黃志剛，謝鋒云

華東交通大學(xué)機(jī)電學(xué)院，南昌 330013

1．Introduction

Dynamic compliance is the ability of machine tool components deformation to resist external force．It reflects the stability of NC machine tool machining process and has a direct effect on machining accuracy．All kinds of uncertainty will be encountered in machining process，such as randomness of machining process，measurement error，numerical error，and the lack of knowledge［1-2］．Uncertainty will cause the lower accuracy and reliability．The traditional Markov chain model is a random process with the capability of prediction，and has been used for engineering prediction［3］．The probabilistic parameter of Markov chain model has a form of precise parameter．Yet precise value is difficult to solve uncertainty problem［4］．

In this paper，aiming at the defects of the traditional Markov model in processing the uncertainty problem，a generalized Markov chain model，based on the generalized interval probability theory［5-6］，is proposed to improve the accuracy and reliability of prediction． In generalized Markov chain model，probability and interval are used to capture the uncertainty．A prediction method of generalized Markov chain model is developed．In order to predict dynamic compliance，an experiment of relative excitation is developed．The dynamic compliance calculation model is proposed for calculating prediction historical date．The dynamic compliance in machining process is predicted by the generalized Markov chain model．

2．Dynamic compliance calculation model

In order to obtain the historical data of dynamic compliance，a four-degree-of-freedom dynamic model is employed in Figure 1．

The dynamic equation can be obtained by the analysis of machine-tool-workpiece system as follows:

Where d(t)is the displacement vector，F(xiàn)(t)is the cutting force vector，and M，C，K are denoted as the modal mass，modal damping，and modal stiffness matrices of machine-tool-workpiece system，respectively．

Equation(1)is shown in frequency domain as follows:

Where Q(s)and F(s)are the displacement and force vectors which are obtained by Laplace transform with initial conditions set to zero．

And then，the transfer function matrix can be obtained as follows:

Supposing the milling system is a linear time invariant system and s=jω，Equation(3)becomes

The relative displacement between tool and the workpiece is defined as

WhereΔx andΔy are the relative displacements between tool and workpiece，Gxx(iω)and Gyy(iω)are the relative dynamic compliances， Gxy(iω )and Gyx(iω)are the relative cross dynamic compliances，F(xiàn)xand Fyare the forces of x axis and y axis respectively［7］．

If exciting force is applied on x axial direction only，Equation(5)is modified as

According to equation(5)or(6)，the dynamic compliance can be obtained．

Figure 1．Dynamic compliance dynamic model

3．Generalized Markov chain model

Generalized Markov chain is the generalization of traditional Markov chain in the context of generalized interval probability theory［8］．In generalized Markov chain model，all probability parameters in the traditional Markov chain model are replaced by the generalized interval probabilities．In this paper，boldface and italics symbols are used to denote generalized intervals．The parameter uncertainty in the traditional Markov chain model is solved by generalized interval probability parameter．A generalized Markov chain with three states is illustrated in Figure 2．

Figure 2．Generalized Markov chain with three states

It is defined that the values of N possible states are The state variable at time t is denoted as qt，and a generalized Markov chain is defined as p(qt=Sj|qt-1=Si，…，q1=Sk)=p(qt=Sj|qt-1=Si)．The state transition probabilities aijare defined as aij=p(qt=Sj|qt-1=Si)(1≤i，j≤N)，where aij≥0，is denoted as the state transition matrix．The initial probability distribution π =(πi)is represented asπi=p(q1=Si)(1≤i≤N)．A complete specification of a Generalized Markov chain is composed of N，A，andπ［8］．

π(0)is defined as the interval probability vector representing the initial distribution．The interval probability distribution of state Siafter n steps is the ith entry in the vector of

The prediction procedure of generalized Markov chain model is as follows:

1)Calculating the initial probability distribution of the generalized Markov chain modelπ(0);

2)Calculating the state transition matrix of the generalized Markov chain model A～;

3)Calculating n step prediction distributionπ(n);

4)Obtaining prediction result according to interval weight and maximum criterion．

4．Dynamic compliance prediction

To predict the dynamic compliance of machining center，an experiment of relative excitation is conducted on the XHK5140 machining centre produced by Huazhong Numerical Control Company．A vibration exciter ESD-045 and an accelerometer PCB 356A16 are both installed on the worktable．The vibration exciter signals are offered by the sweep signal generator KD 5602A．An exciting force is applied on the tool tip．The exciting force and accelerometer signals are obtained by the signal acquisition card NI PXI-1042 for further analyzing．The machine relative excitation experiment is shown in Figure 3．

Figure 3．Relative excitation experiment of machine

In this experiment，exciting force is applied on the tool tip along x axial direction by vibration．Exciting force and acceleration signal are data collection system achieved．The same relative excitation experiment scheme is performed in the continuous six months，in which an experiment is performed in every month．The six months dynamic compliance data can be obtained by dynamic compliance calculation model．The interpolation method is used based on the six data，and the nine precise dynamic compliances are achieved．Yet in fact，the dynamic compliance may not be a precise value if the uncertainty factors are considered．In this paper，the dynamic compliance is transformed into the form of generalized interval by considering general error±1%．

According to the Lloyd algorithm ［9］，the dynamic compliance is divided into three interval［2．630 5，2．650 5)，［2．650 5，2．670 5)and［2．670 5，2．690 5］．The three intervals are encoded as 1，2 and 3，and the midpoints of three intervals are 2．640 5，2．660 5 and 2．680 5，respectively．The precise and interval form of dynamic compliance and code are shown in table 1，where the unit of dynamic compliance is 10-8m/N．

The first six dynamic compliances are regarded as the prior data;the latter three dynamic compliances are to be predicted．According to the prediction procedure of the generalized Markov chain，the prediction results of dynamic compliances are shown in Table 2．

Table 1．Precise and interval of dynamic compliance

Table 2．Precise and interval value of dynamic compliance prediction

In Table 2，it can be seen that the generalized Markov chain prediction value is a form of generalized interval，and the actual value is contained in the generalized interval value．The generalized interval prediction result can improve the prediction reliability by more information provided with the interval values．For example，the prediction result with respect to the seventh data node is an interval value ［2．666 7，2．682 9］．It indicates that the actual value is all possible in this interval range．This provides the guarantee for the reliability of the decision．In contrast，the traditional Markov chain model does not provide such information．Furthermore，the prediction error of the traditional Markov chain model is more obvious compared to the actual values．The prediction accuracy is calculated in terms of root mean square error(RMSE)．The RMSE calculation result of the generalized Markov chain prediction model is 0．001 6，yet the RMSE calculation result of the traditional Markov chain prediction model is 0．007 9．The generalized Markov chain model has higher prediction accuracy than that of the traditional Markov chain model．

5．Conclusion

Dynamic compliance has important influence on machining stability and accuracy．A generalized Markov chain model is proposed to solve the defects of the traditional Markov model in processing the prediction uncertainty．The prediction method of the generalized Markov chain model is developed．An experiment of relative excitation is set up for acquiring dynamic compliance historical data．The dynamic compliance is predicted by the generalized Markov chain prediction model．The results show that the generalized Markov chain prediction model has better prediction performance than that of the Markov chain．

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