朱江建,林 舸,曾喬松,陳廣浩,王京彬
(1. 北京礦產(chǎn)地質(zhì)研究院,北京 100012;2. 中國科學(xué)院礦物學(xué)與成礦學(xué)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室 廣州地球化學(xué)研究所,廣州 510640;3. 中國科學(xué)院邊緣海地質(zhì)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,南海海洋研究所,廣東廣州 510301;4. 有色金屬礦產(chǎn)地質(zhì)調(diào)查中心,北京 100012)
剪切應(yīng)變異常帶近等距控礦模式
——以粵西河臺(tái)金礦為例
朱江建1,2,林 舸2,曾喬松2,陳廣浩3,王京彬1,4
(1. 北京礦產(chǎn)地質(zhì)研究院,北京 100012;2. 中國科學(xué)院礦物學(xué)與成礦學(xué)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室 廣州地球化學(xué)研究所,廣州 510640;3. 中國科學(xué)院邊緣海地質(zhì)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,南海海洋研究所,廣東廣州 510301;4. 有色金屬礦產(chǎn)地質(zhì)調(diào)查中心,北京 100012)
本文研究了河臺(tái)金礦富礦體的分布規(guī)律并對(duì)河臺(tái)金礦與富礦體有關(guān)的熱液成礦期進(jìn)行了構(gòu)造-流體成礦數(shù)值模擬研究。研究表明,河臺(tái)金礦的富礦體在平面上表現(xiàn)為左階近等距的分布規(guī)律;剖面上也表現(xiàn)為近等距的分布規(guī)律,并都有北東向側(cè)伏的規(guī)律。其中,據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),河臺(tái)金礦云西礦床相鄰品位富集中心在側(cè)伏方向上的距離為85~179m;河臺(tái)金礦高村礦床相鄰品位富集中心在側(cè)伏方向上的距離為62~302m。剪切應(yīng)變異常帶是有利于發(fā)生剪切滑動(dòng)與成礦的擴(kuò)容區(qū),且本區(qū)數(shù)值模擬產(chǎn)生的平面剪切應(yīng)變異常帶具有與富礦體分布特征一致的左階近等距性。由此提出,剪切滑動(dòng)之前剪切應(yīng)變異常帶的近等距性決定了剪切滑動(dòng)后礦體的近等距性。以上控礦模式稱為剪應(yīng)變異常帶近等距控礦模式。剪切應(yīng)變異常帶對(duì)礦體的控制可能形成于剪切應(yīng)變異常帶形成期的剪切滑動(dòng)控礦及剪切應(yīng)變異常帶形成之后的微裂隙擴(kuò)張控礦。將該模式控制的近等距性的礦體進(jìn)行礦體統(tǒng)計(jì)分析預(yù)測(cè),有望實(shí)現(xiàn)一定的找礦效果。
河臺(tái)金礦 糜棱巖 近等距 控礦模式 剪切應(yīng)變
Zhu Jiang-jian, Lin Ge, Zeng Qiao-song, Chen Guang-hao, Wang Jing-bin. A nearly equidistant ore-controlling model for shear-strain anomaly belts: An example of the Hetai gold deposit in western Guangdong Province[J]. Geology and Exploration, 2014, 50(3):0454-0463.
河臺(tái)金礦是一個(gè)典型的與韌性剪切帶有關(guān)的金礦床,也是目前粵西、桂東南已發(fā)現(xiàn)的最大的金礦床。關(guān)于河臺(tái)金礦的成礦模式(葉錦華等,1993;歐陽玉飛等,2005,2007)、構(gòu)造控礦規(guī)律(李新福等,2007)等,前人已開展了一些有益的探討。已發(fā)現(xiàn)的含礦糜棱巖化帶(9、11、12、13號(hào)糜棱巖化帶)及富礦體在平面上具有左階近等距分布的規(guī)律(王斯亮等,2000;朱江建等,2011a),且在剖面上也表現(xiàn)為一定的近等距性(王斯亮等,2000;伍思洪,2005)。然而,富礦體的近等距性至今尚未開展形成機(jī)制方面的研究。本文進(jìn)一步統(tǒng)計(jì)了河臺(tái)金礦金礦體的分布規(guī)律,并對(duì)河臺(tái)金礦糜棱巖化之后的熱液成礦期進(jìn)行了平面數(shù)值模擬研究,以期對(duì)以上問題進(jìn)行有益探討。
河臺(tái)金礦位于云開大山變質(zhì)雜巖體北部、羅定-廣寧斷裂變質(zhì)帶和吳川-四會(huì)斷裂變質(zhì)帶的交匯部位(圖1)。該礦北部出露震旦系局部混合巖化的石英云母片巖、石英巖等,其中混合巖的鋯石SHRIMP U-Pb年齡為239.6Ma(翟偉等,2006)。南部出露奧陶系薄層淺變質(zhì)砂巖、粉砂巖及薄層板巖,其通過F1斷裂與震旦系呈斷層接觸。F1斷裂是礦區(qū)主要的導(dǎo)礦構(gòu)造之一,位于礦區(qū)南部,傾向北西,傾角55°~70°(李新福等,2007)。含礦構(gòu)造為糜棱巖化帶及發(fā)育于其中的脆性斷裂。導(dǎo)礦構(gòu)造與含礦構(gòu)造在剖面上為“y”字型展布(圖1)。賦金礦脈傾向NNW,傾角70°左右。礦脈厚度從幾厘米到幾十米不等。含礦糜棱巖平面上呈左階斜列產(chǎn)出(圖1中云西礦床、高村礦床、后逕礦床對(duì)應(yīng)的糜棱巖),呈右旋走滑運(yùn)動(dòng),剖面上產(chǎn)狀比較穩(wěn)定。與礦化相關(guān)的蝕變作用主要有煙灰色的硅化與細(xì)粒它形的黃鐵礦化。伴生金屬礦物主要包括黃銅礦、黃鐵礦、磁黃鐵礦、菱鐵礦、毒砂;非金屬礦物主要有石英、絹云母(劉偉等,2006)。礦區(qū)西部出露黑云母斜長花崗巖,其U-Pb同位素年齡為209~242Ma(陳駿等,1993),東部出露巨斑狀黑云母二長花崗巖,其單顆粒鋯石U-Pb年齡為153.6±2.61Ma(翟偉等,2005)(圖1)。河臺(tái)金礦可分為糜棱巖化成礦期(王鶴年等,1989;陳駿等,1993;何文武等,1993;姚德賢,1995;翟偉等,2006;朱江建等,2011a)與熱液成礦期(王鶴年等,1989;何文武等,1993;陳駿等,1993;Zhang et al.,2001;翟偉等,2006)。其中糜棱巖化成礦期形成小于1g/t的金活化(陳駿等,1993;姚德賢,1995)。糜棱巖中多硅白云母Ar-Ar 年齡為187~192 Ma(蔡建新,2012)。熱液成礦期是河臺(tái)金礦主要的成礦期,據(jù)前人研究其總體可分為金-黃鐵礦-石英階段、金-石英-多金屬硫化物階段以及金-硫化物-碳酸鹽脈階段(王鶴年等,1989;何文武等,1993;陳駿等,1993;Zhang et al.,2001;翟偉等,2006)。其中金-黃鐵礦-石英階段、金-石英-多金屬硫化物階段是河臺(tái)金礦主要的熱液成礦階段,其硫化物Pb-Pb年齡、富硫化物石英脈中鋯石U-Pb年齡、富硫化物石英脈中磁黃鐵礦Re-Os年齡為150~175±4.3Ma(張志蘭等,1989;水汀等,1997;翟偉等,2006;王成輝等,2012)。
2.1 平面上的近等距性
9、19、11、12、13號(hào)糜棱巖化帶是河臺(tái)金礦主要所含礦糜棱巖化帶(其中云西礦床主要由9、19號(hào)糜棱巖化帶組成、高村礦床主要由11號(hào)糜棱巖化帶組成、后逕礦床主要由12、13號(hào)糜棱巖化帶組成),它們?cè)谄矫嫔暇哂凶箅A近等距的分布規(guī)律(圖2a);河臺(tái)金礦的富礦包平面上也有左階近等距的分布規(guī)律(圖2b)。
圖1 河臺(tái)金礦區(qū)地質(zhì)簡(jiǎn)圖(據(jù)朱江建等,2011b;朱江建等,2012,修改)Fig.1 Simplified geological map of the Hetai gold deposit, Guangdong Province (modified from Zhu et al., 2011b; Zhu et al., 2012) 1-奧陶系薄層淺變質(zhì)砂巖、粉砂巖及薄層板巖;2-震旦系局部混合巖化的石英云母片巖、石英巖;3-巨斑狀黑云母二長花崗巖;4-黑云母斜長花崗巖;5-糜棱巖化帶及其編號(hào)1-thin-bedded epimetamorphic sandstone, siltstone and thin-bedded slate of Ordovician system; 2-partial migmatited quartz-mica schist and quartzite of Sinian system; 3-macroporphyritic biotite monzonitic granite; 4-biotite plagiogranite; 5-mylonitized zones and their numbers
圖2 含礦糜棱巖及富礦包在平面上的近等間距排列Fig. 2 Near equidistance pattern of mineralized mylonites and bonanzas on plane a-含礦糜棱巖化帶的左階近等間距排列,圖中數(shù)字代表礦區(qū)糜棱巖化帶的編號(hào)(據(jù)朱江建等,2011a修改);b-河臺(tái)金礦富礦包左階近等間距排列a-left step and near equidistance pattern of ore bearing mylonitized zones, numerals represent the numbers of mylonitized zones in the deposit (modified after et al., 2011a ); b-left step and near equidistance pattern of bonanzas in the Hetai gold deposit;1—bonanza; 2—borasca
圖3 高村礦床品位富集中心在側(cè)伏方向上的近等距性Fig.3 Near equidistance of grade enrichment centers in dipping direction in the Gaocun deposit 1-品位富集中心及其距離1-grade enrichment center and their distances
2.2 剖面上的近等距性
據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),河臺(tái)金礦云西礦床相鄰品位富集中心在側(cè)伏方向上的距離為85~179m(圖3);河臺(tái)金礦高村礦床品位富集中心在側(cè)伏方向上的距離為62~302m(圖4)。
3.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)條件
本文用FLAC軟件對(duì)河臺(tái)金礦糜棱巖化之后的熱液成礦期進(jìn)行了平面數(shù)值模擬研究。FLAC(Fast Lagrangian Analysis for Continuum)即連續(xù)介質(zhì)快速拉格朗日分析,它是基于拉格朗日元法的顯式有限差分程序(龔紀(jì)文等,2002)。模擬所遵循的方法原理見(朱江建等,2011a)。
本區(qū)含礦韌性剪切帶穿切云樓崗巖體(即圖1西部的黑云母斜長花崗巖,鮑慶忠, 2002),而5號(hào)糜棱巖化帶(圖1)的圍巖為混合巖,說明云樓崗巖體與混合巖的形成時(shí)間早于本區(qū)的糜棱巖。云樓崗巖體的同位素年齡(209~242Ma,陳駿等,1993)與混合巖的同位素年齡(239. 6Ma,翟偉等,2006)早于糜棱巖的同位素年齡(187 ~192 Ma,蔡建新,2012),支持了如上地質(zhì)認(rèn)識(shí)的合理性。結(jié)合熱液成礦期的年齡為150~175±4.3Ma(符力奮,1989;張志蘭等,1989;水汀等,1997;翟偉等,2006;王成輝等,2012),建立熱液成礦期(150~175±4.3Ma)本區(qū)的地質(zhì)模型(圖5),節(jié)理統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果表明河臺(tái)金礦糜棱巖化之后的水平主壓應(yīng)力為90°~114.5°(周浩等,2014),這與河臺(tái)金礦糜棱巖化期108° (朱江建等,2011a)的主壓應(yīng)力方向一致。所以本次仍以108°的水平主壓應(yīng)力作為糜棱巖化之后熱液成礦期數(shù)值模擬研究的邊界條件(圖5)。
圖4 河臺(tái)金礦云西礦床品位富集中心在側(cè)伏方向上的近等間距性Fig.4 Near equidistance of grade enrichment centers in dipping direction in the Yunxi deposit 1-品位富集中心及其距離1-grade enrichment center and their distances
巖性密度/kg×m-3體積模量×1010/P剪切模量×1010/P內(nèi)聚力×105/P抗拉強(qiáng)度×105/Pa內(nèi)摩擦角滲透率10-14m2孔隙度擴(kuò)容角云母石英片巖27554.936.380.965.4229.351.000.323混合巖27005.943.035.565.1530.200.020.252花崗巖26604.822.776.0010.0029.000.030.252糜棱巖27453.065.280.832.1230.008.500.325
該地質(zhì)模型X方向(與108°平行的方向)長1605.3m,Y方向(與108°垂直的方向)長1405.3m。由初始地質(zhì)模型建立了初始地質(zhì)網(wǎng)格。在確保網(wǎng)格不破裂的情況下(以確保模擬的進(jìn)行)確立X方向的網(wǎng)格數(shù)為268,Y方向的網(wǎng)格數(shù)為234。邊界條件為上下邊界Y方向固定,X方向施加2.425×10-11s-1(取前人研究成果1.13~3.72×10-11s-1(段嘉瑞等,1992)的平均值)的雙向擠壓(圖5)。流體密度取103kg/m3,初始飽和度取1,體積模量取2×109Pa。
不同巖石的力學(xué)參數(shù)的選取主要根據(jù)河臺(tái)金礦內(nèi)部資料①,部分參考國內(nèi)外相關(guān)參數(shù)(Liu and Peng,2003;McLellan and Oliver,2008)(表1) 。
圖5 熱液成礦期初始地質(zhì)模型與邊界條件Fig.5 Initial geological model and boundary conditions in hydrothermal metallogenic epoch 1-混合巖;2-糜棱巖;3-云母石英片巖;4-黑云母斜長花崗巖1-migmatite; 2-mylonite; 3-mica quartz schist; 4-biotite plagiogranite
3.2 模擬結(jié)果
模擬結(jié)果顯示,當(dāng)區(qū)域擠壓變形量達(dá)到0.686%時(shí),研究區(qū)內(nèi)分布有四條NEE向平行排列的剪切應(yīng)變異常帶,其值分布于0~0.03。Ⅰ號(hào)異常帶平直,異常值以0.005~0.015為主;Ⅱ號(hào)異常帶變化較大,異常值以0.005~0.025為主,其中0.015~0.025的異常帶呈左階近等距分布;Ⅲ號(hào)異常帶平直,異常值以0.005~0.01為主;Ⅳ號(hào)異常帶平直,異常值也以0.005~0.01為主(圖6)。其中Ⅱ號(hào)異常帶的位置(圖6)與本區(qū)的9號(hào)糜棱巖化帶的位置(圖1、圖5)一致,0.015~0.025的異常帶呈左階近等距分布的規(guī)律(圖6)與河臺(tái)金礦富礦體左階近等距的分布規(guī)律一致(圖2b)。
圖6 剪切應(yīng)變異常帶(a)及其流體的運(yùn)移圖(b、c)Fig.6 Anomalous belts of shear strain (a) and fluid migration(b, c)
4.1 剪切應(yīng)變異常帶近等距控礦模式
數(shù)值模擬結(jié)果揭示了河臺(tái)金礦富礦體近等距排列(圖2b)很可能的成因。即在剪切滑動(dòng)之前,在礦區(qū)應(yīng)力場(chǎng)的作用下(108°方位的擠壓作用),形成了與富礦體分布特征(左階近等距,圖2b)一致的剪切應(yīng)變異常帶(圖6a)。剪切應(yīng)變異常帶是有利于成礦的擴(kuò)容區(qū)(Rice,1975;Rudnicki,1984;Ordetal.,1997;Upton,1998;Ridleyetal.,2000),決定了礦體會(huì)沿剪切應(yīng)變異常帶分布(圖7)。
圖7 剪切應(yīng)變異常帶近等距控礦模式示意圖Fig.7 Schematic diagrams of nearly equidistant ore-controlling model with anomalous belts of shear strains 1-剪切應(yīng)變異常帶;2-礦體1-anomalous belts of shear strains;2-orebodies
剪切應(yīng)變異常帶對(duì)礦體的控制可能形成于剪切應(yīng)變異常帶形成期的剪切滑動(dòng)控礦及剪切應(yīng)變異常帶形成之后的微裂隙擴(kuò)張控礦。其中,剪切滑動(dòng)控礦可能成因于糜棱巖化帶所在位置較大的剪切應(yīng)變量(圖6a)及較大的流量(圖6b、c)。這種較大的剪切應(yīng)變量及較大的流量指示了剪切應(yīng)變異常帶,尤其是其中呈左階近等距分布的異常帶,易于發(fā)生剪切滑動(dòng)。以上數(shù)值模擬結(jié)果從理論上很好地解釋了河臺(tái)金礦沿糜棱面理發(fā)生剪切滑動(dòng)的現(xiàn)象(圖8)。
圖8 沿滑痕線理分布的含金硫化物Fig. 8 Photos showing gold-bearing sulfides along slip lines a-23線-140水平糜棱面理上的滑痕線理及沿其中分布的黃鐵礦化、黃銅礦化;b-22線-140水平糜棱面理上的滑痕線理及沿其中分布的黃鐵礦化、黃銅礦化;a-pyrite and chalcopyrite occur along slip lines in mylonite foliation in the level -50 of line 39; b-pyrite and chalcopyrite occur along slip lines in mylonite foliation in the level -50 of line 22
沿滑痕線理分布的硫化物(圖8)指示了滑動(dòng)與成礦密切的成因聯(lián)系。其很可能的成因是剪切滑動(dòng)所產(chǎn)生的低壓,很可能伴隨著含金熱液的泵吸作用與減壓沸騰成礦作用。剪切滑動(dòng)的后期也可能伴隨成礦作用,這是因?yàn)椋黧w向最大剪切應(yīng)變?cè)隽慨惓Ь奂?圖6b、c),增加了流體壓力進(jìn)而產(chǎn)生大量的微裂隙(劉亮明等,2008),在隨后的應(yīng)力作用過程中,大量微裂隙由于應(yīng)力集中而不斷擴(kuò)展,這為后期的熱液成礦作用孕育了良好的容礦空間。綜上所述,剪切滑動(dòng)之前剪切應(yīng)變異常帶的近等距性(圖7a)決定了剪切滑動(dòng)后礦體的近等距性(圖7b)。以上控礦模式稱為剪應(yīng)變異常帶近等距控礦模式。這種模式較好地解釋了河臺(tái)金礦富礦體近等距分布的規(guī)律。
4.2 該模式可能的應(yīng)用前景
基于河臺(tái)金礦剪應(yīng)變異常帶近等距的控制富礦體,朱江建等(2012b、2013)統(tǒng)計(jì)了河臺(tái)金礦品位×厚度富集中心的側(cè)伏角及在側(cè)伏方向的距離,并將統(tǒng)計(jì)分析的結(jié)果進(jìn)行礦體統(tǒng)計(jì)分析預(yù)測(cè)(朱江建等,2012b),且在預(yù)測(cè)區(qū)有較好的找礦效果。前人研究表明,大量礦床表現(xiàn)為近等距性,以金礦的近等距性為例,就有招遠(yuǎn)-掖縣金礦化集中區(qū)(魏民等,1995)、戈枕金礦帶上的各金礦田(郭曉東等,1997)、夾皮溝金礦帶(魏民等,1995)、小秦嶺地區(qū)金礦脈亞礦帶(王可勇等,1995)、燒鍋營子金礦區(qū)(鄭超等,1995)、膠東地區(qū)金礦床(孫宗鋒等,1999; 郭濤等,2007)、陜西雙王金礦(汪勁草,2001)、湘東北的大洞金礦體(符鞏固等,2002)、牟乳金礦(賀振等,2006)、桃花金礦床各礦段(徐錦明,1997)、東坪金礦(李少眾,1999) 、膠東望兒山金礦(方金云,1999) 、馬滑溝礦床 (韋昌山等,2000) 、鏵尖金礦(閆永福,2005) 、內(nèi)蒙古安家營子金礦田(孟祥秋等,2008) 、山東招遠(yuǎn)界河金礦(陳靜等,2009) 、峪耳崖金礦床(肖振等,2010) 等。這些金礦的近等距性很可能為剪應(yīng)變異常帶的近等距性所控制。由相似類比原則,將該模式控制的近等距性的礦體進(jìn)行礦體統(tǒng)計(jì)分析預(yù)測(cè)(朱江建等,2012b),有望實(shí)現(xiàn)一定的找礦效果。
(1) 9、19、11、12、13號(hào)糜棱巖化帶是河臺(tái)金礦主要所含礦糜棱巖化帶,它們?cè)谄矫嫔暇哂凶箅A近等間距排列的規(guī)律;河臺(tái)金礦的富礦在平面上也有左階近等間距排列的規(guī)律。
(2) 統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果表明,云西礦床相鄰品位富集中心在側(cè)伏方向上的距離為85~179m;高村礦床品位富集中心在側(cè)伏方向上的距離為62~302m,具有一定的近等距性。
(3) 剪切滑動(dòng)之前剪切應(yīng)變異常帶的近等距性決定了剪切滑動(dòng)后礦體的近等距性。以上控礦模式稱為剪應(yīng)變異常帶近等距控礦模式。這種模式較好地解釋了河臺(tái)金礦富礦體近等距分布的規(guī)律。將該模式控制的近等距性的礦體進(jìn)行礦體統(tǒng)計(jì)分析預(yù)測(cè),有望實(shí)現(xiàn)一定的找礦效果。
致謝 北京礦產(chǎn)地質(zhì)研究院王玉往研究員和李德東博士對(duì)本文提出了建設(shè)性的修改意見,作者在此表示忠心的感謝!
[注釋]
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A Nearly Equidistant Ore-Controlling Model for Shear-Strain Anomaly Belts: An Example of the Hetai Gold Deposit in Western Guangdong Province
ZHU Jiang-jian1,2, LIN Ge2, ZENG Qiao-song2, CHEN Guang-hao3, WANG Jing-bin1,4
(1. Beijing Institute of Geology for Mineral Resources, Beijing 100012; 2. Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou,Guangdong 510640; 3. Key Laboratory of Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou,Guangdong 510301; 4. China Non-ferrous Metals Resource Geological Survey, Beijing 100012)
In order to provide a scientific basis for prospecting at depth, this paper studies the distribution character of bonanzas and carries out numerical simulations on hydrothermal metallogenic epoch after mylonitization in the Hetai gold deposit of western Guangdong Province. The results show that bonanzas are distributed in left step and nearly equidistant on plane, also nearly equidistant on a vertical section, and dipping northeast. It is 85~179m to the adjacent bonanza in dipping direction in the Yunxi deposit, and 62~302m to the another one in pitching direction in the Gaocun Deposit. The anomalous belts of shear strains by numerical simulations are the places favorable for sliding and mineralization in the Hetai gold deposit. These anomalous belts of shear strains are also left step and nearly equidistant, same as the distribution character of bonanzas. The near equidistance of the anomalous belts of shear strains before shear sliding controlled the near equidistance of ore bodies after shear sliding. This is called the nearly equidistant ore-controlling model with anomalous belts of shear strains. Such controlling was probably determined by shear sliding when the shear strains anomalous belts were forming and by micro crack expansion after the shear strains anomalous belts had formed. Applying this model to statistical analysis and prediction of ore bodies in the deposits would help improve the effect of ore-search efforts.
the Hetai gold deposit, mylonite, near equidistance, ore-controlling model, the anomalous belts of shear strains
2013-09-26;
2014-01-15;[責(zé)任編輯]郝情情。
老礦山典型礦床成礦規(guī)律總結(jié)研究(項(xiàng)目編號(hào):121200113086300)和國家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目:廣東河臺(tái)金礦富礦包中金的超常富集機(jī)制研究(No.41172082)資助。
朱江建(1985年-),男,2012年獲中國科學(xué)院研究生院博士學(xué)位,現(xiàn)為北京礦產(chǎn)地質(zhì)研究院博士后,主要從事礦產(chǎn)勘查與成礦預(yù)測(cè)研究。E-mail:zjj3xsjl@163.com。
P588.121+597.3
A
0495-5331(2014)03-0454-10