Qinjin LI,Juan WANG,Zhenzhen YAN,Li ZHAO,Zhi WANG*

1.College of Bioscience&Biotechnology,Hunan Agriculture University,Changsha 410128,China;

2.Hunan Sports Vocational College,Changsha 410019,China

Study on Bio-Ecology of the SpiderClubiona corrugate

Qinjin LI1,2,Juan WANG1,Zhenzhen YAN1,Li ZHAO1,Zhi WANG1*

1.College of Bioscience&Biotechnology,Hunan Agriculture University,Changsha 410128,China;

2.Hunan Sports Vocational College,Changsha 410019,China

[Objective]Field and laboratory observation was conducted to investigateClubiona corrugate.[Method]The trials investigated the bio-ecology and behavior of the spiderC.corrugate.[Result]The spider overwintered with spiderlings,adults and instars turn into adults after 6-8 molts.It had 2-3 generations each year in Hunan, and it owned the character of overlapping of generation in paddies.The average duration of generations ofC.corrugatewas 158.2 days,and the survival days averaged 223.2 days.The female and male mated several times without cannibalistic behavior,average number of eggs female laid throughout its adult life was 371.5, and hatchability can get 85.4%.The sex ratio was 1∶1.Its capability of resistance to starvation and drought was strong.Through indoor observation,the spider can survive 25-61 days under the condition of no water and food.[Conclusion]The behavior ofC.corrugatewas also recorded in detail,and female usually has a strong ability to protect their egg-sacs and spiderlings.At present,the bio-ecology and behavior of the spiderC.corrugatehad not been reported.

Clubiona corrugate;Biology;Ecology;spider

C lubiona corrugate(Araneae, Clubionidae,Clubiona)is one of dominant species in paddy field,orchard,forest and grassland[1-5]. Distribution of Clu bionidae is wide around the world and 563 categories had been recorded so far,Clubiona had been the biggest cat egories in Clubionidae,which take up 81.17%[6-10]. Categories recorded by our country total 93[11-12].

Liuet al.obtained that the ability of resistance to starvation is bound up with the temperature and the relation is that the ability of resistance to hunger will become weak when the temperature become high[14].Moreover,the ability of resistance to hunger still has difference when they were exist in different growth stage,the ability could be reinforced along with growth stage increased[15].Liuet al.also proved that spider had strong ability to stand up to adverse situation and moisture was the important factor among all factors[16].The ability to resist hunger would have difference because of different life-style among spiders,if accommodation close to river or stream,this spider would have weak resistance;if accommodation was built on plants,this spider would have stronger resistance;if accommodation was placed in aerial and spider live in it,these kinds spiders would have strongest resistibility.These difference may be caused by the different levels of dependence of water[13]. Furthermore,different gender also could generate different resistibility, generally speaking,female would be stronger than male[17-20].

Due to it has excellent predation ability,rapid reproductive capacity and strong ability to resist hunger and desiccation,it has been a significant biology factor to regulate pests in paddy system[21].TheC.corrugateis a

Materials and Methods

Field observation

Rearing method was selected and modified depend on Wang(2007)of the means how to house spider in field[9].Two grain seeds were planted in plastic bucket with a diameter of 28㎝.Outside the bucket,it has a nylon gauze,the height is 1m and the diameter is 30 cm.A 60-80 cm zipper was allocated on each gauze for observing biological characteristic and throwing foods.The root of all gauze was tied by elastic rope in order to against external factor influence.Eighty newborn spiders were randomly picked from the same cocoon and allocated to 16 plastic cages.Each cage has five spiderlings,and sufficient foods were placed regularly into each cage.The work is used for recording life history, hatchability,mortality of C.corrugate, habitat environment.

A new generation will be obtained when the female of last generation had laid eggs.After spiderlings had developed mature and laid eggs,the intraday date and times of laying eggs will be recorded.If the spider died,date also need to be recorded.

Oocyst should be immigrated into test tube and reared in incubator subsequently after female laid eggs,temperature of incubation is 25℃.When oocyst had hatched or fresh spider had worn out,the oocyst ought to be cut and then checked under the electron microscope.

Laboratory observation

Fresh spiderlings were picked from a same oocyst and they were allocated to large-scale cylinders(diameter:2.5 cm)one spider per cylinder.The bottom of the cylinder installed water(height:1-2 cm),foam possesses 3-5 holes float on the water and 2-3 germinal riceshoots was laid in the holes.Abundant foods were offered to spiderlings feed in cylinders. Laboratory observation is order to record life cycle,sexual ration, courtship and mating,laying and protecting eggs,consumption of predator.Assay of resistant ability to hunger and drought

Adult spiders were distributed four groups,and their condition is that:(1) abundant food without water;(2)without food and water;(3)enough water without food;(4)plenty of foods and water.Temperature is unanimous. Survival duration need record in detail.

Results and Analysis

Annual life history

As we observed,C.corrugate have 2-3 generations each year,it overwintered with spiderlings and subadults of third generation and adults of second generation.Specifically,the duration of the 1stgeneration was from middle April to late July;the duration of the 2ndgeneration was from late July to late September;the duration of the 3rdgeneration from early December to March of next year.Population density had emerged two peaks during development period of rice,first time was midmonth of July;and the second time was midmonth of September(Table 1).

Life cycle

The duration of every generation is about 80-246 days.The overwintered generation is longest,with duration of 73-110 days.Duration of the second is relatively short of 66-99 days.Duration of eggs is 4-18 days, and the average is 7.7 days.Duration of spiderling is 44.5-157.5 days,and the average is 78.1 days.Duration of adults is 17.5-37.2 days,and the average is 24.4 days.Duration of spiderling from sexual maturity to laying eggs lasts 8.5-18.5 days,with the average of 11.5 days(Table 2).

Habits and lifestyle

Surroundings of perchC.corrugate could wander or live in a stable circumstance,but would not weave net all its life,only spiting little irregular silk. Spiderling and adult do not like light, but were willing to choose dark situation to reside and they will search for food in nightfall,they had a preference for pests and neuter insects,such as rice leaf roller,Parnara guttata,chironmidae,et al.

Sexual ratioIn general,sexual ratio is about 1:1,when 67 spiderlings were fed to observe sexual ratio after sex maturity,but difference exist between generations,for 1stgeneration and 3rdgeneration,numbers of male have advantage,numbers of female have superiority in 2ndgeneration(Table 3).Courtship and matingBefore mating,male will run after female several circles willingly,when they encountered,male will use chelicera discrete sampling for female,if femalerefuse it,they will stretch its chelicera similarly and prepare to attack male;if female accept it,they will not move. On the condition of female will not attack male,male will close to female and hug it from back,two pairs paraeiopod in front will hug female’abdomen,two pairs paraeiopod in the rear will infibulate female’cephalothorax,at that time,female would turn its abdomen to back in order to male’palpal organ could enter into its genital pore and accomplish mating.During mating,left and right palpal organ will exchange and exchange frequency is 10-15,duration of mating is about 40 minutes generally,the most could be 2 hours.

Table 1Life cycle of the spider

Table 2Developmental duration of eggs,spiderling,adult of every generation

Laying and protecting eggs

Laying eggsBefore laying eggs, female will weave a 2-4.5 cm room for spawning and a mat placed in it.When laying eggs,abdomen will uplift and spinning organ will close to the margin of mat,white eggs will be laid at a time. After laying eggs,female will continue weaving silk to cover all eggs,new silk and mat would combine by pedipalps and foots and that make up a whole. Duration of laying eggs need 2-3 hours and female be inclined to laying eggs in the morning.

Protecting eggsEight female which have laid egg-sacs observed in laboratory,we can find that female have

great ability to protect their egg-sacs by carrying it in front of thorax when encountering attacker.If egg-sac was destroyed,they will rebuild it through spining silk renewedly.In addition,it can be concluded that female is lack of ability to distinguish itself egg-sacs, they protect egg-sacs consistently even if their egg-sac has changed.

HatchabilityEach female could lay 5-6 egg-sacs all their life,and hatchability is 72.5%-89.2%,with the average of 85.4%.The average hatchability of the 1st generation is 81.6%,the 2ndgeneration is 87.2%,and the 3rdgeneration is 77.5%.

The survival rateSurvival rate a mong all generations has significant differences.For example,the highest rate is 62.3%belonging to the 2ndgeneration and the lowest rate is 38.6% belonging to the 3rdgeneration.Additionally,the 1stgeneration has 48.7%.Capability of resistance to starvation and hungerUnder the condition of without water and foods,spider can survive 25-61 days,average survival days is 38.5;under the condition of enough water without foods,spider can survive 35-72 days,and average survival days is 42.2(Table 4);under the condition of enough foods without water,spider can survive 60-82 days, and average survival days is 72.2 (Table 5).On the same experiment,it also found that average survival days have regulation:adult＞sub-adult＞spiderling;female＞male.

Consumption of foodConsumptions of predators have difference among different stages and sex.Adult female is stronger than adult male, consumption of female is 35.2+5.2, and consumption of male is 26.8+3.5. Under the condition of temperature is 29℃and humidity is 72%-80%,average consumption of 3rdstage larvae is 11.2+2.8,4thstage is 32.5+4.3,5thstage is 34.6+3.2,6thstage is similar to 5thstage.

Table 3Sex ratio of every generation spiderling after sex maturity

Table 4Hunger-enduring ability of adult male/female spider

Table 5Drought-enduring ability of adult male/female spider

Discussion

Developmental duration of eggs, spiderlings,adults of every generation

For duration of eggs stage,there isn’t difference in each generation, average duration of the 1stgeneration is 7.2;average duration of the 2ndgeneration is 6;and that of the 3rdgeneration is 10.Similar to previous findings, duration of adults haven’t difference in each generation.Specifically,average duration of the 1stgeneration is 23.5; average duration of the 2ndgeneration is 21.2;average duration of the 3rdgeneration is 28.5.However,significant differences existed in duration of spiderlings of each generation,the average duration of the 3rdgeneration was the longest which have 123.4 days, the average duration of 1stgeneration is 58.5 days,and that of the 2ndgeneration is 52.5 days.The possible explanation for the difference of duration in generations could be that 3rdgeneration is overwintered with spiderlings and spiders just need produce basic metabolism to maintain life when they are overwintering[23-24].

Hatchability

The average hatchability of 1stgeneration is 81.6%,the 2nd generation is 87.2%,the 3rd generation is 77.5%.Appropriate temperature,feasible humidity,and great ability to protect egg-sacs of female could make sure egg-sacs high hatchability,it can be imitated the condition to feed spider,hatchability in generations is high and there isn’t significant difference in generations hence.It can be forecasted that years of accumulated temperature may be the dominated factor forhatchability of C.corrugate[25-28].

Enduring ability to drought and hunger

According to results we have got, we could find C.corrugate have strong enduring ability to drought and hunger, under the condition of without food and water,average survival days is 38.5; under the condition of enough food without water,average survival days is 72.2;under the condition of enough water without food,average survival days is 42.2.Food ingredients have contained water,which will explain the differences of survival days between the condition of without water and food and enough foods without water.Primary conclusion can be inferred that water may be the main factor for resistant ability to hunger and drought.Developmental stage and sex may be related to its resistance as well[18-19].

This study demonstrates that the higher hatching rate,the higher survival rate,the longer duration and stronger behavior adaptability of C.corrugate,which are the source of its population abundance in rice paddy[29-30].It should be given protection and encouragement to enhance its predation ability against rice insect pests[31].

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Responsible editor:Xiaoxue WANG

Responsible proofreader:Xiaoyan WU

褶管巢蛛（Clubiona corrugata）的生物生態(tài)學(xué)研究

李秦晉1,2，王娟1，嚴(yán)真真1，趙麗1，王智1*
（1.湖南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)生物科學(xué)與技術(shù)學(xué)院，湖南長(zhǎng)沙410128；2.湖南體育職業(yè)學(xué)院，湖南長(zhǎng)沙410019）

[目的]探究了褶管巢蛛（Clubiona corrugata）的生物生態(tài)學(xué)特性。[方法]分別在田間和試驗(yàn)室條件下對(duì)褶管巢蛛（Clubiona corrugata）進(jìn)行觀察。[結(jié)果]褶管巢蛛以成、若蛛越冬，若蛛6-8次蛻皮發(fā)育成成蛛。在湖南1年可發(fā)生2-3代，田間具世代重疊，世代平均歷期158.2天，壽命223.2天。雌、雄蛛均可多次交配，雌蛛一生平均產(chǎn)卵371.5粒，孵化率為85.4%。雌雄性比為1∶1。在稻田中可捕食稻飛虱、稻葉蟬、縱卷葉螟、稻苞蟲等多種害蟲。抵抗干旱和饑餓的能力比較強(qiáng)，經(jīng)室內(nèi)觀察，該蛛在無(wú)水無(wú)食的條件下可生存25-61天。[結(jié)論]試驗(yàn)中褶管巢蛛的行為被詳細(xì)記錄，雌蛛通常有比較強(qiáng)的保護(hù)蛋囊和幼蛛的能力。目前國(guó)內(nèi)外未見有關(guān)褶管巢蛛生物生態(tài)學(xué)特性的研究報(bào)道。

褶管巢蛛；生物學(xué)；生態(tài)學(xué);蜘蛛predator of many insect pests such as rice leaf roller Parnara guttata[22].However,scientific understanding and research had been conducted to know the biology and behavior of C.corrugate is rare.Therefore,in order to enhance the utilization of C.corrugate and protect our environment,this article is aim at exploring the biology and behavior of C.corrugate seriously.

國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金［31472017］；國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金［31272339］；國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金［31071943］；湖南省科技廳重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目［2014FJ2003］。

李秦晉（1975－），男，湖南益陽(yáng)人，漢，博士研究生，講師，主要從事農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)學(xué)研究，E-mail：18157099@qq.com。*通訊作者，王智（1968－），男，湖南新邵人，博士，教授，博士研究生導(dǎo)師，主要從事生態(tài)學(xué)和害蟲生態(tài)調(diào)控研究，E-mail：wangzspider@sina.com.cn。

2015-04-03

修回日期 2015-05-16

Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China[31472017];National Natural Science Foundation of China[31272339];National Natural Science Foundation of China[31071943];Major Program of Department of Science and Technology of Hunan Province[2014FJ2003].

*Corresponding author.E-mail:wangzspider@sina.com.cn

Received:April 3,2015 Accepted:May 16,2015