王緒芬 袁素芳
摘要 對(duì)濱州市瓜類蔬菜農(nóng)藥殘留進(jìn)行了檢測(cè),調(diào)查了瓜類蔬菜不同品種農(nóng)藥殘留分布情況,并對(duì)其原因進(jìn)行了分析。結(jié)果表明,共檢測(cè)蔬菜樣品280個(gè),蔬菜樣品檢出90個(gè);超標(biāo)蔬菜樣品檢出7個(gè);共檢出農(nóng)藥11種,檢出次數(shù)150次,檢出最多的是氯氰菊酯,超標(biāo)農(nóng)藥最多的是聯(lián)苯菊酯,超標(biāo)蔬菜全部為黃瓜,占總超標(biāo)數(shù)的100%。主要原因是黃瓜保護(hù)地栽培面積較大,施用農(nóng)藥濃度過(guò)高,用藥次數(shù)多,菜農(nóng)忽視農(nóng)藥安全間隔期。
關(guān)鍵詞 瓜類蔬菜;農(nóng)藥殘留分布;原因分析
中圖分類號(hào) S481+.8 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼 A 文章編號(hào) 0517-6611(2014)20-06694-01
Analysis on Distribution Characteristics and Causes of Cucurbit Vegetable Pesticide Residues
WANG Xufen et al
(Binzhou Agriculture Bureau, Binzhou, Shandong 256603)
Abstract The pesticide residues in cucurbit vegetable in Binzhou City were detected, the residue distribution was investigated, and the causes were analyzed. The results showed that, among 280 vegetable samples, 90 vegetable samples were examined that have pesticide residue. 7 vegetable samples exceeded the standard and 11 kinds of pesticide were examined out 150 times. The pesticide that was examined out the most frequently is cypermethrin. The pesticide that exceeded the standard mostly is Bifenthrin. All the vegetable that exceeded the standard is Cucumber and it is 100% of the number that exceeded the standard. The main causation is that the area of cucumber protected cultivation is very great , the pesticide applying consistency is high, applying pesticide is too frequent, vegetable farmers ignore the pesticide safe plastochrone.
Key words Cucurbit vegetable; Pesticide residue distribution; Cause analysis
濱州市與全國(guó)最大蔬菜批發(fā)市場(chǎng)壽光市毗鄰,隨著農(nóng)村產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)的調(diào)整,蔬菜生產(chǎn)發(fā)展迅速,生產(chǎn)的蔬菜遠(yuǎn)銷全國(guó)各大城市,成為農(nóng)村結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整的支柱產(chǎn)業(yè)。多年來(lái)由于大量、連續(xù)地使用化學(xué)農(nóng)藥,使得病蟲害對(duì)化學(xué)農(nóng)藥產(chǎn)生抗藥性[1],菜農(nóng)只得加大農(nóng)藥的使用量[2],禁用農(nóng)藥屢禁不止,造成蔬菜農(nóng)藥殘留超標(biāo)現(xiàn)象的發(fā)生[3]。
隨著生活水平的不斷提高,人們對(duì)蔬菜的質(zhì)量有了更高的要求,即向著優(yōu)質(zhì)、安全、綠色的方向發(fā)展,但是農(nóng)藥防治仍然在蔬菜生產(chǎn)上扮演著重要角色。近年來(lái),國(guó)家對(duì)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全高度重視,為此,筆者于2011~2013年對(duì)濱州市瓜類蔬菜開展了農(nóng)藥殘留檢測(cè)工作,調(diào)查了瓜類蔬菜不同品種農(nóng)藥殘留分布情況,并對(duì)其原因進(jìn)行了分析,以期為我國(guó)蔬菜的安全生產(chǎn)提供借鑒。
1 瓜類蔬菜的生產(chǎn)情況
瓜類蔬菜是濱州市蔬菜的主要種類之一,常年種植面積達(dá)10 000 hm2左右,尤其是冬暖大棚面積占很大比例。濱州市種植的瓜類蔬菜主要包括黃瓜、苦瓜、西葫蘆、南瓜、絲瓜、冬瓜等,其中以黃瓜和西葫蘆的種植面積較大,黃瓜種植面積4 372 hm2,產(chǎn)量223 693 t;西葫蘆種植面積4 269 hm2,產(chǎn)量266 363 t。
2 不同蔬菜農(nóng)藥殘留檢出情況
對(duì)280個(gè)瓜類蔬菜樣品進(jìn)行了農(nóng)藥殘留檢測(cè)。由表1和圖1可知,黃瓜的農(nóng)藥檢出次數(shù)最多,為51次,占總檢出次數(shù)的56.7%;其次是西葫蘆檢出16次,占總檢出次數(shù)的17.8%;絲瓜檢出10次,占總檢出次數(shù)的11.1%;苦瓜檢出8次,占總檢出次數(shù)的8.9%;南瓜檢出3次,占總檢出次數(shù)的3.3%;冬瓜檢出2次,占總檢出次數(shù)的2.2%,佛手瓜未檢出。
3 不同蔬菜農(nóng)藥殘留超標(biāo)情況
由表2可知,280個(gè)瓜類蔬菜樣品中,檢出超標(biāo)蔬菜品種1個(gè),為黃瓜,超標(biāo)次數(shù)7次,其中禁用農(nóng)藥超標(biāo)1次,超標(biāo)蔬菜樣品7個(gè)。盡管禁用農(nóng)藥檢出次數(shù)較少,但仍有檢出。超標(biāo)農(nóng)藥最多的是聯(lián)苯菊酯,占超標(biāo)總數(shù)的71.4%,其次是三唑酮和禁用農(nóng)藥氧樂果,各占14.3%。