劉 洪 李 超 王少新 王 薇 綜述 樊晉川 審校
腮腺多形性腺瘤外科術式的演變及發(fā)展*
劉 洪①李 超②王少新②王 薇②綜述 樊晉川②審校
腮腺腫瘤以多形性腺瘤居多,目前外科治療仍是主要的治療方式。20世紀時學者們由于對面神經(jīng)解剖和多形性腺瘤包膜病理特性缺乏了解,該病的主要術式為單純腫瘤剜除術,但術后容易導致復發(fā);試圖通過擴大切除的范圍控制復發(fā)率,于是包膜外切除術開始運用于臨床,雖然切除了腫瘤的包膜,但是復發(fā)率仍未能很好地控制。腮腺淺葉切除術和腮腺全切術明顯降低了復發(fā)率,但是伴隨著面神經(jīng)損傷的加重,似乎又矯枉過正。腮腺部分切除術作為新的腮腺手術形式,不但降低了復發(fā)率、面神經(jīng)損傷率,還得到病理學基礎研究證據(jù)的支持,是目前較為先進的手術方式。但是在經(jīng)典的腮腺淺葉切除術與先進的腮腺部分切除術之間仍存在爭議。經(jīng)過整形學、病理學、基因檢測法等方面探究這兩種手術的優(yōu)劣均各有差異。本文從腮腺術式的演變歷程探討腮腺術式發(fā)展的方向。
多形性腺瘤 手術方式 腮腺腫瘤 外科學
腮腺是唾液腺腫瘤最常見的發(fā)病部位,以多形性腺瘤為代表的良性腫瘤發(fā)病率最高[1-3]。雖然醫(yī)療在近幾年取得了較大的進步,新型抗腫瘤藥物層出不窮,但對于腮腺良性腫瘤,手術仍是目前主要的治療措施。腮腺良性腫瘤的手術方式主要包括早期剜除術,后期包膜外切除術,以及現(xiàn)在常用的腮腺淺葉切除術、全葉切除術和部分切除術。目前對于腮腺良性腫瘤手術方式的選擇以及手術安全切緣范圍等問題國內(nèi)外仍然存在較大的爭議[4-8]。本文對腮腺腫瘤治療術式的演變及優(yōu)缺點、未來發(fā)展方向予以綜述。
1823年Bernard首次實施腮腺腫瘤切除術。然后Bailey對該術式進行一系列改良[9-11]。腮腺腫瘤切除術至今已經(jīng)有近190年歷史。20世紀由于對面神經(jīng)解剖和多形性腺瘤包膜病理特性缺乏了解,術后引起面癱的發(fā)病率較高,該病的主要術式為單純腫瘤剜除術。由于該術式未完整切除腫瘤包膜,術后容易導致復發(fā)[12-15]。1956年Perzik等[12]提出反對單純性腮腺腫瘤剜除術,其原因是雖然剜除術有助于術中較好的保護面神經(jīng),但對腮腺腫瘤的根治是遠遠不夠的,對周圍組織進行微觀研究發(fā)現(xiàn)此類手術導致了腫瘤組織殘留,可引起復發(fā)。隨著解剖學的進展,對腮腺及面神經(jīng)關系結構的了解進一步加深,人們開始設想在保持面神經(jīng)低損傷率的前提下是否能通過擴大切除的范圍來控制腫瘤的復發(fā)。1979年,Gleave等[16]首次提出對腮腺腫瘤進行包膜外切除,其方法是沿腫瘤的包膜外壁分離切除腫瘤。Piekarski等[17]對98例進行包膜外切除的患者進行隨訪總結發(fā)現(xiàn),進行包膜外切除的患者術后腫瘤復發(fā)率為8.2%,該組患者術后面癱的發(fā)病率同樣為8.2%。當時研究的主要方向是復發(fā)率的控制。Patey等[18]提出腮腺腫瘤的多中心性理論后,有學者認為應該行保留面神經(jīng)的腮腺腺葉全切以減少術后復發(fā)的可能。Orita等[19-20]對行此手術的術后復發(fā)率進行統(tǒng)計學研究表明復發(fā)率可低至0.3%,然而腮腺全切術后暫時性和永久性面神經(jīng)麻痹的發(fā)生率分別是腮腺淺葉切除術的2.3倍和3.0倍,腮腺全切除術后味覺出汗綜合征的發(fā)生率是腮腺淺葉切除術的2.7倍,是腮腺區(qū)域切除術的4.7倍[20]。隨著面神經(jīng)解剖的不斷深入及外科技術的成熟,腮腺淺葉切除的并發(fā)癥大幅降低,而手術療效方面卻被大量的研究[15,21-22]證實,全腮腺切除術式受到了質(zhì)疑[23]。此時對于腮腺多形性腺瘤的基礎性研究表明腮腺多形性腺瘤很少多中心性生長[12,24],這也為腮腺淺葉術式作為腮腺當時的經(jīng)典術式沿用至今奠定了理論基礎。
近年來隨著患者對生存質(zhì)量要求不斷提高,許多研究顯示腮腺淺葉切除雖降低腫瘤復發(fā)率,但相比包膜外切除卻增加了面神經(jīng)損傷率、Frey綜合征發(fā)生率[4-5,25]。又因腮腺淺葉的徹底切除造成了耳垂下區(qū)凹陷影響了患者術后的顏面外觀。因此,如何在減少復發(fā)率的基礎上提高患者生存質(zhì)量已經(jīng)成為目前腮腺腫瘤外科治療研究的熱點。因其并發(fā)癥顯著,人們開始思考對于腮腺多形性腺瘤這種臨界腫瘤進行腮腺淺葉切除是否矯枉過正。由此,腮腺部分切除術被提出并開始應用于臨床,腮腺淺葉部分切除術為腮腺淺葉切除和腮腺剜除術的折中切除術式,近似于包膜外切除,但切除范圍較包膜外切除術稍寬。有研究[6,26-27]顯示腮腺淺葉部分切除術可以減低術后并發(fā)癥,其療效得到肯定。基礎研究方面,通過對多形性腺瘤的連續(xù)切片觀察發(fā)現(xiàn)腫瘤具有包膜外浸潤和出芽生長的特點,但這種浸潤和出芽距腫瘤包膜均在1 cm以內(nèi)[28]。
本研究組前期研究發(fā)現(xiàn)直徑<4 cm的腮腺多形性腺瘤腫瘤的浸潤和出芽均局限在包膜3.127~8.476 mm,與傳統(tǒng)的手術相比改良術式組在Frey綜合征、耳廓區(qū)麻木感、面部外形發(fā)生率明顯降低。因而認為直徑<4 cm的腫瘤,安全切緣為1 cm,而直徑>4 cm的腫瘤行腮腺淺葉切除為腮腺手術的標準術式[29-30]。這也為腮腺腫瘤個體化的治療提供了理論和實驗依據(jù)。
腮腺淺葉部分切除術是目前一種成熟的外科治療腮腺良性腫瘤術式,無論從理論還是臨床術后效果角度均可認為是腮腺淺葉腫瘤的最佳選擇術式。雖然目前也有文獻報道對包膜外切除持支持意見,認為對術后復發(fā)率無影響,但根據(jù)基礎研究,安全邊界明顯不夠。之所以這些文獻通過對患者的隨訪報道其復發(fā)率未增高,考慮主要原因為隨訪的年限不足和新技術的發(fā)展降低了復發(fā)率。
近年來,各種先進的技術和方法應用于腮腺手術以增加療效和減少術后并發(fā)癥。
超聲刀(US)是一種振動頻率可達55 500 HZ的超聲波,是組織蛋白氣化,氫鍵斷裂而達到的切割止血效果。超聲刀在刀鋒邊1 mm的溫度為40℃,5 mm測不出溫度變化,散熱非常有效[31],所以腮腺手術時,只要分離出面神經(jīng)后,均可使用超聲刀進行手術,術后通過組織病理學檢查,腮腺的切緣細胞未見明顯熱灼傷。更有研究[32-35]表明,超聲刀的使用可以明顯縮短手術時間,減少患者術后引流量,減少術后涎瘺的發(fā)生率,減少患者住院時間,操作簡單,目前已經(jīng)廣泛應用于臨床。
力確刀是對雙極電刀改進的成果。其優(yōu)點在于可以閉合7 mm內(nèi)的血管,閉合時局部溫度不高,熱擴散少,熱傳導距離僅1.5~2 mm,對周圍組織損傷小,是腮腺手術可靠和安全的設備,相比傳統(tǒng)的手術止血效果好,節(jié)約手術時間,術后并發(fā)癥明顯減少、減輕[36-37]。
水刀,顧名思義,以水為刀,利用水的高速切割力切斷周圍組織,不產(chǎn)生熱量是其最大的優(yōu)點。但巨大的壓力是否會對面神經(jīng)造成影響有待進一步研究,目前國外只有對動物體的實驗研究[38],我國對這項技術的臨床研究[39]指出與傳統(tǒng)手術相比具有一定的優(yōu)勢,但這種優(yōu)勢并不明顯。
微創(chuàng)手術是近年來比較提倡的手術方術,以減少周圍組織損傷,減少并發(fā)癥為特點。內(nèi)鏡手術的應用主要是美容需要,使用內(nèi)鏡輔助進行腮腺淺葉腫瘤手術,美容效果極好,術后無永久性面癱的發(fā)生。對于開放性手術,術中放大視野是否可以減少面神經(jīng)損傷,臨床報道較少[40]。
腮腺淺葉部分切除術目前是眾多學者所推崇的、可靠的手術方式,歷史的演變論證了這一結果。部分切除術切除了比較少的正常組織,術后并發(fā)癥如面神經(jīng)功能障礙和Frey綜合征的發(fā)生率也明顯的降低,患者生存質(zhì)量提高。腮腺術后并發(fā)癥和術后美學看似一個不可調(diào)和的問題,學者們努力的在尋找一個平衡點,多個機構聯(lián)合進行一個前瞻性隨機性研究實驗可能對決定腮腺腫瘤治療術式的選擇有幫助,但是進行這樣的研究具有太多的阻礙和不可預測因素難以實施。新技術的應用可以明顯的減少腮腺并發(fā)癥。腮腺淺葉部分切除術作為新型術式,遠期療效還需要更多的研究進行證實。
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(2014-01-21收稿)
(2014-04-08修回)
Development and history in parotid pleomorphic adenoma surgery
Hong LIU1,Chao LI2,Shaoxin WANG2,Wei WANG2,Jinchuan FAN2
Chao LI;E-mail:sclichao@qq.com
1Guangxi Medical University,Nanning 530021;2Department of Head and Neck Surgery,Sichuan Cancer Hospital&Cancer Institute,Chengdu 610041,China.
Pleomorphic adenoma ranks first among parotid gland tumors.Surgical procedure,which includes enucleation,extra-capsular resection,partial superficial parotidectomy(PSP),superficial parotidectomy(SP),and total parotidectomy(TP),remains to be the treatment of choice for pleomorphic adenoma.In the last century,physicians lacked understanding on the pathological characteristics of pleomorphic adenoma and facial neurotomia.Thus,simple enucleation of tumors has always been the major therapy for patients to reduce the rate of facial nerve injury.However,postoperative recurrence was frequently observed in patients that have undergone simple enucleation.In this study,the surgeons attempted to control the relapse rate by enlarging the scope of excision when removing a pleomorphic adenoma,and by performing an extra-capsular resection procedure that was developed in the clinic.Although the tumor peplos was excised,the surgeons failed to control the relapse rate.SP and TP apparently decreased the relapse rate of the pleomorphic adenomas.However,these therapies seem to be overcorrected by the aggravation of facial nerve injuries.PSP is a relatively advanced technique that is currently used in parotid surgery.PSP reduces the rate of relapse and facial nerve injury,as verified by basic pathology research.Nevertheless,the controversy between advanced PSP and classic SP still exists.Plastic surgery,pathology research,and gene testing were used to evaluate the advantages of advanced PSP and classic SP.However,the research failed to derive a confirmed result that can determine which treatment method is fit and unfit to treat pleomorphic adenoma.Our study reviews the trend of parotid surgery from a historic point of view.
pleomorphic adenoma,surgical procedure,parotid neoplasm,surgery
10.3969/j.issn.1000-8179.20140123
①廣西醫(yī)科大學研究生學院(南寧市530021);②四川省腫瘤醫(yī)院頭頸外科
*本文課題受國家自然科學基金項目(編號:81302375)、四川省科技廳計劃項目(編號:2012JY0125)和四川省衛(wèi)生廳科研項目(編號:130230,110259)資助
李超 sclichao@qq.com
The study was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81302375:Mechanism research on microenvironment change,EXOSOME with mir-155 in deoxygen MDS/Treg,prior to oral cancer metastasis),theApplied Projects of Sichuan Provincial Bureau of Science and Technology(No.2012JY0125:Research on the safe margin of parotid pleomorphic adenoma,fundament and clinic for modifying function preserving surgery,adds Meta Analysis),and the Projects of Sichuan Provincial Bureau of Science and Technology(No.130230 and 110259:Comparative research on Frey's syndrome and facial mobility with surgery after parotidectomy).
(本文編輯:邢穎)
劉洪 碩士研究生。研究方向為頭頸部腫瘤的綜合治療。
E-mail:233082449@qq.com