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        Nine Moments That Changed History 趣說歷史:改變歷史的九個瞬間

        2014-04-29 00:00:00
        新東方英語·中學版 2014年3期

        70,000 years ago: mother steps out

        According to DNA studies, modern humans2) left Africa in a single migration, spreading across the planet after just one tribe crossed into today's Arabia. Indeed, it's reckoned that every human alive now who is not sub-Saharan African ultimately derives from a single woman. Archaeologists argue, but the \"out of Africa\" thesis3) is the most popular explanation. So from Tokyo to Helsinki, Sao Paulo to Saffron Walden, we're all family. I find that curiously moving, in a woozy4), Olympics-ceremony kind of way.

        From 11,000 years ago: the invention of porridge5)

        Or, to put it differently, the first of at least five separate moments6) when farming was discovered—that is, the planting and selection of cereals, alongside the tethering7) of some animals. It meant that people stopped being nomadic hunters, and human populations grew, trapping farmers with more mouths to feed. It also meant tooth decay, bad backs and a lot of very boring work. But without it there would have been no villages, towns—no empires, no cars, no moon landing, no history, really, at all. And, of course, with GM foods8) and fish farms, it's an ancient story that hasn't stopped.

        c.2000 BC: Da Yu and the Great Flood

        Da Yu is a mythic rather than historical figure. He's supposed to have united the clans living along China's Yellow River by persuading them to co-operate in a huge network of channels and canals to end its devastating floods. It turns out that the link between rivers such as the Yellow, the Nile, the Tigris and the Indus, and the growth of early civilisations is very strong. To tame them, or irrigate, people have to be organised and submit to some kind of authority. So rulers and classes emerge. Da Yu symbolises something absolutely real. I like the idea that China's first hero was a civil engineer.

        c.35AD: Saul falls over9)

        Why did the creed10) of Jesus of Nazareth11) sweep the Mediterranean? The tent maker from Tarsus and persecutor12) of Christians, Saul, later Paul, was the man who got it all going. After his famous moment on the road to Damascus he decided this creed was for everyone, not just for Jews. His manic13) missionary journeys began to spread the word even to Rome. Eventually one of the least likely saints, Emperor Constantine14), made Christianity the official Roman religion, and now it's the world's most popular.

        7萬年前:現代人類的母親走出非洲

        根據DNA研究,現代人在一次遷徙中走出了非洲,就在其中一個部落來到今天的阿拉伯半島后,現代人便開始遍布地球的各個角落。實際上,人們認為除撒哈拉沙漠以南的非洲人外,如今活著的每一個人從根本上來說都是同一位女性祖先的后代。雖然考古學家對此存有爭論,但“走出非洲”理論是關于現代人起源最主流的一種解釋。所以,從日本東京到芬蘭赫爾辛基,從巴西圣保羅到英國薩弗隆·沃爾登,我們都是一家人。大家稀里糊涂地就成了一家人,就像是參加奧林匹克盛會那樣,叫我心中頗覺怪異,又感動不已。

        自1.1萬年以前起:粥的誕生

        或者這么說吧,粥的誕生是農業(yè)的出現至少帶來的五個不同歷史轉折點中最早的那個——這里說的農業(yè)的出現是指人類在飼養(yǎng)一些牲畜的同時開始種植和挑選谷物。這意味著人類不再繼續(xù)做游牧獵人,地球人口開始增長,種田的人不得不喂養(yǎng)更多的人口。這也意味著人類的牙齒開始退化,脊背受到勞損,而且要做很多極為無聊的工作。然而,如果沒有農業(yè),就不會有村莊和城鎮(zhèn),說真的,也根本不會有帝國、汽車、登月活動和人類歷史。當然,隨著轉基因食品和水產養(yǎng)殖場的誕生,農業(yè)這個古老的故事還在繼續(xù)。

        約公元前2000年:大禹治水

        與其說大禹是一位歷史人物,倒不如說他是一位神話人物。據說,為治理中國黃河的特大洪災,大禹勸說沿河居住的各個部落齊心協(xié)力一起疏通航道和運河,使其貫通為巨大的河網,大禹也因此統(tǒng)一了黃河流域各部落。事實證明,諸如黃河、尼羅河、底格里斯河、印度河這樣的河流與早期文明的發(fā)展之間有著非常密切的聯系。為了治理那些河流或將其用于灌溉,人們必須被組織起來并服從于某種形式的權威。這樣一來,統(tǒng)治者和社會階級就產生了。大禹象征著某種絕對真實的存在。中國的第一位英雄是一位土木工程師——這個觀點我很喜歡。

        約公元35年:掃羅摔倒在地

        為什么拿撒勒的耶穌的教義能夠迅速在地中海地區(qū)傳播開來呢?掃羅(后更名為保羅)便是那位功臣。保羅來自塔爾蘇斯,曾做過帳篷,也曾迫害過基督徒。經歷了前往大馬士革(編注:現為敘利亞首都)途中的那一著名時刻之后,保羅斷定基督教教義不只屬于猶太人,而屬于所有人。他多次踏上狂熱的傳教之旅,甚至開始將教義傳至羅馬。最終,一位最不可能成為圣徒的人之一——君士坦丁大帝——使基督教成為羅馬帝國的國教。如今,基督教是世界上最流行迎的宗教。

        1.Andrew Marr: 安德魯·馬爾(1959~),蘇格蘭記者和政治評論家,曾做過英國《獨立報》(The Independent)編輯、BBC新聞臺政治欄目主編,從2005年起在BBC第一頻道主持一檔政治節(jié)目《安德魯·馬爾脫口秀》,從2007年起在BBC第二頻道講解現代英國歷史,并從2012年起在系列紀錄節(jié)目《安德魯·馬爾世界歷史》中講解世界歷史。

        2.modern human: 現代人,即智人,指與現代人類外形相同的人。關于智人最早出現在地球上的時期有各種不同的推測,通常認為是在大約20萬年前。

        3.\"out of Africa\" thesis: “走出非洲”理論。該理論認為所有現代人都起源于東非,后在6~12萬年前遷徙到世界各地。該理論目前已有不少科學證據,其中最好的證據是非洲人的遺傳多樣性高于其他大陸的人,由此可以推斷非洲人更古老。

        4.woozy [?wu?zi] adj. 昏頭昏腦的

        5.porridge [?p?r?d?] n. (谷物或豆類煮成的)粥,糊

        6.moment [?m??m?nt] n. (歷史或事物發(fā)展的)關頭,轉折點

        7.tether [?tee?(r)] v. (用繩等)拴

        8.GM foods: 轉基因食品。GM是genetically modified的縮寫。

        9.這里指掃羅在回大馬士革途中看見耶穌異象,仆倒在地,不能動彈。據《圣經》記載,掃羅本是猶太教徒,信奉唯一的真神耶和華,為此迫害了不少信奉耶穌的基督徒,后經大馬士革異象事件后成為耶穌的忠誠信徒。

        10.creed [kri?d] n. 宗教信條;教義

        11.Nazareth: 拿撒勒,以色列北部城市?!妒ソ洝ば录s》中稱其為耶穌的故鄉(xiāng)。

        12.persecutor [?p??s?kju?t?(r)] n. 迫害者

        13.manic [?m?n?k] adj. 瘋狂的,狂熱的

        14.Emperor Constantine: 君士坦丁大帝,是世界歷史上第一位尊崇基督教的羅馬皇帝,在使基督教后來轉變成在歐洲占統(tǒng)治地位的宗教上起到了重大作用。

        15.meld [meld] vt. 使合并

        16.tilt [t?lt] vt. 使傾斜

        17.Pizarro: 指弗朗西斯科·皮薩羅(Francisco Pizarro, c.1471 or 1476~1541),西班牙人,征服了印加帝國。

        18.Atahualpa: 阿塔瓦爾帕,秘魯印加帝國末代皇帝(1525~1533年),成為西班牙人的俘虜,后被西班牙人施以絞刑。

        19.microbe [?ma?kr??b] n. (尤指引起疾病的)細菌

        20.bullion [?b?li?n] n. 金條;銀條

        21.blow [bl??] vt. <口>揮霍;把錢花在……身上;款待

        22.兩千多年前,印加人就已經把土豆當做主食了,但直到兩百多年前,土豆才在世界范圍內被廣泛接受。印加帝國滅亡后,西班牙侵略者曾將土豆帶回國內,但卻忽視了其價值。

        23.smallpox [?sm??lp?ks] n.【醫(yī)】天花

        24.pus [p?s] n. 膿

        25.cowpox [?ka?p?ks] n.【醫(yī)】牛痘

        26.1923年,時任納粹黨黨魁的希特勒在慕尼黑啤酒館發(fā)動暴動,意欲奪權,但遭到了警察的鎮(zhèn)壓。在這次鎮(zhèn)壓中,希特勒僥幸逃過一劫。這里指當地警察沒有在當時射中希特勒,讓希特勒日后有機會進行獨裁統(tǒng)治,發(fā)動戰(zhàn)爭。

        27.shambles [???mblz] n. [用作單或復] <口>混亂(場面)

        28.stupendously [stju??pend?sli] adv. 驚人地

        29.Mein Kampf:《我的奮斗》,希特勒自傳,該書集國家主義、帝國主義、種族主義、反猶主義和反對民主主義思潮于一體。反猶主義是貫穿該書的一條主線。希特勒認為猶太人和斯拉夫人是劣等民族,雅利安人是優(yōu)等人種,有權征服和統(tǒng)治其他民族。

        30.enigmas [??n?ɡm(xù)?] n. 費解的事物;神秘(或不可理解)的人

        31.detonation [?det??ne??n] n. 爆炸

        c.1162: Temujin is born ...

        ... and survives despite being exiled from his tribe and living wild in the forest. He will later rise to power, meld15) all the Mongol tribes together and take the name Genghis Khan, or world ruler. His devastating invasions of Asia destroyed Muslim civilisations and tilted16) the balance for the first time in favour of Christian Europe—one unintended consequence of a career that would also change Russia, India and China, making Temujin probably the most influential human in history. As to his private life, DNA researches suggest 16 million men alive now are direct descendants.

        1532: Pizarro17) ambushes the Inca emperor Atahualpa18)

        The Inca and their emperor, Atahualpa, were no innocents. They were a ruthless bunch, overwhelmed first by Spanish gunpowder and then by microbes19). Some 95% of the population disappeared after Europeans arrived in the Americas. Francisco Pizarro's obsession with gold and silver meant he melted down priceless artworks and sent them home as dreary blocks of bullion20). The Spanish blew21) the wealth on church decorations and unsuccessful wars. Meanwhile, Pizarro's men missed the really valuable object all around them—the potato22).

        1796: Edward Jenner discovers vaccination

        People had known for a long time that you could stop someone getting smallpox23) (one of the world's great killers, blinders and disfigurers) by infecting them with a tiny amount of pus24) or scabs. But this was also dangerous. Jenner discovered you could protect them by giving them harmless cowpox25). He did it by grabbing a local Gloucestershire boy and trying it. He wouldn't be allowed to do this now, of course, but he probably saved more lives than any other human who has ever lived. Along with Shakespeare, he deserves to be the best-known Englishman.

        約1162年:鐵木真出生……

        ……而且活了下來(盡管他被逐出部落,在森林中過著野外生活)。之后,他將登上權力的寶座,統(tǒng)一蒙古各部,尊號“成吉思汗”或“世界的統(tǒng)治者”。他對亞洲進行的毀滅性侵略摧毀了穆斯林文明,使文明的天平第一次向信奉基督教的歐洲傾斜——雖然這只是鐵木真在建立偉業(yè)過程中的一個無心之舉,卻同樣改變了俄羅斯、印度和中國的命運,使鐵木真成為歷史上很有可能是最有影響力的人物。至于他的私人生活,有DNA研究表明,在如今活著的人當中,有1600萬人都是他的直系后裔。

        1532年:皮薩羅伏擊印加帝國皇帝

        阿塔瓦爾帕

        印加人及其皇帝阿塔瓦爾帕可不是無辜的受害者。他們這一群殘酷無情的人先是被西班牙的火藥打敗,接著又被病菌(譯注:指傳染性疾病天花)擊垮。歐洲人對美洲的這次入侵導致近95%的印加人死亡。對金銀著魔的弗朗西斯科·皮薩羅將價值連城的藝術品熔毀,將其制成一塊塊毫無生氣的金條運送回國。西班牙人把掠得的財富揮霍在教堂裝潢和發(fā)動屢屢戰(zhàn)敗的戰(zhàn)爭上。而與此同時,皮薩羅的隊伍錯過了其四周遍布的真正的寶藏——土豆。

        1796年:愛德華·詹納發(fā)現了接種疫苗法

        很久之前人們就已經意識到,通過用極少量的膿水或痂皮感染人的方式可以避免人們染上天花(世界上最致命的疾病之一,可使人失明、毀容)。然而,這種方式仍具有危險性。詹納發(fā)現,通過給人注射無害的牛痘可以預防天花,他抓來了格洛斯克郡的一個當地男孩,在他身上進行了試驗。當然如果放到現在,他的這種做法肯定是不允許的,然而,他救的人很可能比歷史上任何一個人救的人都要多。他理應和莎士比亞一起成為最有名的英國人。

        1923: A provincial policeman misses ...26)

        ... and damn! For Hitler had ducked. The marching rebel beside him was shot dead. Thus the Nazis' Munich \"beer-hall revolution\" ended in an embarrassing shambles27). The following year, Hitler got a relatively light sentence for treason. In prison he dictated a book originally with the stupendously28) bad title of My Four and a Half Years of Struggle Against Lies, Stupidity and Cowardice. But, in the renamed Mein Kampf29), Hitler told the world exactly what he intended to do next—what he thought of the Jews, and Germany's eastern destiny. But just then, the world wasn't listening.

        1945: Hiroshima

        The Los Alamos Manhattan Project brought scientists from Europe and America together to create the atom bomb, which devastated Hiroshima and Nagasaki. J Robert Oppenheimer, the man in charge, is one of history's great enigmas30)—lefty, humanitarian, immensely cultured, fascinated by eastern religions ... and also a man who ended up calculating the precise height for a detonation31) that would burn to death the most civilians, including children.

        1923年:慕尼黑當地的警察失手了……

        ……該死!因為希特勒躲開了,在他身旁游行的那位納粹叛逆分子則被擊斃。于是,納粹黨在慕尼黑發(fā)動的“啤酒館暴動”以一片令人難堪的混亂告終。次年,希特勒被判以叛國罪,量刑卻相對較輕。在獄中,他通過口授完成了一本書,其原名為《我四年來同謊言、愚蠢和懦弱所作的斗爭》,這個糟糕透頂的書名后被更名為《我的奮斗》。不過在這本書中,希特勒明確地告訴這個世界自己接下來要做些什么——包括他對猶太人的看法以及德國向東方擴張的命運。不過在當時,世界根本就沒聽。

        1945年:廣島原子彈事件

        美國洛斯阿拉莫斯國家實驗室所進行的曼哈頓計劃把歐洲和美國的科學家集結到一起來研制原子彈,該原子彈摧毀了日本的廣島和長崎。該計劃的負責人J·羅伯特·奧本海默是歷史上最令人費解的人物之一——作為左翼人士的他博愛仁慈,極富修養(yǎng),對東方宗教深深著迷……然而,就是這樣一個人最終計算出了原子彈爆炸的準確投彈高度,幾乎將廣島和長崎包括兒童在內的所有平民活活燒死。

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