賈良杰
[摘要] Wnt信號通路在生物體內參與調節(jié)了很多生命過程,其中包括各個組織的形成及器官的產生、免疫作用的發(fā)生、機體應激性的產生、細胞癌變和細胞凋亡與抗凋亡的過程等重要生命活動。越來越多的研究揭示了Wnt信號通路在細胞凋亡過程中的巨大作用,當然,Wnt信號通路通過很多已知的途徑進行細胞凋亡過程的調節(jié),其中包括通過調整細胞所處的外環(huán)境從而刺激細胞凋亡過程的加速或減緩等過程。本文將在Wnt細胞信號通路調控細胞凋亡從影響腫瘤細胞生長及生物體發(fā)育上對近期發(fā)表的研究成果作簡要綜述,并對Wnt信號通路中存在的關鍵基因、轉錄蛋白質做重點介紹并對其在細胞凋亡過程中所起的重要作用加以詳細闡述。
[關鍵詞] Wnt信號通路;細胞凋亡;腫瘤治療
[中圖分類號] R458[文獻標識碼] A[文章編號] 1674-4721(2014)06(c)-0194-03
The effect of apoptosis transferred by Wnt signaling transduction pathway in the cancer therapy
JIA Liang-jie
College of Life Science,Shannxi Normal University,Xi′an710119,China
[Abstract] Wnt signaling transduction pathway plays an important role in many kinds of life activities,such as the formation of various organizations and organs,immunity,reflex activity,canceration of the normal cell and anti-apoptotic process.The association between the Wnt signaling pathway and apoptosis has become more firmly established in the recent scientific literature.The activity of Wnt signaling according to specific cellular environment stimuli can regulate apoptosis.In this review,we will summarize the recent researches about the apoptosis transferred by Wnt signaling transduction pathway which interfere the activity of cancer cell and the development of organism,and we will also draw attention to genes and proteins of the Wnt signaling pathway involved in apoptosis and describe some of their functional effects.
[Key words] Wnt signaling pathway;Apoptosis;Cancer therapy
各項研究充分表明,如果細胞凋亡發(fā)生失調,那么機體會出現(xiàn)多種疾病,當細胞凋亡不能正常進行時,會發(fā)生癌癥;當細胞凋亡失調,特別是神經組織或肌肉組織發(fā)生病變時,會發(fā)生神經或肌肉細胞的功能喪失,導致功能性失常和障礙[1]。大量研究表明,Wnt信號通路在生物體的發(fā)育過程中扮演了重要的角色,在正常體細胞黏附、存活及凋亡調節(jié)和幼體胚胎細胞的分裂及分化的生理生化過程中有重要作用[2],特別是在幼體中樞神經系統(tǒng)的發(fā)育過程中發(fā)生的突觸重排過程,需要神經元中Wnt信號通路中的一些關鍵性成員參與其中[3]。細胞凋亡基因與Wnt信號途徑中共有的基因在整個胚胎發(fā)育時期被連續(xù)、協(xié)調的方式激活。Wnt信號通路在心血管系統(tǒng)的發(fā)育過程中起不可或缺的作用[4],還在成骨細胞的發(fā)育過程中軟骨細胞凋亡方面發(fā)揮了重要作用[5]。
1 Wnt信號通路簡介
Wnt信號途徑的信號轉導系統(tǒng)是人體中比較重要的信號轉導通路之一,包括信號啟動、分子傳遞、靶基因轉錄活化等幾個主要環(huán)節(jié)。在脊椎動物細胞中,Wnt信號途徑被其中的關鍵性蛋白(Wnt蛋白)所命名。在多種生物體內,Wnt信號轉導分為三條不同途徑發(fā)揮作用:經典Wnt信號途徑(canonical Wnt signal pathway)、細胞極性途徑和Wnt/Ca2+相關的非經典Wnt信號途徑(noncanonical Wnt signal pathway)。通過這幾種途徑,Wnt家族蛋白參與多種生理生化過程,接收胞外信號分子,從而調控胚胎發(fā)育及細胞生長、分化和凋亡等。Wnt信號通路的具體作用方式見圖1。
1.1 經典的Wnt信號通路
經典Wnt信號通路的作用機制已基本闡明,主要過程由細胞自分泌或旁分泌的Wnt蛋白與細胞表面受體卷曲蛋白(Frizzled,F(xiàn)rz)結合,F(xiàn)rz蛋白相當于胞內與胞外信號通路的橋梁從而使β-catenin在細胞質中積累,并在低密度脂蛋白受體相關蛋白5和6(LDL-receptor-related protein 5/6,LRP5/6)的協(xié)同下[7],一起活化Dishevelled(DSH)蛋白,觸發(fā)細胞內的信號轉導,進而抑制了由糖原合成酶激酶3β(GSK-3β)、結腸癌抑制因子[8](APC)和軸蛋白(axin)等構成的蛋白降解復合物,該復合物可通過磷酸化β-catenin(Ser45、Ser33、Ser37和Thr41)使之降解,因此當復合物不能形成或被解聚時,β-catenin則不會被降解,得以在細胞質內聚集增多,進而向細胞核內轉移,與轉導通路的主要信號分子T細胞因子/淋巴增強因子復合物(TCF/LEF)結合[5],最終激活與細胞生存、增殖和分化相關的下游靶基因的表達。Wnt信號的起始為Wnt配體與靶細胞上的特異性受體結合,轉導特異的信號途徑,導致靶細胞發(fā)生一系列生理反應。
1.2 細胞極性途徑(planar cell polarity pathway,Wnt/JNK通路)
Wnt/JNK通路與經典的Wnt信號通路在散亂蛋白激活之前的過程相同,但在激活后,主要是通過DSH激活Jun-N末端激酶(JNK),調節(jié)轉錄因子c-Jun、ATF2、P53、DPC4、Elk1等的活性而起作用。其中3個保守區(qū)域(DIX、PDZ、DEP)中的DEP在JNK激活作用下建立平面細胞極性,從而發(fā)揮作用。Wnt7a與Frz受體結合也發(fā)生在這一通路的激活過程中,從而調控Dsh、VanGogh、prickle、Strabismu、diego和flamingo等下游效應基因的表達,這些基因主要參與細胞極性的建立和細胞骨架重排使細胞骨架在胞內不對稱分布并在上皮細胞的協(xié)同極化過程中發(fā)揮作用。
1.3 Wnt/Ca2+相關的非經典信號途徑(Wnt/Ca2+ noncanonical Wnt signal pathway)
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非經典的Wnt/Ca2+信號途徑的激活需要Wnt家族中的Wnt4、Wnt5a、Wnt11蛋白參與。當Wnt蛋白與相應的Fz受體結合后,磷脂酰肌醇特異性磷脂酶C(PI-PLC)被特定的G蛋白激活,之后PI-PLC水解PIP2(phosphatidylinositol 4,5-diphosphate)生成DAG(diacylglycerol)和IP3(inositol triphosphate),兩者都能作為第二信使參與下游的級聯(lián)反應。DAG在細胞膜上協(xié)同Ca2+和磷脂酰絲氨酸激活蛋白激酶C(protein kinase C,PKC),PKC通過激活細胞質中的靶酶,參與生化反應,在癌癥中發(fā)揮重要作用[9-10]。IP3是Ca2+通道激活劑,既可以促使細胞膜上的Ca2+通道開放,又可以促進內質網中的Ca2+釋放到細胞質中[11],導致細胞質中Ca2+濃度增加,當增加到一定濃度時,其與鈣調蛋白(calmodulin,CaM)結合成Ca2+/CaM復合物,激活下游效應蛋白,引起廣泛的生物學效應[12]。
除這些已被發(fā)現(xiàn)的信號通路外,近年來發(fā)現(xiàn)的Wnt/Ror2通路是研究的一個熱點,主要為Wnt5a與細胞上Ror2、Frz受體分子結合后,可激活RhoA、Rac、ROCK和JNK等信號分子,在調節(jié)細胞的極性和遷移中發(fā)揮作用[13-14]。
2 Wnt信號傳導通路和細胞凋亡
Wnt信號通路存在廣泛,包括果蠅和線蟲的發(fā)育過程、人工培養(yǎng)傳代細胞轉變?yōu)榘┘毎纳磻?、爪蟾胚胎發(fā)育過程中的異位基因表達。有證據(jù)表明,當小鼠細胞中的Wnt信號通路有關基因被敲除后,小鼠胚胎就發(fā)生了特異性的發(fā)育缺陷。對于Wnt基因和其他Wnt信號傳導的組成部分是用于哺乳動物胚胎發(fā)育方面有非常重要的作用這一點,已經有了詳細的記載[15]。胚胎的正常發(fā)育與Wnt信號通路的非經典途徑有關,包括干細胞的增殖、腫瘤細胞的遷移和正常細胞的極化等,而Wnt信號調控紊亂會導致多種發(fā)育缺陷疾病的產生[5]。此外,在成年生物體的不同組織中也發(fā)現(xiàn)由于Wnt信號通路的故障從而引起了腫瘤效應。如在人的散發(fā)性大腸癌中,90%是Wnt信號活化的;Wnt在CLL和前BALL中呈過表達狀態(tài)[16],當CML急性發(fā)作時,Wnt信號通路處于異常的活化狀態(tài);在肝癌、腦瘤、胰腺癌和腎癌中均可見到其下游效應物β-catenin的點突變[8]。Wnt信號可以通過Wnt信號的下游效應物的突變的傳遞作用被激活或通過Wnt配體的過表達而直接被激活[17]。
Wnt信號傳導所調解的結果是根據(jù)特定的細胞活性環(huán)境刺激既可以促進,又可以抑制細胞凋亡的過程[18]。在正處于生長期與受到細胞損傷的神經細胞、內皮細胞、血管平滑肌細胞和心肌細胞中,Wnt信號調節(jié)通路對于早期與晚期細胞凋亡都具有調控作用[4]。Wnt信號通路調節(jié)細胞凋亡的重要的機制包括:WNT-BMP信號、BMP及HH信號通路與Wnt信號之間有非常密切的關系,BMP信號與一些效應物的共同調節(jié)能夠抑制Wnt信號或限制Wnt配體的旁分泌效果[19-20];或通過SFRP2(secreted Frizzled-related protein-2,分泌型Frizzled依賴性蛋白-2)基因的表達增加了SFRP這種分泌型蛋白的表達增加,從而抑制膠質瘤細胞活性,限制膠質瘤細胞移動[21];或通過β-catenin的信號轉導,組成β-catenin-Tcf4復合體后影響cyclinD1啟動子的表達,能夠有效地促進大鼠模型中直腸癌的發(fā)生[22]。當然,與其相關的還具有多種信號通路:GSK3-β-NF-κBeta,C-Jun N端激酶信號,和Dickkopf-1的基因表達,nemo蛋白,SOX10蛋白和tau蛋白構成的通路[4,23]。
需要著重介紹的是一種新型的腫瘤抑制蛋白——腺瘤性結腸息肉蛋白(adenomatous polyposis coli,APC),其在細胞凋亡的過程中所產生的作用不容小覷,該基因編碼一種含有2843個氨基酸的復雜蛋白質,在許多成熟及胚胎組織中都有表達。APC對于細胞凋亡的影響在很大程度上取決于APC蛋白的長度,野生型APC的表達(310 kD)將會誘導細胞凋亡,而突變基因會表達被截短的突變型APC蛋白質從而抗凋亡。最近的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),腫瘤細胞的線粒體中表達APC的截短型的突變型肽鏈,且積累量很高。當在APC基因序列中1~1309 bp的位點發(fā)生突變后,APC蛋白表現(xiàn)出較正常的野生型較短的肽鏈,從而抑制細胞的凋亡,使這種腫瘤細胞得以存活[24]。在有些細胞中發(fā)現(xiàn)了當APC蛋白過表達后會結合Bcl-2蛋白從而增加其在線粒體中的表達量,Bcl-2作為一種存活因子,當其分泌量增加就會導致癌細胞繼續(xù)存活下來并進行擴散,突變型的APC蛋白有能力將Bcl-2蛋白富集到腫瘤細胞的線粒體中,從而避免腫瘤細胞的凋亡。
3 結論與展望
細胞凋亡作為多細胞生物體在發(fā)育和維持體內穩(wěn)態(tài)過程中起重要的生理作用,一直是研究的熱門。研究促進或抑制細胞凋亡機制對許多疾病的治療有特殊的意義。隨著對細胞凋亡機制的研究,將能夠研發(fā)新型藥物抑制細胞凋亡過程,從而增長細胞壽命,或是靶向某種特定細胞進行靶向細胞凋亡,如對癌細胞進行定向凋亡,未來新型智能治療藥物將會在細胞凋亡方面有較多的應用。除此之外,通過對阻止細胞凋亡的治療研究,也能通過研發(fā)新藥特異地、高效地治療肌肉萎縮癥和神經退行性疾病。
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(收稿日期:2014-03-13本文編輯:李亞聰)
endprint
[7]MacDonald BT,Tamai K,He X.Wnt/β-catenin signaling:components,mechanisms,and diseases[J].Dev Cell,2009,17(1):9-26.
[8]Polakis P.Wnt signaling and cancer[J].Genes Dev,2000,14(15):1837-1851.
[9]Topol L,Jiang X,Choi H,et al.Wnt-5a inhibits the canonical Wnt pathway by promoting GSK-3-independent β-catenin degradation[J].J Cell Biol,2003,162(5):899-908.
[10]Medrano EE.Wnt5a and PKC,a deadly partnership involved in melanoma invasion[J].Pigment Cell Res,2007,20(4):258-259.
[11]Suzuki A,Ito T,Kawano H,et al.Survivin initiates procaspase 3/p21 complex formation as a result of interaction with Cdk4 to resist Fas-mediated cell death[J].Oncogene,2000,19(10):1346-1353.
[12]汪群,孫權.細胞周期素D1及相關基因在膽管癌中的進展[J].國外醫(yī)學外科學分冊,2006,32(5):359-362.
[13]Oishi I,Suzuki H,Onishi N,et al.The receptor tyrosine kinase Ror2 is involved in non-canonical Wnt5a/JNK signalling pathway[J].Genes Cell,2003,8(7):645-654.
[14]Yoda A,Oishi I,Minami Y.Expression and function of the Ror-family receptor tyrosine kinases during development:lessons from genetic analyses of nematodes,mice,and humans[J].J Recept Signal Transduct Res,2003,23(1):1-15.
[15]Bodine PV.Wnt signaling control of bone cell apoptosis[J].Cell Res,2008,18(2):248-253.
[16]McWhirter JR,Neuteboom ST,Wancewicz EV,et al.Oncogenic homeodomain transcription factor E2A-Pbx1 activates a novel WNT gene in pre-B acute lymphoblastoid leukemia[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci UAS,1999,96(20):11464-11469.
[17]Breuhahn K,Longerich T,Schirmacher P.Dysregulation of growth factor signaling in human hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Oncogene,2006,25(27):3787-3800.
[18]Shulewitz M, Soloviev I,Wu T,et al.Repressor roles for TCF-4 and Sfrp1 in Wnt signaling in breast cancer[J].Oncogene,2006,25(31):4361-4369.
[19]Katoh Y,Katoh M.WNT antagonist,SFRP1,is Hedgehog signaling target[J].Int J Mol Med,2006,17(1):171-175.
[20]Marsit CJ,Karagas MR,Schned A,et al.Carcinogen exposure and epigenetic silencing in bladder cancer[J].Ann N Y Acad Sci,2006,1076:810-821.
[21]Tetsu O,McCormick F.β-Catenin regulates expression of cyclin D1 in colon carcinoma cells[J].Nature,1999,398(6726):422-426.
[22]Crowder RJ,F(xiàn)reeman RS.Glycogen synthase kinase-3β activity is critical for neuronal death caused by inhibiting phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase or Akt but not for death caused by nerve growth factor withdrawal[J].J Biol Chem,2000,275(44):34266-34271.
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endprint