金濤+權天龍+李東波+楊濤+宋錦寧
[摘要] 目的 探討高遷移率族蛋白B1(HMGB1)對急性自發(fā)性腦出血(ASICH)患者預后的影響。 方法 回顧性分析2010年1月1日~2012年12月31日安康市中心醫(yī)院神經外科117例ASICH患者的臨床資料,ELISA法測定血漿中HMGB1濃度。采用格拉斯哥預后評分(GOS)評價患者出院時的預后評分,分為預后良好組(GOS 4~5分)65例和預后不良組(GOS 1~3分)52例,采用相關分析法對數(shù)據(jù)進行分析。 結果 117例患者中65例患者預后良好,占總人數(shù)的55.6%,52例預后不良,占44.4%。預后不良組初始血漿HMGB1濃度[(14.7±2.6)ng/mL]明顯高于預后良好組[(6.7±1.4)ng/mL],差異有高度統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.01)。 結論 入院時高濃度HMGB1是ASICH 患者預后不良的預測因素。
[關鍵詞] 高遷移率族蛋白B1;腦出血;預后
[中圖分類號] R651[文獻標識碼] A[文章編號] 1673-7210(2014)05(b)-0017-03
Influence of high mobility group box1 protein on prognosis of patients with acute spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage
JIN Tao1,2 QUAN Tianlong2 LI Dongbo2 YANG Tao2 SONG Jinning1▲
1.Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710061, China; 2.Department of Neurosurgery, the Center Hospital of Ankang City, Shaanxi Province, Ankang 725000, China
[Abstract] Objective To determine the influence of high mobility group box-1 protein (HMGB1) in venous blood on the outcome of patiens with acute spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ASICH). Methods 117 patients with ASICH in the Center Hospital of Ankang City from 1 January 2010 to 31 December 2012 were selected. The patients were divided into good outcome group (GOS 4-5 point, n=65) and poor outcome group(GOS 1-3 point, n=52) by Glasgow Outcome Scale(GOS). Patients' clinical data were collected and analyzed. ELISA method was used to determine the concentration of HMGB1 in venous blood. Results 117 patients in total, 65 patients among them were with a good outcome, accounting for 55.6% of the total number; the other 52 cases were with poor outcome, accounting for 44.4%. The poor outcome groupinitial blood HMGB1 [(14.7±2.6) ng/mL]was significantly higher than that of the good outcome group [(6.7±1.4) ng/mL], the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.01). Conclusion The high concentration of HMGB1 in venous blood may be a predictor of poor prognosis factors in ASICH disease.
[Key words] High mobility group box1 protein; Intracerebral hemorrhage; Outcome
腦出血是神經外科常見疾病,具有較高的致殘率和致死率。研究顯示,炎性反應在急性自發(fā)性腦出血(ASICH)后病理過程中扮演著重要角色。高遷移率族蛋白1(High mobility group box-1 protein,HMGB1)是一種非組蛋白DNA結合蛋白,它在維持核小體結構的穩(wěn)定和促進基因的轉錄方面發(fā)揮重要作用[1-2]。HMGB1由免疫細胞分泌或者壞死細胞釋放到細胞外環(huán)境,可能參與炎癥的觸發(fā)[3-4]。HMGB1在大腦中廣泛表達[5-6]。此外,在腦組織中,細胞因子的刺激可以引起HMGB1釋放,并且參與炎癥過程。在腦膜炎患者的腦脊液中以及腦缺血患者血清中[7-8],HMGB1均升高,提示HMGB1可能是神經損傷的一個標志。關于HMGB1與ASICH患者預后的關系尚不明確,因此,本研究進行了關于外周血HMGB1濃度與ASICH患者預后的實驗性研究,現(xiàn)報道如下:
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
回顧性分析了2010年1月1日~2012年12月31日安康市中心醫(yī)院收治的ASICH患者,均符合全國第四次腦血管病會議制訂的診斷標準,發(fā)病至入院時間均在12 h內。排除殘疾、卒中病史、其他出血性損傷、缺血出血轉化相關性并發(fā)癥患者、使用抗凝劑、感染、內臟功能不全等患者,共117例,其中男89例,女28例,年齡35~90歲,平均(56.8±8.9)歲。
按照格拉斯哥預后評分(GOS)評價患者出院時的預后評分進行分組,分為預后良好組(GOS 4~5分)和預后不良組(GOS 1~3分)。其中預后良好組65例,占總人數(shù)的55.6%,男49例,女16例,平均(57.5 ± 8.6)歲。預后不良組52例,占44.4%,男33例,女19例,平均(59.3±10.2)歲。兩組在性別、年齡比較上差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P > 0.05),具有可比性。預后良好組中有吸煙史者34人(52.3%),飲酒史25人(38.4%);預后不良組中有吸煙史者27人(51.9%),飲酒史21人(38.8%),兩組患者吸煙史和飲酒比較無明顯差異(P > 0.05)。見表1。
1.2 方法
全面收集患者入院時的臨床特征包括:一般情況(年齡、性別、既往病史)、一般狀態(tài)、收縮壓、舒張壓、心率、呼吸、體溫、常規(guī)實驗室檢查、影像學資料(頭顱CT檢查結果,包括血腫位置、最大直徑及患者出院時獲取的GOS預后評分)。對上述所有資料進行回顧性分析。根據(jù)出院時GOS評分(恢復良好5分;輕度殘疾4分;重度殘疾3分;植物生存2分;死亡1分)的結果,將不同預后的患者分為兩組:預后良好組和預后不良組。
1.3 HMGB1濃度測定
標本為靜脈血,均為入院時獲得。獲得血標本后立即放入無菌的EDTA試管中,離心收集血漿。采用ELISA法測定血漿中HMGB1濃度。
1.4 統(tǒng)計學方法
采用SPSS 16.0統(tǒng)計軟件處理數(shù)據(jù),正態(tài)分布計量資料以均數(shù)±標準差(x±s)表示,組間比較采用t檢驗;計數(shù)資料以率表示,采用χ2檢驗。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2 結果
血清 HMGB1 濃度監(jiān)測,入院時預后良好組患者血清HMGB1濃度測定為(6.7±1.4)ng/mL,預后不良組HMGB1濃度測定為(14.7±2.6)ng/mL,兩組比較差異有高度統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.01)。見表2。
表2 預后良好組和預后不良組患者血清中HMGB1濃度比較
(ng/mL,x±s)
注:與預后不良組比較,*P < 0.01
3 討論
腦出血后繼發(fā)性腦損傷的病理生理機制復雜,其中炎癥反應是繼發(fā)性腦損傷的重要組成部分。腦出血后炎癥因子的釋放,使得血腦屏障(blood brain barrier,BBB)通透性增加、腦水腫加重、神經細胞凋亡等,加重腦損傷。
HMGB1是一種高度保守的非組核蛋白的體系結構的染色質DNA,具有廣泛的生物學活性,核內HMGB1與DNA結合后,參與細胞的分化、DNA修復、重組等;膜相關性HMGB1則參與神經軸突的芽生、成纖維細胞的移位、細胞分化以及腫瘤細胞的轉移;釋放在細胞外的HMGB1可以刺激細胞生長和血管的發(fā)生、介導炎癥反應以及誘導細胞凋亡[9-12]。目前的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),糖基化終產物受體(receptor for advanced glycation endproducts,RAGE)和Toll樣受體(toll like Receptor,TLR)均可以與HMGB1結合參與信號轉導。RAGE是最早被確定的HMGB1受體,在血管平滑肌細胞、神經元、單核巨噬細胞中均有表達,二者結合后,激活下游信號分子引起細胞骨架的改變誘導細胞成熟和遷移[4]。TLR2和TLR4是最近研究證實的HMGB1受體,廣泛表達除T細胞、B細胞核NK細胞以外的免疫細胞核上皮細胞,針對不同的病原體成分誘導抗感染天然免疫。
中樞神經系統(tǒng)中,HMGB1廣泛表達于神經元和星形膠質細胞,主要分布于大腦皮質、尾狀核和海馬。RAGE表達于神經元、星形膠質細胞和血管內皮細胞。TLR在各種神經膠質細胞中均有表達。HMGB1及其受體在炎癥、細胞凋亡、BBB通透性調節(jié)上發(fā)揮重要的作用。炎性反應是中樞神經系統(tǒng)疾病的重要發(fā)病機制之一,HMGB1是一種促炎因子,它可以通過激活NF-κB產生炎癥因子。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在星形膠質細胞培養(yǎng)液中加入HMGB1可以引起環(huán)氧合酶-2表達上調,而給予RAGE抗體可以抑制這種上調[13]。重組HMGB1與微血管內皮共同孵育時,HMGB1可以增加細胞間黏附分子(intercellular adhesion molecule,ICAM-1)和血管細胞黏附分子(vascular cell adhesion molecule,VCAM-1)的表達[14]。
BBB是由內皮細胞緊密連接、細胞外基質和星形膠質細胞終足組成,基質金屬蛋白-9(matrix metalloproteinase-9,MMP-9)可以通過降解細胞外基質破壞BBB。HMGB1是一種強效的肝素結合蛋白,可以誘導內皮細胞釋放纖溶蛋白酶原激活因子抑制物-1(plasminogen activator inhibitor-1,PAI-1)和組織型纖溶酶原激活物(tissue-type plasminogen activator,tPA)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)HMGB1可能通過tPA激活MMP-9,引起B(yǎng)BB的破壞。體外實驗研究表明,經過HMGB1處理的星形細胞其MMP-9的轉錄水平明顯增高;在大腦中動脈閉塞模型2 h大鼠腦室內注射HMGB1單克隆抗體后,MMP-9的活性被抑制,BBB通透性明顯下降[15]。在腦損傷早期,小膠質細胞被激活,引起炎性反應和細胞凋亡。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),HMGB1能誘導小膠質細胞活化,而給以HMGB1抗體可以抑制小膠質細胞的激活,從而減輕神經元凋亡[16]。
綜上所述,HMGB1參與了ASICH后繼發(fā)性損傷的炎性反應過程,對細胞凋亡、BBB通透性的改變發(fā)揮著重要作用。本研究顯示,HMGB1在預后良好組和預后不良組之間差異有高度統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.01),由此不難得出這樣的結論:ASICH后外周血中HMGB1的濃度與預后密切相關,它可能參與了ASICH的炎性反應,可以作為評價ASICH后神經損傷程度的重要指標,并且有助于判斷患者的預后。早期實施降HMGB1的干預措施,有望通過降低炎性反應程度減輕繼發(fā)性腦損害,為ASICH的治療提供新策略。
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[8]Goldstein RS,Gallowitsch-Puerta M,Yang LH,et al. Elevated high-mobility group box 1 levels in patients with cerebral and myocardial ischemia [J]. Shock,2006,25(6):571-574.
[9]Mitola S,Belleri M,Urbinati C,et al. Cutting edge: Extracellular high mobility group box-1 protein is a proangiogenic cytokine [J]. J Immunol,2006,176(1):12-15.
[10]Schlueter C,Weber H,Meyer B,et al. Angiogenetic signaling through hypoxia: HMGB1:an angiogenetic Switch molecule [J]. Am J Pathol,2005,166(4):1259-1263.
[11]Wang H,Bloom O,Zhang M,et al. HMG-1 as a late mediator of endotoxin lethality in mice [J]. Science,1999,285(5425):248-251.
[12]Riuzzi F,Sorci G,Donato R. The amphoterin (HMGB1)/receptor for advanced glycation end products(RAGE) pair modulates myoblast proliferation,apoptosis,adhesiveness,migration,and invasiveness. Functional inactivation of RAGE in L6 myoblasts results in tumor formation in vivo [J]. J Biol Chem,2006,281(12):8242-8253.
[13]Pedrazzi M,Patrone M,Passalacqua M,et al. Selective proinflammatory activation of astrocytes by high-mobility group box-1 protein signaling [J]. J Immunol,2007,179(12):8525-8532.
[14]Treutiger CJ,Mullins G,Johansson AS,et al. High mobility group 1 B-box mediates activation of human endothelium [J]. J Intern Med,2003, 54(4):375-385.
[15]Liu K,Mori S,Takahashi HK,et al. Anti-high mobility group box 1 monoclonal antibody ameliorates brain infarction induced by transient ischemia in rats [J]. FASEB J,2007, 21(14):3904-3916.
[16]Hayakawa K,Mishima K,Nozako M,et al. Delayed treatment with minocycline ameliorates neurologic impairment through activated microglia expressing a high-mobility group box1-inhibiting mechanism [J]. Stroke,2008,39(3):951-958.
(收稿日期:2014-02-11本文編輯:蘇暢)
[基金項目] 教育部“新世紀優(yōu)秀人才支持計劃”資助項目(編號NCET-05-0831)。
[作者簡介] 金濤(1980-),男,西安交通大學2010級神經外科專業(yè)在讀碩士研究生;研究方向:高血壓腦出血。
▲通訊作者
[7]Vogelgesang A,May VE,Grunwald U,et al. Functional status of peripheral blood T-Cells in ischemic stroke patients [J]. PLoS One,2010,5(1):e8718.
[8]Goldstein RS,Gallowitsch-Puerta M,Yang LH,et al. Elevated high-mobility group box 1 levels in patients with cerebral and myocardial ischemia [J]. Shock,2006,25(6):571-574.
[9]Mitola S,Belleri M,Urbinati C,et al. Cutting edge: Extracellular high mobility group box-1 protein is a proangiogenic cytokine [J]. J Immunol,2006,176(1):12-15.
[10]Schlueter C,Weber H,Meyer B,et al. Angiogenetic signaling through hypoxia: HMGB1:an angiogenetic Switch molecule [J]. Am J Pathol,2005,166(4):1259-1263.
[11]Wang H,Bloom O,Zhang M,et al. HMG-1 as a late mediator of endotoxin lethality in mice [J]. Science,1999,285(5425):248-251.
[12]Riuzzi F,Sorci G,Donato R. The amphoterin (HMGB1)/receptor for advanced glycation end products(RAGE) pair modulates myoblast proliferation,apoptosis,adhesiveness,migration,and invasiveness. Functional inactivation of RAGE in L6 myoblasts results in tumor formation in vivo [J]. J Biol Chem,2006,281(12):8242-8253.
[13]Pedrazzi M,Patrone M,Passalacqua M,et al. Selective proinflammatory activation of astrocytes by high-mobility group box-1 protein signaling [J]. J Immunol,2007,179(12):8525-8532.
[14]Treutiger CJ,Mullins G,Johansson AS,et al. High mobility group 1 B-box mediates activation of human endothelium [J]. J Intern Med,2003, 54(4):375-385.
[15]Liu K,Mori S,Takahashi HK,et al. Anti-high mobility group box 1 monoclonal antibody ameliorates brain infarction induced by transient ischemia in rats [J]. FASEB J,2007, 21(14):3904-3916.
[16]Hayakawa K,Mishima K,Nozako M,et al. Delayed treatment with minocycline ameliorates neurologic impairment through activated microglia expressing a high-mobility group box1-inhibiting mechanism [J]. Stroke,2008,39(3):951-958.
(收稿日期:2014-02-11本文編輯:蘇暢)
[基金項目] 教育部“新世紀優(yōu)秀人才支持計劃”資助項目(編號NCET-05-0831)。
[作者簡介] 金濤(1980-),男,西安交通大學2010級神經外科專業(yè)在讀碩士研究生;研究方向:高血壓腦出血。
▲通訊作者
[7]Vogelgesang A,May VE,Grunwald U,et al. Functional status of peripheral blood T-Cells in ischemic stroke patients [J]. PLoS One,2010,5(1):e8718.
[8]Goldstein RS,Gallowitsch-Puerta M,Yang LH,et al. Elevated high-mobility group box 1 levels in patients with cerebral and myocardial ischemia [J]. Shock,2006,25(6):571-574.
[9]Mitola S,Belleri M,Urbinati C,et al. Cutting edge: Extracellular high mobility group box-1 protein is a proangiogenic cytokine [J]. J Immunol,2006,176(1):12-15.
[10]Schlueter C,Weber H,Meyer B,et al. Angiogenetic signaling through hypoxia: HMGB1:an angiogenetic Switch molecule [J]. Am J Pathol,2005,166(4):1259-1263.
[11]Wang H,Bloom O,Zhang M,et al. HMG-1 as a late mediator of endotoxin lethality in mice [J]. Science,1999,285(5425):248-251.
[12]Riuzzi F,Sorci G,Donato R. The amphoterin (HMGB1)/receptor for advanced glycation end products(RAGE) pair modulates myoblast proliferation,apoptosis,adhesiveness,migration,and invasiveness. Functional inactivation of RAGE in L6 myoblasts results in tumor formation in vivo [J]. J Biol Chem,2006,281(12):8242-8253.
[13]Pedrazzi M,Patrone M,Passalacqua M,et al. Selective proinflammatory activation of astrocytes by high-mobility group box-1 protein signaling [J]. J Immunol,2007,179(12):8525-8532.
[14]Treutiger CJ,Mullins G,Johansson AS,et al. High mobility group 1 B-box mediates activation of human endothelium [J]. J Intern Med,2003, 54(4):375-385.
[15]Liu K,Mori S,Takahashi HK,et al. Anti-high mobility group box 1 monoclonal antibody ameliorates brain infarction induced by transient ischemia in rats [J]. FASEB J,2007, 21(14):3904-3916.
[16]Hayakawa K,Mishima K,Nozako M,et al. Delayed treatment with minocycline ameliorates neurologic impairment through activated microglia expressing a high-mobility group box1-inhibiting mechanism [J]. Stroke,2008,39(3):951-958.
(收稿日期:2014-02-11本文編輯:蘇暢)
[基金項目] 教育部“新世紀優(yōu)秀人才支持計劃”資助項目(編號NCET-05-0831)。
[作者簡介] 金濤(1980-),男,西安交通大學2010級神經外科專業(yè)在讀碩士研究生;研究方向:高血壓腦出血。
▲通訊作者