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        施肥和雜草多樣性對土壤微生物群落的影響

        2015-01-19 02:57:28趙燦燦何瓊杰呂會會管奕欣谷艷芳
        生態(tài)學報 2015年18期
        關鍵詞:雜草影響

        孫 鋒, 趙燦燦, 何瓊杰, 呂會會, 管奕欣, 谷艷芳,2,*

        1 河南大學生命科學學院, 開封 475004 2 河南大學生態(tài)科學和技術研究所, 開封 475004

        施肥和雜草多樣性對土壤微生物群落的影響

        孫 鋒1, 趙燦燦1, 何瓊杰1, 呂會會1, 管奕欣1, 谷艷芳1,2,*

        1 河南大學生命科學學院, 開封 475004 2 河南大學生態(tài)科學和技術研究所, 開封 475004

        常年使用化肥和除草劑以及農(nóng)業(yè)新技術的高投入,使我國糧食主產(chǎn)區(qū)耕地出現(xiàn)了生產(chǎn)力降低、土壤生物多樣性失調和污染嚴重等生態(tài)問題。采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)方法來評估施肥和雜草多樣性對冬小麥土壤微生物群落結構的影響。實驗采用裂區(qū)實驗設計,施肥作為主因素,雜草多樣性作為次因素?;屎陀袡C肥兩個施肥處理,在兩個施肥處理中進行雜草多樣性設置,實驗盆中心種植作物(冬小麥8株),四周種植雜草(8株),雜草種類選擇野燕麥、苜蓿、菊苣、播娘蒿。雜草多樣性處理設為0、1、2、4種雜草處理,0種雜草處理僅種植作物,有6盆;1種雜草處理為每盆種1種雜草,有12盆;2種雜草處理為每盆種兩種雜草,有12盆;4種雜草處理為每盆種4種雜草,有6盆。結果表明:在兩種施肥處理中,增加雜草多樣性顯著增加了土壤碳氮比和pH值,碳氮比都是在4種雜草處理中最高。施化肥處理中,增加雜草多樣性顯著影響真菌和細菌比,真菌和細菌比在4種雜草處理中最大,顯著高于0、1、2種雜草處理。在施有機肥處理中,增加雜草多樣性顯著影響陽性菌和陰性菌比,陽性菌和陰性菌比在0種雜草處理中最低,顯著低于1、2、4種雜草處理。在兩個施肥處理中,土壤碳氮比與各類群微生物量顯著相關,雜草多樣性通過改變土壤碳氮比改變微生物群落構成,并且微生物群落結構轉變方式不同。

        磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA); 施肥; 雜草多樣性; 主要農(nóng)作物

        土壤生物在增加土壤碳儲存、提高土壤肥力和調節(jié)植物生長中起著重要作用。尤其土壤微生物,它是土壤生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的關鍵成份和土壤功能(如物質循環(huán),能量流動)的驅動者[1]。微生物之間通過競爭和其它相互作用可以降低真菌類疾病[2],而微生物與植物根系共生形成菌根真菌能提高植物對氮和磷的吸收[3]。因此,土壤微生物在提高土壤生態(tài)系統(tǒng)功能方面起著重要作用。

        農(nóng)田管理方式(如施化肥、除草劑等)直接或間接地影響土壤微生物群落構成。當前,大量化肥施用于農(nóng)田用來滿足人類食物需求[4]。人為的氮輸入是100年前的10倍[5]。從1996年到2005年,中國的谷物產(chǎn)量增加了10%,但化肥施用量增加了51%[6]。土壤微生物群落結構和施肥有密切關系。長期施氮肥能減少總微生物量和真菌生物量[7-8],改變土壤氨氧化細菌群落構成[9]。長期施磷肥能顯著減少真菌生物量[8,10]。因此,長期施化肥對微生物有不利影響。除草劑的大量使用,使農(nóng)田雜草多樣性急劇降低。農(nóng)田雜草是棲息在農(nóng)田中鳥類、昆蟲和傳粉動物的食物來源[11-12],同時也是地上地下生態(tài)系統(tǒng)密切聯(lián)系的紐帶,影響分解者生物群落組成(微生物、線蟲、螨類)、養(yǎng)分利用和土壤生態(tài)過程的穩(wěn)定性[13-14]。大量研究集中于雜草對作物產(chǎn)量的影響,而農(nóng)田雜草如何影響土壤微生物群落結構的相關研究還比較少[15],且結果不一致[15-17]。微生物群落構成和多樣性的改變對植被生產(chǎn)力的影響是未來的主要挑戰(zhàn)[18]。

        磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)法不僅可以檢測活體微生物群落結構而且可以估計微生物生物量。磷脂脂肪酸組成的改變被認為是微生物群落結構轉變的敏感標記,廣泛用來比較不同的土地利用系統(tǒng)、作物管理模式和營養(yǎng)壓力下微生物群落的差異[19-20],是目前較可靠的研究方法。

        常年使用化肥和農(nóng)藥以及農(nóng)業(yè)新技術的高投入,使我國糧食主產(chǎn)區(qū)耕地出現(xiàn)了生產(chǎn)力降低、土壤生物多樣性失調和污染嚴重等生態(tài)問題。保護生物多樣性被認為是應對未來農(nóng)業(yè)風險的重要戰(zhàn)略[21]。本研究采用盆栽模擬試驗探索施化肥和有機肥措施下增加雜草多樣性是否改變冬小麥土壤微生物群落構成,以及該變化方式是否相同。旨在為農(nóng)田土壤環(huán)境保持健康穩(wěn)定提供一定的科學依據(jù)?;谠撗芯刻岢黾僭O:(1)增加雜草多樣性通過影響土壤C/ N改變微生物群落,(2)增加雜草多樣性在兩種施肥處理中改變微生物群落結構方式不同。

        1 研究區(qū)域

        試驗地點位于河南省開封市河南大學試驗田,地理位置為34°48′ N、114°18′ E,暖溫帶氣候,受季風影響顯著,四季分明,年均氣溫14 ℃,年均日照2267.6 h,年均降雨量為634.2 mm,屬于半濕潤偏干旱型,土壤為黃河沖積物母質發(fā)育而成,土層深厚,土質疏松。

        2 研究方法

        2.1 實驗設計

        實驗始于2010年10月,采用盆栽模擬方式(盆長75 cm,盆寬50 cm,盆高50 cm)種植作物為冬小麥(Triticumaestivum)和玉米(Zeamays)輪作,土壤取自撂荒地,原土壤化學性質全氮為0.30 g/ kg,銨態(tài)氮為16.1 mg/ kg,全磷為0.61 g/ kg,有效磷10.5 mg/ kg,有機碳3.2 g/ kg,pH為7.41。采用施肥作為主因素、雜草多樣性作為次因素的裂區(qū)實驗設計,化肥(NPK)和有機肥(OM)兩個施肥處理,施化肥時間為冬小麥播前(10月,基肥)和拔節(jié)期(次年3月,追肥),施肥量如表1;有機肥為雞糞經(jīng)堆制發(fā)酵后作基肥施用(無追肥),施用前先分析氮養(yǎng)分含量,以和施化肥處理等氮量為標準,同長期定位試驗[22]。在兩個施肥處理中進行雜草多樣性設置,雜草和冬小麥作物同時種植,玉米不種植雜草。實驗盆中心種植作物(冬小麥8株),四周種植雜草(8株),雜草種類選擇野燕麥(Avenafatua)、苜蓿(Medicagosativa)、菊苣(Cichoriumintybus)、播娘蒿(DescurainiaSophia)。雜草多樣性處理設為0、1、2、4種雜草處理,0種雜草處理僅種植作物(冬小麥16株);1種雜草處理為每盆種1種雜草(8株);2種雜草處理為每盆種兩種雜草、每種4株;4種雜草處理為每盆種4種雜草、每種2株。0種雜草處理有6個重復;1種雜草處理有4個組合(a, b, c, d),各3個重復共12盆;2種雜草有6種組合(ab, ac, ad, bc, bd, cd),各2個重復共12盆;4種雜草處理有一種組合(abcd)6個重復。共計72 (2種施肥處理×4種雜草不同組合的36個重復)個實驗盆。

        2.2 土壤樣品采集及處理

        在2013年(連續(xù)3a種植冬小麥,第3年取樣)冬小麥開花期(4月30號),用直徑2 cm土鉆在實驗盆中按五點法取0—20 cm土層土樣,用鑷子揀出根、凋落物碎屑及小石粒,混勻過2 mm土篩。分成兩份,用無菌塑料袋裝好,一份貯于-20 ℃冰箱用于微生物磷脂脂肪酸分析,一份自然風干用于測定土壤化學特性。

        2.3 測定方法

        2.3.1 土壤微生物量測定方法

        采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)生物標記法[23]。稱量相當8 g干重的鮮土樣,用23 mL含有氯仿、甲醇、磷酸鹽緩沖液(1∶2∶0.8)的混合提取液萃取脂質,N2氣體下濃縮萃取液。對磷脂進行分離,把脂肪酸恢復成甲酯,脂肪酸甲酯溶解在200 mL包含有十九烷酸甲酯(19:0)己烷溶劑中,19:0作為內部標準。采用安捷倫6890氣相色譜儀分析磷脂脂肪酸樣本,磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)的鑒定采用細菌脂肪酸標準和MIDI峰鑒別軟件。認定單一不飽和脂肪酸和環(huán)丙基脂肪酸為革蘭氏陰性菌[24],a/ i支鏈脂肪酸為革蘭氏陽性菌[25],脂肪酸14:0、15:0、16:0、17:0、18:0、革蘭氏陰性菌和革蘭氏陽性菌總和為細菌;16:1ω5c為菌根真菌標記[25];18:1ω9c和18:2ω6,9c為真菌標記[26]。

        2.3.2 土壤化學特性測定方法

        pH值分析采用0.01 mol/ L的CaCl2溶液浸提pH計法;土壤有機碳分析采用重鉻酸鉀氧化外加熱法;土壤全氮分析采用半微量凱氏定氮法;銨態(tài)氮分析采用2 mol/ L的KCl浸提連續(xù)流動分析儀測定法。

        2.4 數(shù)據(jù)處理與分析

        用單因素方差分析判定雜草多樣性對土壤化學性質、微生物生物量和群落比的影響;把植物初級生產(chǎn)量作為協(xié)變量,用協(xié)方差分析判定植物多樣性對以上指標的影響;用LSD法表示顯著性差異;Origin 8.0進行作圖。

        表1 試驗地肥料使用量

        3 結果

        3.1 施肥和雜草多樣性對土壤化學性質的影響

        由表2可知:施化肥處理中,土壤全氮、銨態(tài)氮、有機碳、碳氮比和pH值均低于施有機肥。在施化肥處理中,雜草多樣性對土壤全氮、銨態(tài)氮、有機碳和pH值無顯著影響,碳氮比在4種雜草處理中最高,比1種雜草處理高8.6%,且有顯著差異。在施有機肥處理中,雜草多樣性顯著影響土壤碳氮比和pH值;碳氮比在4種雜草處理中顯著高于1種雜草和2種雜草處理;pH值在4種雜草處理中最高,在0種雜草處理中最低,且兩處理間有顯著差異。

        表2 冬小麥開花期土壤養(yǎng)分

        數(shù)據(jù)為平均值加標準誤,0種草和4種草處理重復6次,1種草和2種草處理重復12次

        3.2 施肥和雜草多樣性對初級生產(chǎn)量的影響

        由表3可知:在兩個施肥處理中,雜草多樣性對初級生產(chǎn)量無顯著影響。施有機肥各個雜草多樣性處理初級生產(chǎn)量均高于施化肥處理。

        3.3 施肥和雜草多樣性對土壤微生物的影響

        由表4可見:在NPK施肥處理中,雜草多樣性顯著影響真菌和細菌比;在OM處理中,雜草多樣性顯著影響陽性菌和陰性菌比;在兩個施肥處理中,把初級生產(chǎn)量作為協(xié)變量后,仍有顯著差異。

        由圖1可知:在施有機肥處理中,土壤總微生物量和各類群微生物量遠高于施化肥處理;在施有機肥各個雜草多樣性處理中,總微生物量是施化肥各個雜草多樣性處理的4.0、4.2、4.1、4.5倍;施有機肥處理中陽性菌和陰性菌比、真菌和細菌比高于施化肥處理。

        表3 施肥和雜草多樣性處理下初級生產(chǎn)量(g/ 盆)

        數(shù)據(jù)為平均值±標準誤,0種和4種雜草處理重復6次,1種和2種雜草處理重復12次

        在施化肥處理中,雜草多樣性對總微生物量、細菌生物量無顯著影響;真菌和菌根真菌生物量在1種雜草處理中最低(1.0 nmol/ g干土和0.4 nmol/ g干土),在4種雜草處理中最高(1.3 nmol/ g干土和0.6 nmol/ g干土),且兩處理間有顯著性差異,其他處理之間無顯著差異;陽性菌和陰性菌比在各處理間無顯著差異;真菌和細菌比在0種雜草處理中最低,4種雜草處理中最高,且與0種雜草、1種雜草和2種雜草處理有顯著性差異。

        在施有機肥處理中,雜草多樣性對總微生物量、細菌生物量、真菌生物量無顯著影響;菌根真菌生物量在1種雜草處理中最低,為1.5 nmol/ g干土;在4種雜草處理中最高,為1.8 nmol/ g干土,且兩處理間有顯著性差異;陽性菌和陰性菌比在0種雜草處理中最低,在4種雜草處理中最高,0種雜草處理與有雜草處理間都有顯著差異;真菌和細菌比在各雜草處理間無顯著性差異。

        表4 不同雜草多樣處理間土壤微生物量和群落比的方差分析

        圖1 施肥和雜草多樣性處理對土壤微生物量的影響Fig.1 Effects of fertilization and weeds diversity on microbial biomass at anthesis stage of winter wheatG+/ G-: Gram-positive bacteria biomass/Gram-negative bacteria biomass; F/ B: Fungi biomass/ bacterial biomass

        3.4 相關分析

        由表5可知:在兩個施肥處理中,碳氮比與總微生物量和各類群微生物量顯著相關,銨態(tài)氮和pH值與微生物量無顯著相關性。在施化肥處理中,有機碳與細菌、真菌、菌根真菌生物量顯著相關;而在施有機肥處理中,有機碳與總微生物量和真菌生物量顯著相關。

        表5 微生物量與土壤化學性質相關分析

        3.5 雜草物種對土壤微生物群落的影響

        由表6可知:對含1種雜草處理進行方差分析,結果表明物種專一性對各類群土壤微生物量和類群比無顯著影響。

        4 討論

        施有機肥提高了土壤養(yǎng)分,更有利于增加土壤微生物量。結果表明施有機肥處理土壤總微生物量和各類群微生物量多于施化肥處理 (圖1),因為有機肥處理中有機碳含量高于施化肥處理(表2),微生物量依賴于土壤有機碳[27];有機肥本身含有微生物,這也是增加土壤微生物量的原因。施肥顯著改變了土壤微生物群落結構,施化肥處理中陽性菌與陰性菌比低于施有機肥 (圖1)。Marschner 等[28]在長期施肥研究中結果也表明陽性菌與陰性菌比在施化肥處理中顯著低于施有機肥處理。施有機肥處理有較高的真菌和細菌比 (圖1),增加真菌和細菌比被認為增強了生態(tài)系統(tǒng)效率和食物網(wǎng)復雜性[29-30]。是農(nóng)田生態(tài)系統(tǒng)更加可持續(xù)發(fā)展的標志并且對環(huán)境有較低的影響[31]。而且,施有機肥處理碳氮比高于施化肥處理(表2),碳氮比在一定范圍內可以作為養(yǎng)分肥力的指標。因此,施有機肥更有利于土壤生態(tài)系統(tǒng)穩(wěn)定性。

        雜草多樣性顯著改變了土壤養(yǎng)分,在兩個施肥處理中,4種雜草多樣性處理中碳氮比和pH值最高(表2)。碳氮比和pH值是重要的環(huán)境因子,會影響微生物群落構成,盡管在施有機肥4種雜草處理中pH值有顯著增加(表2),但pH值變化范圍比較窄,且與各類群微生物量無顯著相關(表5),而各類群微生物量和與碳氮比顯著相關(表5),所以增加雜草多樣性通過改變土壤碳氮比改變微生物群落結構,證明了第一個假設。這和Marschner等[28]研究結果相同,細菌和真菌群落結構顯著地受碳氮比影響。

        大部分土壤微生物是依賴外源碳的非自養(yǎng)生物,根代謝物增加了土壤有機碳,有利于微生物生長。本文結果表明地上雜草多樣性和地下微生物群落緊密相關(表4)。在施化肥處理中,雜草多樣性顯著影響真菌和細菌比(表4),4種雜草處理中,真菌和細菌比最高(圖1),因為在4種雜草處理中真菌生物量最多(圖1)。真菌能分解大量的植物殘體釋放營養(yǎng),促進土壤團聚提高土壤質量,且能增加土壤碳儲存。因此,在施化肥處理中物種豐富的植物群落的生態(tài)位互補作用、積極的交互作用和較多的可利用資源[32-33]更有利于真菌生長。4種雜草處理增強了生態(tài)系統(tǒng)效率的另一個原因是菌根真菌生物量最大,菌根真菌能增強宿主對氮和磷的吸收,也可以減少宿主土傳病蟲害[34];而且4種雜草處理中有較多的原生動物和小型節(jié)肢動物(未發(fā)表),土壤動物與微生物交互作用刺激分解作用[35-36],提高作物對土壤中氮的吸收并且減少害蟲的危害[37-38]。因此,施化肥處理中增加雜草多樣性通過改變真菌和細菌比影響微生物群落,并且有助于改善土壤生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。在施有機肥處理中,雜草多樣性顯著影響陽性菌和陰性菌比(表4),陰性菌生物量在4種雜草處理中最高。陰性菌傾向于利用根圍來源的碳[39],大量的陰性菌被認為是從貧營養(yǎng)到富營養(yǎng)的轉變[40]。植物通過改變根分泌液質量和數(shù)量影響陰性菌生物量,因為根分泌液是微生物利用的重要碳源,而且根分泌液和沉積物可以刺激微生物生長[41]。在有機肥處理中,雜草多樣性對真菌和細菌比無顯著影響(表4),因此,在有機肥處理中增加雜草多樣性對改善土壤生態(tài)系作用不大,可能因為在肥沃和生物學健康的土壤中,雜草處于競爭弱勢地位。在兩種施肥處理中增加雜草多樣性改變微生物群落結構的方式不同。證明了第二個假設。因此,植物物種豐富度是影響微生物交互的重要因子。盡管在雜草多樣性處理間微生物群落結構差別較小,但這些微小差別對微生物驅動的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)過程(如營養(yǎng)循環(huán))會有重要的積累效應。

        Milcu等[42]研究表明豆科物種的存在對土壤微生物量有積極的作用。實驗中,卻沒有得出此結論,在含有豆科、菊科、禾本科和十字花科雜草物種處理中,物種專一性對土壤微生物量和類群比都無顯著影響(表6)。因此,是物種多樣性而不是物種專一性影響微生物群落構成。Eisenhauer等[43]研究結果也表明是植物多樣性而不是植物功能組驅動土壤食物網(wǎng)的結構和功能。建議在農(nóng)田中施有機肥,以增加土壤微生物量;在施化肥農(nóng)田中要保持一定的雜草多樣性,用于調節(jié)土壤微生物群落結構,改善土壤生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。

        5 結論

        本文結果顯示施有機肥能較大的增加土壤微生物量和增加土壤養(yǎng)分。雜草多樣性通過改變土壤碳氮比顯著影響微生物群落構成,施化肥處理中增加雜草多樣性顯著增加了真菌和細菌比和土壤碳氮比,提高了土壤生態(tài)系統(tǒng)穩(wěn)定性;而在肥沃的有機肥處理中,增加雜草多樣性顯著增加了陽性菌和陰性菌比、pH值。

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        Effects of fertilization and diversity of weed species on the soil microbial community

        SUN Feng1, ZHAO Cancan1, HE Qiongjie1, Lü Huihui1, GUAN Yixin1, GU Yanfang1,2,*

        1CollegeofLifescience,HenanUniversity,Kaifeng475004,China2InstituteofEcologicalScienceandTechnology,HenanUniversity,Kaifeng475004,China

        Farmland ecosystems are primary producers of food, feed, fiber, and other natural products. Species diversity constitutes an important foundation in farmland ecosystems, but human activities are greatly accelerating the loss rate of species. Considerable evidence shows that agricultural management threatens biodiversity and negatively affects species richness and abundance of taxa. In major grain-producing areas, reductions in productivity and soil biodiversity and serious pollution problems occur as a result of fertilizer and pesticide use as well as new agricultural technologies. Conservation of biological diversity is considered to be an important strategy to reduce risks to agriculture in the future. Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis was employed to examine the effects of fertilization and diversity of weed species on soil microbial community structure in a winter wheat plantation. The experiment used a split-plot design and was established in October 2010. Two fertilization treatments (including chemical fertilizer and organic manure) were applied to the main plots and diversity of weed species (0, 1, 2 and 4 species) were sown in the sub-plots. Wheat was grown in the center of plots and weeds were grown around the wheat plants (all eight plants). The weed species wereAvenafatua,Medicagosativa,Cichoriumintybus, andDescurainiasophia. For the zero species weed treatments, six plots were grown of wheat plants only. For the 1-species weed treatments, one kind of weed was grown with the wheat in 12 plots. For the 2-species weed treatments, two weed species were grown with the wheat in 12 plots. For the 4-species weed treatments, four weed species were grown with the wheat in six plots. Increased weed diversity significantly increased the soil carbon(C)∶nitrogen(N) ratio and pH in both fertilizer treatments, and the C∶N ratio was the highest in the 4-species treatment. In the chemical fertilizer treatment, weed diversity significantly affected the fungi:bacteria ratio, which was highest in the 4-species treatment. Fungal and mycorrhizal fungal biomass were lowest in the 1-species treatment (1.0 nmol/g dry soil and 0.4 nmol/g dry soil, respectively), and significantly lower than in the 4-species treatment (1.3 nmol/g dry soil and 0.6 nmol/g dry soil, respectively). In the organic manure treatments, the gram-positive:gram-negative bacterial ratio was lowest in the 0-species treatment compared with the 1-, 2-and 4-species treatments. Mycorrhizal fungal biomass was lowest in the 1-species treatment (1.5 nmol/g dry soil), and significantly lower than in the 4-species treatment (1.8 nmol/g dry soil). In both fertilizer treatments, weed species diversity affected microbial community composition by changing the soil C∶N ratio, which was correlated with biomass of various functional groups of soil microbes. Moreover, the shift of the microbial community composition in a different way. Plant species richness is an important factor affecting microbial interactions. Despite the small differences in microbial community structure between different weed diversity treatments, these minor differences will have an important cumulative effect on microbial-driven ecosystem processes. For legumes,Asteraceae,Poaceae, and cruciferous weed species treatments, species specificity had no significant effects on soil microbial biomass and taxa. Thus, species diversity affects microbial community composition. We recommend applying manure to increase soil microbial biomass in farmlands and maintain diversity of weed species. This will lead to changes in microbial community structure to regulate and improve soil ecosystem stability in chemically fertilized farmland. This study is of practical and theoretical significance for 1) our understanding of how plant diversity affects soil microbial community composition and the development of soil ecosystem health, 2) exploring microbial ecological function in maintaining soil ecosystem stability, and 3) revealing plant-soil-microbial interactions and feedback mechanisms.

        PLFA; fertilization; weed diversity; main crop

        國家自然科學基金項目(31070394); 河南省科技攻關項目(142102110034)

        2014-01-09;

        日期:2014-11-19

        10.5846/stxb201401090071

        *通訊作者Corresponding author.E-mail: guyanfang@henu.edu.cn

        孫鋒, 趙燦燦, 何瓊杰, 呂會會, 管奕欣, 谷艷芳.施肥和雜草多樣性對土壤微生物群落的影響.生態(tài)學報,2015,35(18):6023-6031.

        Sun F, Zhao C C, He Q J, Lü H H, Guan Y X, Gu Y F.Effects of fertilization and diversity of weed species on the soil microbial community.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(18):6023-6031.

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