美國環(huán)保協(xié)會的國際實踐

EDF'S INTERNATIONAL WORK

美國環(huán)保協(xié)會一直以來堅持綜合運用科學、法律和經(jīng)濟的手段來解決最緊迫的環(huán)境問題。我們所開展過的

主要工作包括：DDT、酸雨、企業(yè)合作-綠化供應(yīng)鏈、清潔能源、氣候變化。

在此基礎(chǔ)上，我們總結(jié)了一些可供分享的經(jīng)驗。實際上，我們的副總裁杜丹德博士早在1991年就被中國國家環(huán)境保護總局邀請到中國，分享我們在美國幫助制訂的酸雨控制項目的經(jīng)驗。該項目是我們第一個基于市場機制的環(huán)境解決方案，也是我們的標志性成果之一。二氧化硫從電廠排放出來以后，經(jīng)過一系列的變化過程，最終會形成酸雨，對森林和湖泊造成破壞。上世紀80年代，美國環(huán)保協(xié)會成功說服布什總統(tǒng)采用市場機制來控制二氧化硫排放，并允許電廠自由選擇實現(xiàn)減排目標的手段。最終，美國的二氧化硫排放成功減半，并且成本僅為預(yù)計的四分之一，減排速度也遠遠超出人們的預(yù)期。與以往自上而下的行政手段相比，這種市場手段同時也為企業(yè)每年節(jié)省了大約10億美元的成本?！督?jīng)濟學人》雜志將該項目評為“過去十年中最偉大的綠色成功故事”。

來自中國國家環(huán)境保護總局的邀請使我們決定在中國開展工作，并分享我們在二氧化硫治理方面的經(jīng)驗。中國曾在第九個5年計劃中規(guī)定了二氧化硫的排放上限，所以我們認為美國的經(jīng)驗或許能夠?qū)χ袊兴鶐椭?。事實也確實如此，當時我們和國家環(huán)境保護總局一起實施了一個名為“4+3+1”的項目，在4個城市、3個省份和1家企業(yè)之間嘗試二氧化硫排污權(quán)交易。不過當時那個項目的真正意義，或許是促成了今天正在中國7個試點省市進行的碳交易試點。

EDF has become known for our work combining science, law, and economics to solve the most pressing environmental prob-lems. Some of the large scale problems we have worked on: DDT, Acid Rain, Corporations - Greening the Supply Chain, Clean Energy, Climate Change.

Along the way, I believe that we have developed some experience to share. In fact, our Vice President Dr. Dan Dudek was first invited to China in 1991 by the State Environmental Protection Administration to share our experience in helping to create the acid rain program in the US. This was the first of our market-based solutions, a focus which is one of the hallmarks of EDF's work. Sulfur dioxide, also known as SO2, from power plants was traveling long distances to cause acid rain, devastating lakes and forests. EDF convinced the first President Bush to adopt a market-based plan to control SO2emissions which allowed power plant owners to use any methods they wanted to achieve that result. As a result, sulfur emissions were halved, going down much faster than predicted and at one-fourth of the projected cost. The plan also saved companies roughly $1 billion a year, compared to earlier, top-down regulations. Looking back 10 years later, The Economist magazine described the program as “The greatest green success story of the past decade……”

That invitation led to EDF's decision to work in China and share our experience on SO2. China had originally capped SO2emissions in the 9th Five Year Plan and we thought that our experience in the US could be helpful to China. It did, in fact, lead to an innovative program known as “4+3+1” which tested out SO2emissions trading in four cities, 3 provinces, and one company. But the real product of that experimentation is the seven carbon trading pilots that are currently running throughout the country.