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【摘要】 目的:探討高血壓患者心房顫動(dòng)(AF)發(fā)作與血同型半胱氨酸、踝臂指數(shù)的相關(guān)性。方法:將120例老年原發(fā)性高血壓病患者按照有無(wú)合并AF發(fā)作分為兩組:AF組為合并AF發(fā)作組65例;對(duì)照組為不合并AF發(fā)作(竇性心律組)55例,分別做血清同型半胱氨酸濃度和踝臂指數(shù)的檢測(cè),比較兩組血清同型半胱氨酸水平、踝臂指數(shù)的高低。結(jié)果:高血壓并AF組血清同型半胱氨酸濃度明顯高于竇性心律組,踝臂指數(shù)小于竇性心律組,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論:高血壓患者并AF發(fā)作有更高的血清同型半胱氨酸水平和更低的踝臂指數(shù)。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 高血壓; 心房顫動(dòng); 血同型半胱氨酸; 踝臂指數(shù)
高血壓患者并發(fā)心房顫動(dòng)(AF)是發(fā)生腦卒中的常見原因之一,探討高血壓房顫的機(jī)制具有重要的臨床意義。曾有研究認(rèn)為,AF的發(fā)生可能與遺傳因素、離子通道和電生理特性異常有關(guān)[1-2]。現(xiàn)有研究表明,出生體重、腎功能和收縮、舒張壓對(duì)AF的發(fā)生和發(fā)展都有一定的影響[3-5]。且收縮壓比舒張壓能更好地預(yù)測(cè)AF的發(fā)生。甚至有研究表明對(duì)非高血壓患者來(lái)說(shuō),收縮壓也和AF的發(fā)生獨(dú)立相關(guān)[5]。
同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)是一種含硫氨基酸。有研究表明,血漿Hcy是動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性疾病的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素[6]。踝臂指數(shù)(ABI)是指踝部動(dòng)脈收縮壓和肱動(dòng)脈收縮壓的比值。正常ABI值在0.91~1.3之間,低于或等于0.9認(rèn)為是外周動(dòng)脈硬化的證據(jù)。ABI被認(rèn)為是心血管事件如腦卒中、心肌梗死、心力衰竭、死亡率的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因素[7-9]。本文探討高血壓患者AF發(fā)作與血清同型半胱氨酸水平和踝臂指數(shù)的相關(guān)性。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料 隨機(jī)入選2012年1月-2014年1月在本院心內(nèi)科住院治療的老年(60歲以上)原發(fā)性高血壓患者120例,年齡60~82歲,平均(70.18±6.35)歲,按照有無(wú)合并AF發(fā)作分為兩組:AF組為伴有AF發(fā)作65例;對(duì)照組為不合并AF即竇性心律組55例。兩組患者的年齡、性別等基線資料比較差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見表1。高血壓診斷符合2010年中國(guó)高血壓防治指南高血壓診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),除外繼發(fā)性高血壓等疾病。
1.2 方法 血Hcy測(cè)定:患者清晨空腹采集肘正中靜脈血,送本院生化實(shí)驗(yàn)室自動(dòng)分析儀檢測(cè)血Hcy,參考值范圍5.0~15.0 μmol/L。踝臂指數(shù)測(cè)定:左右兩側(cè)ABI各測(cè)量3次,取其平均值[11]。雙側(cè)下肢ABI均需測(cè)量,取最高的踝部收縮壓除以同側(cè)脛后動(dòng)脈和足背動(dòng)脈收縮壓,選用最低的ABI值用于分析。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 采用SPSS 12.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析,計(jì)量資料用(x±s)表示,兩組間均數(shù)比較采用t檢驗(yàn),高血壓房顫和Hcy、ABI相關(guān)性分析應(yīng)用Pearson 檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組高血壓患者血Hcy和ABI水平比較 AF組患者血Hcy平均為(11.07±5.09)μmol/L,明顯高于竇性心律組的(8.42±2.37)μmol/L,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。AF組患者ABI平均為(0.86±0.19),明顯低于竇性心律的(1.10±0.15),差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。
2.2 相關(guān)性分析 高血壓并發(fā)房顫患者與Hcy呈正相關(guān)(r=0.43,P<0.05),與ABI水平呈負(fù)相關(guān)(r=-0.39,P<0.05) 。
3 討論
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),合并AF組的患者血Hcy明顯高于對(duì)照組血Hcy,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。在高血壓患者中,血Hcy越高,AF發(fā)生率也越高。自1969年Mccully首次提出Hcy是動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化重要的潛在致病因素以來(lái),Hcy與高血壓的關(guān)系日益受到重視。
近年大量研究表明,高Hcy與心血管疾病有著密切的關(guān)系,特別是高血壓合并高Hcy者危害更大[11]。高Hcy可以損傷血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞,促進(jìn)血管平滑肌細(xì)胞增殖或凋亡,影響脂質(zhì)代謝。高Hcy血癥高血壓易導(dǎo)致AF的發(fā)作。高血壓并發(fā)AF和高Hcy血癥之間關(guān)系密切。故在此類患者中,服用他汀類藥物或適當(dāng)補(bǔ)充B族維生素,降低血Hcy水平,可以改善心血管患者高危人群的內(nèi)皮功能[12],從而降低高血壓并AF患者腦卒中發(fā)生的危險(xiǎn)。
從高血壓患者并發(fā)AF與ABI關(guān)系研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),合并AF組的患者血清ABI為(0.86±0.19),明顯低于對(duì)照組的(1.10±0.15),差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。提示有房顫的高血壓患者的ABI明顯比無(wú)房顫的高血壓患者的ABI數(shù)值要低(P<0.05)。
有研究表明,心血管疾病的預(yù)后在有房顫的患者中比無(wú)房顫的患者更差[10]。還有研究表明,有房顫的心血管病患者相比無(wú)房顫的患者來(lái)說(shuō),更易有低ABI和PAD的可能性[10]。
據(jù)相關(guān)研究報(bào)道,ABI是一個(gè)獨(dú)立的未來(lái)心血管事件的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因素,ABI評(píng)估和相關(guān)的治療也許對(duì)預(yù)防未來(lái)進(jìn)一步的心血管事件有很大的影響[13-14]。
德國(guó)Lange等[15]在一個(gè)周期一年的前瞻性隊(duì)列研究中表明,有著低ABI的患者全因死亡的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加,低ABI與高Hcy水平聯(lián)合檢測(cè)有助于鑒別出高?;颊?。ABI與Hcy聯(lián)合檢測(cè)對(duì)高血壓并房顫患者可以較好地預(yù)測(cè)腦卒中的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
參考文獻(xiàn)
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[6] Tayama J,Munakata M,Yoshinaga K,et al.Higher plasma homocysteine concentrations associated with more advanced systemic arterial stiffness and greater blood pressure response to stress in hypertensive patients[J].Hypertens Res,2006,9(6):403-409.
[7] Bhatt D L, Wilson P W, DAgostino R Sr, et al. REACH Registry Investigators. One year cardiovascular event rates in outpatients with atherothrombosis[J].JAMA,2007,297(11):1197-1206.
[8] Mkenna M, Wolson S, Kuller L. The ratio of ankle and arm arterial pressure as an independent predictor of mortality[J]. Atherosclerosis, 1991,87(45):119-128.
[9] Gallego P, Roldán V, Marín F, et al. Ankle brachial index as an independent predictor of mortality in anticoagulated atrial fibrillation[J]. European Journal of Clinical Investigation,2012,42(12):1302–1308.
[10] Edita Ma?anauskien?, Albinas Naud?iūnas. Comparison of Ankle-Brachial Index in Patients With and Without Atrial Fibrillation[J]. Medicina (Kaunas),2011,47(12):641-645.
[11] Bogdanski P, Ewa Milller-Kasprzak E, Pupek-Musialik D, et al. Homocysteine,atherosclerosis, and endothelial progenitor cells in hypertension[J]. Clin Chem Lab Med,2012,50(78):1107-1113.
[12] Wustmann,K, Marco,B, Annika, et al. Additive effect of homocysteine- and cholesterol-lowering therapy on endothelium-dependent vasodilation in patients with cardiovascular disease[J]. Cardiovascular therapeutics,2012,30(46):1755-5922.
[13] Belch J J, Topol E J, Agnelli G, et al. Critical issues in peripheral arterial disease detection and management[J]. Arch Inter Med,2003,163(8):884-892.
[14] Hirsch A T, Criqui M H, Treat-Jacobson D, et al. Peripheral arterial disease detection, awareness, and treatment in primary care[J]. JAMA,2001,286(11):1317-1324.
[15] Lange S, TrampischaH J,Haberlb R,et al. Excess 1-year cardiovascular risk in elderly primary care patients with a low ankle-brachial index (ABI) and high homocysteine level[J]. Atherosclerosis, 2005, 178(2): 351-357.
(收稿日期:2014-03-10) (本文編輯:陳丹云)endprint
[3] David Conen Birth. Weight is a significant risk factor for incident atrial fibrillation[J]. Circulation,2010, 122(8): 764-770.
[4] Alvaro Alons. Chronic kidney disease is associated with the incidence of atrial fibrillation: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities(ARIC) Study[J].Circulation, 2011, 123(25): 2946-2953.
[5] David Conen. Influence of systolic and diastolic blood pressure on the risk of incident atrial fibrillation in women[J].Circulation, 2009 ,119(16): 2146-2152.
[6] Tayama J,Munakata M,Yoshinaga K,et al.Higher plasma homocysteine concentrations associated with more advanced systemic arterial stiffness and greater blood pressure response to stress in hypertensive patients[J].Hypertens Res,2006,9(6):403-409.
[7] Bhatt D L, Wilson P W, DAgostino R Sr, et al. REACH Registry Investigators. One year cardiovascular event rates in outpatients with atherothrombosis[J].JAMA,2007,297(11):1197-1206.
[8] Mkenna M, Wolson S, Kuller L. The ratio of ankle and arm arterial pressure as an independent predictor of mortality[J]. Atherosclerosis, 1991,87(45):119-128.
[9] Gallego P, Roldán V, Marín F, et al. Ankle brachial index as an independent predictor of mortality in anticoagulated atrial fibrillation[J]. European Journal of Clinical Investigation,2012,42(12):1302–1308.
[10] Edita Ma?anauskien?, Albinas Naud?iūnas. Comparison of Ankle-Brachial Index in Patients With and Without Atrial Fibrillation[J]. Medicina (Kaunas),2011,47(12):641-645.
[11] Bogdanski P, Ewa Milller-Kasprzak E, Pupek-Musialik D, et al. Homocysteine,atherosclerosis, and endothelial progenitor cells in hypertension[J]. Clin Chem Lab Med,2012,50(78):1107-1113.
[12] Wustmann,K, Marco,B, Annika, et al. Additive effect of homocysteine- and cholesterol-lowering therapy on endothelium-dependent vasodilation in patients with cardiovascular disease[J]. Cardiovascular therapeutics,2012,30(46):1755-5922.
[13] Belch J J, Topol E J, Agnelli G, et al. Critical issues in peripheral arterial disease detection and management[J]. Arch Inter Med,2003,163(8):884-892.
[14] Hirsch A T, Criqui M H, Treat-Jacobson D, et al. Peripheral arterial disease detection, awareness, and treatment in primary care[J]. JAMA,2001,286(11):1317-1324.
[15] Lange S, TrampischaH J,Haberlb R,et al. Excess 1-year cardiovascular risk in elderly primary care patients with a low ankle-brachial index (ABI) and high homocysteine level[J]. Atherosclerosis, 2005, 178(2): 351-357.
(收稿日期:2014-03-10) (本文編輯:陳丹云)endprint
[3] David Conen Birth. Weight is a significant risk factor for incident atrial fibrillation[J]. Circulation,2010, 122(8): 764-770.
[4] Alvaro Alons. Chronic kidney disease is associated with the incidence of atrial fibrillation: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities(ARIC) Study[J].Circulation, 2011, 123(25): 2946-2953.
[5] David Conen. Influence of systolic and diastolic blood pressure on the risk of incident atrial fibrillation in women[J].Circulation, 2009 ,119(16): 2146-2152.
[6] Tayama J,Munakata M,Yoshinaga K,et al.Higher plasma homocysteine concentrations associated with more advanced systemic arterial stiffness and greater blood pressure response to stress in hypertensive patients[J].Hypertens Res,2006,9(6):403-409.
[7] Bhatt D L, Wilson P W, DAgostino R Sr, et al. REACH Registry Investigators. One year cardiovascular event rates in outpatients with atherothrombosis[J].JAMA,2007,297(11):1197-1206.
[8] Mkenna M, Wolson S, Kuller L. The ratio of ankle and arm arterial pressure as an independent predictor of mortality[J]. Atherosclerosis, 1991,87(45):119-128.
[9] Gallego P, Roldán V, Marín F, et al. Ankle brachial index as an independent predictor of mortality in anticoagulated atrial fibrillation[J]. European Journal of Clinical Investigation,2012,42(12):1302–1308.
[10] Edita Ma?anauskien?, Albinas Naud?iūnas. Comparison of Ankle-Brachial Index in Patients With and Without Atrial Fibrillation[J]. Medicina (Kaunas),2011,47(12):641-645.
[11] Bogdanski P, Ewa Milller-Kasprzak E, Pupek-Musialik D, et al. Homocysteine,atherosclerosis, and endothelial progenitor cells in hypertension[J]. Clin Chem Lab Med,2012,50(78):1107-1113.
[12] Wustmann,K, Marco,B, Annika, et al. Additive effect of homocysteine- and cholesterol-lowering therapy on endothelium-dependent vasodilation in patients with cardiovascular disease[J]. Cardiovascular therapeutics,2012,30(46):1755-5922.
[13] Belch J J, Topol E J, Agnelli G, et al. Critical issues in peripheral arterial disease detection and management[J]. Arch Inter Med,2003,163(8):884-892.
[14] Hirsch A T, Criqui M H, Treat-Jacobson D, et al. Peripheral arterial disease detection, awareness, and treatment in primary care[J]. JAMA,2001,286(11):1317-1324.
[15] Lange S, TrampischaH J,Haberlb R,et al. Excess 1-year cardiovascular risk in elderly primary care patients with a low ankle-brachial index (ABI) and high homocysteine level[J]. Atherosclerosis, 2005, 178(2): 351-357.
(收稿日期:2014-03-10) (本文編輯:陳丹云)endprint