005：123-135.（in Chinese）.

［11］YU JJ.Study on the influencing factors of citizenization ofmigrantworkers from theangleof capital［D］.Chengdu：Sichuan Social Science Institute，2012：16-23.（in Chinese）.

［12］HUANG J.From survival to development：Study on social policy ofmigrant workers［M］.Beijing：Sunshine Daily Publishing Company，2009：80-88.（in Chinese）.

［13］YUN YH.Study on measurement index system and assessmentmethod of citizenization ofmigrantworkers［J］.Study and Practice，2009（8）：109-112.（in Chinese）.

［14］CHU YH.Onmeasurement index system and comprehensive assessmentof citizenization ofmigrantworkers［J］.Popular Science，2012（3）：174.（in Chinese）.

［15］JIANGYP.The construction ofmeasurement index system on urbanizations for land-lostpeasants［J］.Journalof Huzhou Teachers College，2012，34（4）：78-85.（in Chinese）.

［16］LIU SL，HUANG SW.The construction and evaluation of citizenization progress index system ofmigrantworkers in China［J］.Statistics and Decision，2014（13）：29-32.（in Chinese）.

［17］CHENM.Study on political participation of peasant-workers——Taking the case of HefeiCity and Yancheng City［D］.AnhuiAgricultural University，2011：9-14.（in Chinese）.

［18］GAOHG.Study on environmental statusand implementation path of political participation of peasant-workers［D］.Jilin University，76.（in Chinese）.

［19］WANG X，MA L.Research on the Old Age Security Problem of the First Generation of PeasantWorkers.［J］.Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences.2014.42（34）：12330-12332，12335.（in Chinese）