Yanrong CAI,Xingping FENG

1.Sichuan Eiectric Power Design Institute,Chengdu 610072,China

2.Oil and Water Conservation Research Institute of the University of Science and Technology,Northwest Agriculture and Forestry,Yangling 712100,China

Substantive Characteristics of Water and Soil Conservation and Ecological Civilization Construction in China

Yanrong CAI1,Xingping FENG2*

1.Sichuan Eiectric Power Design Institute,Chengdu 610072,China

2.Oil and Water Conservation Research Institute of the University of Science and Technology,Northwest Agriculture and Forestry,Yangling 712100,China

Water and soil conservation is an important part of eco-civilization construction.It is a major part of eco-construction and lifeline of social and economy development.Therefore,water and soil conservation is of great significance in maintaining eco-safety.The research concluded status quo and characters of water and soil losses in China and analyzed water and soil conservation and construction of eco-civilization from the perspectives of water and soil conservation and construction of eco-civilization.

Water and soil losses;Water and soil conservation;Ecological civilization;Ecological civilization construction

S ince the middle of the 20thcentury,ecological crises are emerging and environment undergoes destruction with deterioration of global eco-environment,which poses threats to sustainable development of human society[1].There fore,some concepts are proposed in terms of ecology,ecological civilization and the construction on basis of consideration of the relationship between human and nature,human existence patterns,and development modes[2]. With progress made on economy development in China 30 years since reform and opening-up,economy growth is always the traditional way of“high growth,high consumption and high pollution”.It is urgent to save and protect resources and improve eco-environment.Ecological civilization is a part of human social civilization,being a key sign of social advancement.It is notable that ecological civilization,on basis of respecting and maintaining eco-environment,is a sustainable pro duction and consumption way, guaranteeing social and economic harmonious development.Furthermore,ecological civilization gives highlights to self-determination and selfdiscipline,as well as interedependency and mutual promotion.It is known that ecological civilization has been written into the 18thNational Congress of the Communist Party of China, which incorporates China’s responsibility of history and the spirit of development to keep pace with times,as well as the significance of ecological civilization for building well-off society in an all-around way.

China is one of countries undergoing the most serious water and soil losses which has become a key envi ronment problem[3].Water and soil conservation,under guidance of harmonious development between human beings and nature,constitutes a crucial way for constructing ecological civilization,starting from improving livelihood and insisting on protective development,which effectively protect water and soils and supports economy

Concepts Related to Water and Soil Conservation and Ecological Civilization

Water and soil losses

Water and soil losses refer to the action of soils being eroded,moved, and deposited under the effect of flow action.In natural condition,surface soil erosion just caused by natural factors is much slow,keeping balance with soil formation,which is called natural erosion or geological erosion.Under influence of human activity,especially for serious destruction on slope vegetation by human,water and soil losses would occur when soil and rock, caused by natural factors,move from one location to another location.

Water and soil conservation

Water and soil conservation refers to preventing soil and water losses, protecting and improving water and soil resources in mountains,hills,and sandy fields in order to maintain and enhance soil fertility,fully exploit economic and social benefits of water and soils,and to establish comprehensive science and technology of a good ecoenvironment.Currently,water and soil conservation is composed of water and soil conservation agricultural technology,water and soil conservation forestry and grass measures,and water and soil conservation engineering measures.It is notable that water and soil conservation is a comprehensive and systematic engineering and has four characters,as follows:The first belongs to science property which concerns multiple subjects,such as soil,geology,forestry,agriculture,water conservancy,and law.The second is location property.Different measures should be taken because of diversified natural conditions,economy development,social status,and water and soil conservation.The third character is the integrity,covering departments of finance,planning,environment protection,agriculture,forestry, water conservancy,territorial resources,transportation,construction, economy and trade,judiciary and public security.Finally,water and soil conservation relies on the efforts of the public.

Ecology

Ecology is the existence status of living beings and the interactions among organisms and their environment.The word can be dated back to the research of an individual organism. At present,ecology has been applied in different fields,the word is usually endowed with active meanings.

Ecological civilization

Ecological civilization refers to a new phase of human civilization development after industrial civilization.It is a sum of material and spiritual achievements in the process of human abiding by harmonious development of human beings,nature and society,according to the purpose of coordinated existence,virtuous circle,overall development,and sustainable prosperity between human and nature,among human beings,and between human and society.The 18thNational Congress of the Communist Party of China defined ecological civilization as a sum of material,spiritual and system fruits in the process of people protecting and constructing beautiful eco-environment,and it is a systematic engineering penetrating economic,politic,cultural and social constructions,reflecting social civilization advancement.

Construction of ecological civilization

The construction of ecological civilization would effectively relieve the conflict between economy evolvement and environment protection,and coordinate the relationship among people and between human and nature,to advance economy,social and environment sustainable development.In the construction process,it has demands on people to give full play to their creativity and settle the target of production,provided eco-environment being protected.Meanwhile,the construction should undergo in the processes of economic,political,cultural and social constructions,for the construction aims at building beautiful China and promoting China sustainable development.

Status quoof Water and Soil Losses in China

Water and soils lay foundation for existence and development of human beings,and water and soil losses has drawn global attention.It is notable that the water and soil loss is one of the most serious disasters in the world, resulting in drought,sedimentation, and floods,as well as deterioration of natural environment in China[5].In accordance with remote-sensing investigation in 1990,the area of water and soil losses totaled 3.67 million km2nationwide,representing 38.2%of national lands,and the newly increased loss area reached 10 000 km2yearly(Table 1 and Fig.1).Meanwhile,the area affected by desertification is extending. For example,total area of desertification in China reached 2.62 million km2, and continued increasing at 24.60 million km2per year.According to the Second National Remote-sensing Investigation of Water and Soil Losses, the total area of water and soil losses was as high as 3.569 2 million km2in China in the 1990s,including the area of water erosion at 1.67 million km2,and the area of wind erosion at 1.91 million km2.Besides,the interlocking area totaled 260 000 km2.Specifically,for water erosion,the area in China was as extensive as 1.65 million km2,including slight erosion area of 830 000 km2,moderate erosion area of 550 000 km2,heavy erosion area of 180 000 km2,extremely heavy erosion area of 60 000 km2, and the extremely heaviest erosion area of 30 000 km2.As for wind erosion,the total area reached 1.91 million km2,involving slight erosion area of 790 000 km2,moderate erosion of 250 000 km2,heavy erosion of 250 000 km2,extremely heavy erosion area of 270 000 km2,and the extremely heaviest erosion area of 350 000 km2.China has a high population,so that the demand pressure on crops and household fuel maintains higher accordingly. With productivity unchanged,it becomes common to conduct excessive reclamation on lands,partially emphasize crop yield,and ignore overall development of agriculture,forestry,and animal husbandry.Consequently,the lands just suitable for forestry and animal husbandry are also used as farmlands.It is notable that undue exploitation of slopes,excessive deforestation and even roots has destroyed ecosystem and deteriorated water and soil losses[2].In addition,some buildings do not conform to demands of water and soil conservation.For example,irrational construction of roads,industries,and coal mining undermine vegetations,and slope stability,causing landslide,collapse and debris flow. Due to large area of water and soil losses,and difficulty in treatment,the problem of water and soil losses is deteriorating,so that a vicious circle hasformed of reclamation and farmers’incomes.Presently,water and soil losses have become a chief culprit of environment destruction(Fig.2).In general,water and soil losses are caused by natural factors and human activities,of which the former is a potential aspect,but the latter is a fundamental cause,involving destruction of surface vegetation and landforms by reclamation of steep slope,irrational deforestation,and inappropriate treatments of mining,road repair,and quarrying.

Table 1Water erosion and wind erosion areas of different provinces in China

China is dominated by hills and low mountains,and rainfall is unevenly distributed in terms of spatial and temporal aspects.What’s worse,the extension of urbanization has deteriorated water and soil losses.

Extensive distribution with large areas

China is dominated by hills and low mountain ranges,taking up to 70% of national lands.For a long term,because of irrational development of resources,population surge,exploitation of steep slopes,excessive deforestation,it becomes much severe of destroying forests and grasses to be farmlands,causing water and soil losses.According to the Second National Remote-sensing Investigation, the area of water and soil losses reached 3.569 2 million km2,including water erosion area of 1.65 million km2and wind erosion are of 1.91 million km2.China is one of countries the most seriously affected by desertification in the world,and the areas of desert,gobi,and desertified land in Northern China have exceeded 1.49 million km2, representing 15.5%.In the 1970s,the degradation rate of grasslands reached 15%,and even 30%in the 1980s.It can be concluded that water and soil losses has thinned soil layers, and promoted land petrifaction,reducing land values in agriculture and decreased farmland area.

Diversified erosion types and difficulty of treatment

It is notable that the erosion types are diversified,including water,wind, freezing and thawing,and gravitational erosions.For instance,Loess Plateau in the northwest,black soil regions in China’s Northeast Plain,hilly red soil region of Southern China,mountainous areas in Northern China,and stony mountainous areas in Southern China are dominated by water erosion, supplemented by landslide and debris flow.Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is dominated by freezing and thawing erosion. The windy desert areas and grasslands in the northwest are dominated by wind erosion.Semi-dry transition zones between cropping area and nomadic area in the northwest are contributed by wind and water erosions. On the other hand,spring and winter are dominated by wind erosion and summer and autumn by water erosion. According to statistics,soil loss totaled 5 billion tons yearly in China.Specifically,soil loss in the Yangtze River basin can be as high as 2.4 billion tons,including 1.56 billion tons in upper and middle reaches,and the sediments in the Yellow River reach 1.6 billion tons,especially in the segment from Hetou Town to Longmen District, where the sediments can be 70 000 km2,and annual mean soil erosion modulus reaches 10 000 t/km2,and even 30 000-50 000 t/km2for silts de-position in rivers or lakes weakens regulating and storage functions of water conservancy facilities and flood carrying capacity of natural river channels,and deteriorates floods downstream.Consequently,the silts received from the middle reaches form sediments here,elevating the river bed about 9 cm yearly,which is several meters above the surrounding ground, becoming a“suspending river”and increasing flood control difficulties.

Complicated cause of water and soil losses with significant differences upon regions

Water and soil losses in Loess Plateau in the northwest,black soil regions in China’s Northeast Plain,hilly red soil region of Southern China, mountainous areas in Northern China, and stony mountainous areas in Southern China tend to be volatile in terms of causes,harms,and treatment keys.On the other hand,water and soil losses mainly occurs in mountainous regions,hills,and windy desert areas,and occasionally observed in flatlands and coastal areas.

Fundamental Characters of Water and Soil Conservation and Ecological Civilization Construction

Since the middle of the 20thcentury,with deteriorating of global ecoenvironment,ecological risks appear repeatedly and environment has been destroyed,posing threats to sustainable development of human beings[6]. Hence,the relationship between human beings and nature,human existence and development mode have drawn attentions worldwide,and the concepts of ecology,eco-civilization and construction of eco-civilization are proposed[11].The area of hills and mountain ranges represent 2/3 of China’s territorial area,and climate in China differs from region to region. Water and soil conservation constructions were carried out since ancient times for living and the theories,such as“balanced resources of water,soil, grass,and woods”,and“source first in treatment of water”were created, with progresses made[9].Since reform and opening-up,economy advances significantly in China.However,economy growth is still characterized by high growth,consumption and pollution.Hence,it is urgent to save and protect resources and improve ecoenvironment.Eco-civilization belongs to human civilization,symbolizing social advancement,premised on respecting and maintaining eco-environment.It is a sustainable production and consumption way,guaranteeing sustainable development of economy and society.Furthermore,eco-civilization gives highlights to conscientiousness and self-discipline,as well as interedependency and mutual promotion[12].

Water and soil conservation has been an important part of sustainable development strategy and a basic state policy[6-7].Recently,water and soil conservation plays a key role in improving eco-environment,agricultural production and treating rivers, which is famous as a national engineering for helping farmers become rich.It should recognize that water and soil conservation is fundamental for river treatments,laying foundation for use and protection of water resources, and contributes to the organic integrity of water management.After all,the protection of land resources from external erosions is a basic content of water and soil conservation as well as a part of land use and protection.With consideration of preventing land resources destruction and reducing soil degradation,water and soil conservation plays an active role in advancing land resources use and protection, which lays foundation for eco-environment construction.

Eco-civilization is a product on basis of profound reflection on traditional civilization,industrial civilization in particular,concerning global environment issue[16](Fig.4).Besides,social resources are limited,and reproducible ability of resources and environment lays foundation for human development.In China,the proposal of constructing eco-civilization is a result of prominent eco-environment problems and heavy pressure of environment protection.After reform and opening-up,much more problems or conflicts are emerging with progress on economy and social evolvement, which outstandingly embodied as heavier reliance on investment and increasing material input for economy development.It is a kind of extensive growth largely consuming energies and other resources,resulting in deteriorating environment problems[17-18]. On August 21,1982,Wan Li,vice premier and a member of the CPC central committee,propounded that the construction of water and soil conservation should be implemented from pri-mary school,and included in education of middle school,high school,and collages,and universities,which is of strategic significance for a long term.

In the middle of the 1990s,China proposed the concept of ecological civilization.In 1999,Wen Jiabao,vice Premier,made a prediction that the 21stcentury would be an ecological civilization-oriented.According to the 18thNational Congress of the Communist Party of China,ecological civilization construction should be highlighted,which proceeds and integrates with economic,political,cultural and social constructions.These indicated that the theory,view and methods of ecological civilization construction should be applied in constructions in terms of economy,politics,culture and society.Hu Jintao emphasized in the 17thNational Congress of the Communist Party of China that it is important to implement fiscal and taxation system and establish the system of use with compensation and eco-environment compensation system,which is of significance as a part of Scientific Outlook on Development.Furthermore,Hu pointed out that the essence of constructing ecological civilization is to construct resource-conserving and environment-friendly society on basis of environmental bearing capacity of resources,under the principle of natural rules and sustainable development. It is notable that the construction of ecological civilization includes not only the laws,policies and consciousness of protecting eco-environment,but also well-organized structure,advanced science and technology and active practice.Xi Jinping proposes that the construction of ecological civilization is related to people’s welfare and future of China,and gives highlights to protection of eco-environment.It is,therefore,necessary to recognize the urgency and difficulty in protecting eco-environment and treating pollution and the importance of reinforcing construction of ecological civilization.

In the 18thNational Congress of the Communist Party of China,it proposed the necessity of constructing eco-civilization in an all-round way in modern times and underscored the importance of construction of eco-civilization with people’s wellbeing and nation’s future.Therefore,people have to respect nature and natural rules,and establish the concept of protecting ecology and natural environment,guided by the principle of saving resources and energies,and of saving and protection first.What’s more,much more attention was paid to construction of ecological civilization,and it was proposed that the construction of ecological civilization is a long-term policy concerning people’s well-being and national development. These incorporate that the responsibility undertaken by Chinese Communist Party and the spirit of advancement with the times,as well as the significance of eco-civilization for building well-off society in an allaround way.Confronted by limited resources,serious environment pollution,and degraded eco-system,it becomes crucial to give prominence to ecological civilization construction, which should be integrated economic,political,cultural and social constructions in order to build beautiful China and achieve sustainable development of China.Therefore,the construction of eco-civilization has become a key part of the theoretical system of socialism with Chinese characteristics[19-20].Jinhua City has advanced the scheme of cleaning water source comprehensively,and detailed many water treatment targets.Specifically,it planned to completely accomplish treatments of industries involving battery,electroplate,printing and dyeing, papermaking,tanning,pharmaceuticals,chemical engineering and food in the end of 2015.Besides,sewage treatment rate in Jinhua City is expected to keep over 93%,over 90%in county-level cities,45%in towns,and 70%in villages;the treatment of household rubbish can be carried out in whole villages(Fig.5).

In accordance with Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Some Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Deepening the Reform,it was proposed to protect eco-environment relying on systems and emphasized it is necessary to deepen reform of ecological civilization system,accelerate ecological civilization system,improve the system of land development,resource-saving,and eco-environment protection and advance a new modernized pattern between man and nature.Besides,it was proposed that ecological civilization construction should be on basis of a complete ecological civilization system.Additionally, it is crucial to improve property rights theory of natural resources and use control system,and determine the“red line”of ecological protection to implement paid use system of resources and ecological compensation system and conduct reform on ecoenvironment protection and management system.It can be concluded that the strategy of integration of economy, politics,culture,society and ecology is highlighted,as well as the relationship of building beautiful China with deepening ecological civilization system. What’s more,the position of ecological civilization system in overall deepening and reforming has been confirmed and it put forward to constructcomplete ecological civilization system to protect eco-environment.And the content of ecological civilization system is enriched,covering resource property right,use control,“red line”of ecology,paid use,ecological compensation,and management system.

The construction of ecological civilization is a long-term policy concerning people’s well-being and national development.Confronted by limited resources,serious environment pollution,and degraded eco-system,it becomes crucial to give prominence to ecological civilization construction, which should be integrated economic, political,cultural and social constructions in order to build beautiful China and achieve sustainable development of China[21-22].In practice,some measures can be taken,including optimizing development pattern of space of national land,overall advancing resource saving,intensifying protection on ecosystem and environment,and reinforcing construction of eco-civilization.Generally speaking,ecological civilization can be understood from two aspects.

The first is to take ecological civilization as the highest development pattern which can be achieved by human beings following original civilization,agricultural civilization,and industrial civilization.Hence,ecological civilization is a kind of an abstract and long-term process of value pursuit, carrying people’s yearning for an ideal society and thoughts on future development.The second believes that material civilization mainly emphasizes increasing material demands,spiritual civilization mainly leads people’s mind,political civilization highlights the right relationship among people,and ecological civilization gives highlights to establish harmonious relationship of man and nature.Hence,a complete governing philosophy consisting of material,spiritual,political and natural aspects can be formulated.

Water and resources lay foundation for organism living and evolvement,as well as achieving eco-civilization.Nevertheless,the issue of water and soil losses caused by natural factors and human activities has become a big environmental problem, preventing eco-civilization construction.Water and soil conservation would guarantee coordinated development of population,resource,environment and economy,by coordinating natural and social factors and scientific arrangement,which is considered important for eco-civilization construction.Hence,to reinforce water and soil conservation is indispensible for promoting construction of harmonious society.

Conclusions

In conclusion,water and soil conservation is a task should be accomplished in construction of eco-civilization.Since the new century,China has proposed Scientific Outlook on Development and water and soil conservation can be a basic project for sustainable development concerning people's livelihood,drawing nation’s attention. The 18thNational Congress of the Communist Party of China proposed to build a comprehensive well-off society and incorporated eco-civilization into socialist cause with Chinese characteristics,as well as to build beautiful China.In terms of recognition,it should establish eco-civilization consciousness nationwide.In terms of policy,it should explore effective strategies in carrying out water and soil conservation in new age.In terms of measures,it should recognize the weakness of work system available to get improvement.In terms of action,it should stimulate social forces to take part in construction of eco-environment.Additionally,it becomes necessary to conduct education activities of water and soil conservation to enhance the awareness of eco-civilizaiton,cultivate eco-civilization,and research new measures;it is supposed to improve responsibility system of water and soil conservation targets and reward and punishment mechanism to construct eco-civilization system;it ought to underscore water and soil conservation involving scientific research,testing and promotion,to take measures for eco-civilization and complete eco-compensation system, providing references and supports for future national development.

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Responsible editor:Xiaoxue WANG

Responsible proofreader:Xiaoyan WU

我國水土保持與生態(tài)文明建設(shè)的本質(zhì)特征探討

蔡艷蓉1，馮興平2*
（1.四川省電力設(shè)計(jì)院，四川成都610072；2.西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)水土保持研究所/水利部水土保持生態(tài)工程技術(shù)研究中心，陜西楊凌712100）

水土保持作為生態(tài)文明建設(shè)的重要組成部分，是生態(tài)建設(shè)的主體,是經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展的生命線。保持水土,維護(hù)生態(tài)安全,意義重大,刻不容緩。從水土保持與生態(tài)文明建設(shè)的相關(guān)概念入手，總結(jié)了我國水土流失的現(xiàn)狀及主要特點(diǎn)，分析了水土保持與生態(tài)文明建設(shè)的本質(zhì)特征。

水土流失；水土保持；生態(tài)文明；生態(tài)文明建設(shè)evolvement.After all,water and soil conservation dominates in ecological construction,and becomes a lifeline of social and economy development[4]. Water and soil resources lay foundation for human civilization and ecological civilization,and water and soil conservation prevents blind development of the resources by rational adjusting the relation between human and nature,scientific arrangement of measures and strict implementation of prevention,restoration,treatment and protection as per the principle of acting according to circumstances,which advances harmony existence of human and nature and coordinated development of resources,environment,economy and society.Therefore,ecological civilization is achievement on basis of human thoughts on traditional civilization and industrial civilization,making progress on agricultural and industrial civilization,which is an advancement of human civilization pattern and development,road and mode,as well as an important part of constructing harmonious society.It is notable that the construction of ecological civilization refers to harmonious coexistence of human with nature.

“十二五”農(nóng)村領(lǐng)域國家科技計(jì)劃課題（2011BAD31B01）資助。

蔡艷蓉（1986-），女，福建南安人，碩士，助理工程師，主要研究方向?yàn)橥寥狼治g、水土保持技術(shù)和荒漠化治理。*通訊作者，馮興平（1960-），男，陜西榆林人，工程師，從事生產(chǎn)建設(shè)項(xiàng)目水土保持方案編制、水土保持設(shè)施竣工驗(yàn)收、水土保持生態(tài)工程規(guī)劃與設(shè)計(jì)，E-mail：1004977862@qq.com。

2015-04-03

修回日期 2015-05-16

Supported by the Twelfth Five-year-plan in National Science and Technology for the Rural Development in China(2011BAD31B01).

*Corresponding author.E-mail:1004977862@qq.com

Received:April 3,2015 Accepted:May 16,2015