胡炯
摘 要 侵襲性真菌病是血液系統(tǒng)腫瘤患者的常見感染并發(fā)癥。隨著現(xiàn)代化療和造血干細胞移植術(shù)的開展,侵襲性真菌病的發(fā)病率呈上升趨勢。由于真菌病在臨床上缺乏特異性的癥狀和體征,確診困難且伴較高的病死率,故國內(nèi)、外學(xué)者先后都制定了侵襲性真菌病診斷和治療指南,推薦對臨床上具有發(fā)生侵襲性真菌病高危因素、但未達到臨床診斷和確診標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的患者可采用經(jīng)驗治療和診斷驅(qū)動治療策略。本文就此兩種治療策略在患者人群、適應(yīng)證和療效等方面的異同作一述評。
關(guān)鍵詞 侵襲性真菌病 經(jīng)驗治療 診斷驅(qū)動治療
中圖分類號:R519; R733 文獻標(biāo)識碼:A 文章編號:1006-1533(2014)09-0011-04
Abstract Invasive fungal disease (IFD) is a major infectious complication in patients with hematological malignancies. The incidence of IFD increases with the development of modern chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Due to the nonspecific clinical manifestations, diagnosis of IFD remains difficult with high mortality when treatment is delayed. Various guidelines have been developed in past decades, in which empirical or diagnostic-driven therapy was recommended for those patients with high-risk features but not yet proven IFD. The similarities and differences between two treatment strategies in the patient population, indications and efficacy are reviewed in this paper.
Key words invasive fungal disease; empirical therapy; diagnostic-driven therapy
侵襲性真菌病(invasive fungal disease, IFD)是血液系統(tǒng)疾病及其腫瘤患者的常見感染并發(fā)癥之一。國內(nèi)及歐美流行病學(xué)研究顯示,血液系統(tǒng)疾病患者IFD的發(fā)病率總體呈上升趨勢。國內(nèi)近期完成的一項前瞻性、多中心流行病學(xué)研究顯示,在接受化療的血液系統(tǒng)腫瘤患者中,IFD的總發(fā)生率為2.1%;在接受造血干細胞移植患者中,同胞相合移植和單倍體移植患者的IFD的累積發(fā)生率分別為3.8%和7.1%。IFD在臨床上缺乏特異性癥狀和體征,確診困難且往往伴有較高的病死率[1-3]。針對IFD的流行現(xiàn)狀及臨床特點,目前國內(nèi)、外學(xué)者已達成廣泛共識積極應(yīng)對,如歐洲癌癥研究和治療組織/侵襲性真菌感染協(xié)作組和美國真菌病研究組共識組、美國抗感染學(xué)會以及歐洲白血病抗感染委員會都先后發(fā)表了侵襲性真菌感染相關(guān)診斷和治療指南[1-5]。中國侵襲性真菌感染工作組也參照國際相關(guān)指南并結(jié)合國內(nèi)的流行病學(xué)和臨床治療研究結(jié)果制定了我國的侵襲性真菌感染診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與治療原則,且先后進行了4次修訂,提高了國內(nèi)對血液系統(tǒng)疾病及其腫瘤患者侵襲性真菌感染的診斷和治療水平[6-7]。
目前,對IFD的診斷普遍采用分層診斷體系但未達到臨床診斷和確診標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的患者,包括粒細胞缺乏性發(fā)熱、伴或不伴有IFD相關(guān)感染癥狀和體征以及有或無實驗室檢查依據(jù)的患者。對這兩種治療策略,在患者人群、適應(yīng)證和療效等方面都存在一定的爭議,本文就此作一述評。
1 經(jīng)驗治療
經(jīng)驗治療是一種對具有發(fā)生IFD高危因素、尤其是血液系統(tǒng)疾病及其腫瘤患者出現(xiàn)粒細胞缺乏性發(fā)熱且使用廣譜抗生素治療無效時采用的抗真菌治療策略。雖然在臨床上尚缺乏IFD確診或臨床診斷的依據(jù),但早期的研究表明,經(jīng)驗治療、尤其是覆蓋念珠菌和曲霉的治療可降低IFD的發(fā)生率及其相關(guān)死亡率,改善患者的整體預(yù)后。經(jīng)驗治療是目前臨床上普遍采用的抗真菌治療策略。“CAESAR”研究提示,我國血液系統(tǒng)疾病及其腫瘤患者接受的抗真菌治療中超過85%為經(jīng)驗治療。新近發(fā)表的一項法國前瞻性、觀察性臨床研究顯示,在419例接受抗真菌治療的血液系統(tǒng)疾病或接受造血干細胞移植患者
經(jīng)驗治療存在的問題主要是發(fā)熱癥狀并不是IFD的特征性臨床表現(xiàn),粒細胞缺乏性發(fā)熱的病因包括真菌感染、細菌或病毒感染、免疫性因素和移植物抗宿主病等。例如,在造血干細胞移植相關(guān)研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)
2 診斷驅(qū)動治療
診斷驅(qū)動治療即既往所稱的搶先治療BG試驗可檢測除接合菌和新型隱球菌外所有真菌特有的細胞壁成分、GM試驗可檢測曲霉細胞壁成分,它們是診斷早期侵襲性真菌感染和侵襲性曲霉感染的工具。此外,高分辨力CT的廣泛應(yīng)用、尤其是其可早期發(fā)現(xiàn)高度預(yù)示侵襲性曲霉感染可能性的肺部暈輪征或新月體征,具有較好的臨床參考價值。
早期一項對異體造血干細胞移植患者進行的隨機、對照研究比較了使用脂質(zhì)體兩性霉素提示GM試驗和CT檢查有助于篩選出抗真菌治療獲益患者[12]。上述諸研究提示,診斷驅(qū)動治療策略結(jié)合臨床發(fā)熱、實驗室檢查和CT檢查等指標(biāo)可為臨床抗真菌治療提供更多的依據(jù),從而避免經(jīng)驗治療的盲目性且盡早發(fā)現(xiàn)可疑IFD患者,具有自己獨特的優(yōu)勢。
雖然與經(jīng)驗治療相比,診斷驅(qū)動治療具有一定的優(yōu)勢,但目前尚無大樣本循證醫(yī)學(xué)證據(jù)證實診斷驅(qū)動治療可替代經(jīng)驗治療。此外,診斷驅(qū)動治療策略的開展也存在一定的問題,如實驗室檢查的普及性、試劑和試驗方法(如PCR方法)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、GM和BG試驗陽性的判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)以及CT檢查的影像學(xué)判定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的統(tǒng)一等,有待進一步的臨床研究加以解決。
3 臨床診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)更新與治療策略的選擇
最近,我國的血液系統(tǒng)疾病及其腫瘤患者IFD診治指南進行了第4次修訂,主要更新點為:①臨床診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)更加嚴(yán)格,取消了IFD診斷的次要臨床標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(非特異性臨床或影像學(xué)表現(xiàn),包括廣譜抗生素治療無效的持續(xù)粒細胞缺乏性發(fā)熱、咳嗽、流涕和鼻塞等),使達到臨床診斷和擬診IFD患者的臨床和影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)更具特征性、臨床判斷依據(jù)更充分;②新增“未確定(undefined)”IFD,后者是指不符合擬診、臨床診斷和確診標(biāo)準(zhǔn),但同時具有IFD高危因素以及IFD相關(guān)非特異性臨床、實驗室檢查和影像學(xué)特征的患者[6]。這兩點更新對臨床實踐的重要意義在于臨床診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的嚴(yán)格使未確定IFD患者群體較以往有所擴大,而未確定IFD患者雖未達到擬診IFD標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、但并沒有排除IFD診斷的可能性。有臨床研究發(fā)現(xiàn),未確定IFD和擬診IFD患者抗真菌治療后的感染相關(guān)死亡率相近,提示未確定IFD與擬診IFD患者類似[3]。
根據(jù)上述臨床診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和不同治療策略的定義,歸納了不同患者群體的臨床、實驗室檢查和影像學(xué)特征以及相應(yīng)的治療策略。其中,經(jīng)驗治療主要針對粒細胞缺乏性發(fā)熱患者,診斷驅(qū)動治療主要針對未確定和擬診IFD患者。經(jīng)驗治療和診斷驅(qū)動治療策略在啟動抗真菌治療的時機、患者的臨床表現(xiàn)和實驗室檢查依據(jù)方面具有顯著的差別,適用的患者人群也有所不同,兩種治療策略在臨床治療理念上似乎并不兼容。但在實踐中,經(jīng)驗治療和診斷驅(qū)動治療仍將是在臨床上并存的兩種重要抗真菌治療策略:在缺乏必要的實驗室檢查和影像學(xué)診斷技術(shù)支持的單位,經(jīng)驗治療是重要的基本臨床抗真菌治療策略;而在具備開展實驗室診斷技術(shù)條件的單位,經(jīng)驗治療和診斷驅(qū)動治療可作為并行的臨床抗真菌治療策略,兩種治療策略能覆蓋幾乎所有不同診斷級別的IFD患者。在臨床實踐中,臨床醫(yī)生不應(yīng)滿足于單純采用經(jīng)驗治療,而應(yīng)同時積極開展各項實驗室檢查。無論是對僅有粒細胞缺乏性發(fā)熱患者、還是擬診或伴有非特異性臨床表現(xiàn)的未確定IFD患者,通過尋找IFD診斷依據(jù)、研究探索和優(yōu)化更敏感和更具特異性的診斷方法(如PCR方法)對提高IFD的診斷水平具有重要意義[13-14]。鑒于診斷驅(qū)動治療需要更多的臨床和實驗室檢查依據(jù),故在患者選擇上更適合于IFD風(fēng)險較低的患者群體,而經(jīng)驗治療則更適合覆蓋高?;颊撸瑑煞N治療策略結(jié)合可兼顧保持療效和減少抗真菌藥物使用的目標(biāo)[15]。此外,開展診斷驅(qū)動治療的臨床研究也能為今后進一步優(yōu)化臨床抗真菌治療提供重要的循證醫(yī)學(xué)證據(jù)。
參考文獻
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[10] Hebart H, Klingspor L, Klingebiehl T, et al. PCR-based liposomal amphotericin B treatment following allogeneic stem cell transplantation is a safe treatment strategy: preliminary results of a prospective study [J]. Blood (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts), 2004, 104: 192.
[11] Maertens J, Theunissen K, Verhoef G, et al. Galactomannan and computed tomography-based preemptive antifungal therapy in neutropenic patients at high risk for invasive fungal infection: a prospective feasibility study [J]. Clin Infect Dis, 2005, 41(9): 1242-1250.
[12] Ji Y, Xu LP, Liu DH, et al. Positive results of serum galactomannan assays and pulmonary computed tomography predict the higher response rate of empirical antifungal therapy in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation [J]. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant, 2011, 17(5): 759-764.
[13] Ruhnke M, Bohme A, Buchheidt D, et al. Diagnosis of invasive fungal infections in hematology and oncology-guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Working Party in Haematology and Oncology of the German Society for Haematology and Oncology (AGIHO) [J]. Ann Oncol, 2012, 23(4): 823-833.
[14] Lass-Florl C, Mutschlechner W, Aigner M, et al. Utility of PCR in diagnosis of invasive fungal infections: real-life data from a multicenter study [J]. J Clin Microbiol, 2013, 51(3): 863-868.
[15] Cordonnier C, Pautas C, Maury S, et al. Empirical versus preemptive antifungal therapy for high-risk, febrile, neutropenic patients: a randomized, controlled trial [J]. Clin Infect Dis, 2009, 48(8): 1042-1051.
(收稿日期:2013-09-05)
[8] Herbrecht R, Caillot D, Cordonnier C, et al. Indications and outcomes of antifungal therapy in French patients with haematological conditions or recipients of haematopoietic stem cell transplantation [J]. J Antimicrob Chemother, 2012, 67(11): 2731-2738.
[9] Bow EJ. Of yeasts and hyphae: a hematologists approach to antifungal therapy [J]. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program, 2006: 361-367.
[10] Hebart H, Klingspor L, Klingebiehl T, et al. PCR-based liposomal amphotericin B treatment following allogeneic stem cell transplantation is a safe treatment strategy: preliminary results of a prospective study [J]. Blood (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts), 2004, 104: 192.
[11] Maertens J, Theunissen K, Verhoef G, et al. Galactomannan and computed tomography-based preemptive antifungal therapy in neutropenic patients at high risk for invasive fungal infection: a prospective feasibility study [J]. Clin Infect Dis, 2005, 41(9): 1242-1250.
[12] Ji Y, Xu LP, Liu DH, et al. Positive results of serum galactomannan assays and pulmonary computed tomography predict the higher response rate of empirical antifungal therapy in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation [J]. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant, 2011, 17(5): 759-764.
[13] Ruhnke M, Bohme A, Buchheidt D, et al. Diagnosis of invasive fungal infections in hematology and oncology-guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Working Party in Haematology and Oncology of the German Society for Haematology and Oncology (AGIHO) [J]. Ann Oncol, 2012, 23(4): 823-833.
[14] Lass-Florl C, Mutschlechner W, Aigner M, et al. Utility of PCR in diagnosis of invasive fungal infections: real-life data from a multicenter study [J]. J Clin Microbiol, 2013, 51(3): 863-868.
[15] Cordonnier C, Pautas C, Maury S, et al. Empirical versus preemptive antifungal therapy for high-risk, febrile, neutropenic patients: a randomized, controlled trial [J]. Clin Infect Dis, 2009, 48(8): 1042-1051.
(收稿日期:2013-09-05)
[8] Herbrecht R, Caillot D, Cordonnier C, et al. Indications and outcomes of antifungal therapy in French patients with haematological conditions or recipients of haematopoietic stem cell transplantation [J]. J Antimicrob Chemother, 2012, 67(11): 2731-2738.
[9] Bow EJ. Of yeasts and hyphae: a hematologists approach to antifungal therapy [J]. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program, 2006: 361-367.
[10] Hebart H, Klingspor L, Klingebiehl T, et al. PCR-based liposomal amphotericin B treatment following allogeneic stem cell transplantation is a safe treatment strategy: preliminary results of a prospective study [J]. Blood (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts), 2004, 104: 192.
[11] Maertens J, Theunissen K, Verhoef G, et al. Galactomannan and computed tomography-based preemptive antifungal therapy in neutropenic patients at high risk for invasive fungal infection: a prospective feasibility study [J]. Clin Infect Dis, 2005, 41(9): 1242-1250.
[12] Ji Y, Xu LP, Liu DH, et al. Positive results of serum galactomannan assays and pulmonary computed tomography predict the higher response rate of empirical antifungal therapy in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation [J]. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant, 2011, 17(5): 759-764.
[13] Ruhnke M, Bohme A, Buchheidt D, et al. Diagnosis of invasive fungal infections in hematology and oncology-guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Working Party in Haematology and Oncology of the German Society for Haematology and Oncology (AGIHO) [J]. Ann Oncol, 2012, 23(4): 823-833.
[14] Lass-Florl C, Mutschlechner W, Aigner M, et al. Utility of PCR in diagnosis of invasive fungal infections: real-life data from a multicenter study [J]. J Clin Microbiol, 2013, 51(3): 863-868.
[15] Cordonnier C, Pautas C, Maury S, et al. Empirical versus preemptive antifungal therapy for high-risk, febrile, neutropenic patients: a randomized, controlled trial [J]. Clin Infect Dis, 2009, 48(8): 1042-1051.
(收稿日期:2013-09-05)