伍優(yōu)等

摘要

[目的]探索散葉烘烤“七步法”的適用性，降低煙農(nóng)勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度，提高煙葉烘烤質(zhì)量。[方法]通過設(shè)置2種不同的烘烤方式，即常規(guī)掛竿烘烤與散葉烘烤“七步法”，進(jìn)行對(duì)比研究。[結(jié)果]試驗(yàn)表明，采用散葉烘烤“七步法”進(jìn)行烘烤有利于煙葉烘烤質(zhì)量的提高，外觀質(zhì)量與掛竿方式差別不明顯，身份適中，橘黃煙多，上中等煙比例為90.56%，較掛竿方式提高了0.33個(gè)百分點(diǎn)；雜色煙比例為3.02%，較掛竿方式降低0.66個(gè)百分點(diǎn)；掛灰煙和光滑煙比例較低；鮮干比為7.63，較掛竿方式低0.09個(gè)百分點(diǎn)；均價(jià)為12.78元/kg，較掛竿方式提高了1.75%，烤后煙葉的化學(xué)成分較為協(xié)調(diào)，淀粉含量較低，還原糖含量較高，煙堿含量適宜；散葉烘烤堆放煙葉時(shí)，煙葉密度須均勻，松緊適當(dāng)，否則易產(chǎn)生低劣煙。[結(jié)論] 研究可為散葉烘烤“七步法”的推廣應(yīng)用提供依據(jù)，從而真正達(dá)到減工降本、提質(zhì)增效的目的。

關(guān)鍵詞烤煙；烘烤；掛竿烘烤；散葉烘烤“七步法”

中圖分類號(hào)S517文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼A文章編號(hào)0517-6611（2014）28-09916-02

Study on the “Seven Steps Method” Modes of Loose Leaves Bulk Curing of Zhengan County

WU You， HOU Jun， GOU Jianyu， HE Kai* et al

（Zhengan Branch of Guizhou Tobacco Company， Zhengan， Guizhou 563400）

Abstract[Objective] In order to investigate the applicability of the “seven steps method” modes which was used to cure the loose tobacco leaves， reduce the labor intensity of farmers， and improve the cured quality of tobacco. [Method] Hang pole bulk curing and the “seven steps method” modes of loose leaves bulk curing were used for the comparison study. [Result] The results indicated that， the “seven steps method” modes of loose leaves bulk curing was of advantage to improve leaves curing quality， the difference of appearance quality was inconspicuous compared with the mode of leaves hanged with the bamboo pole， leaves body was moderate， the orange leaves proportion were high， the total proportion of classy and medium leaves was 90.56%， improved by 0.33 percentage point compared with the mode of leaves hanged with the pole， grey disorder was 3.02%， decrease by 0.66 percentage point compared with the mode of leaves hanged with the pole， variegated and slick leaves proportion were low， fresh/dry ratio of leaves was 7.63， decrease by 0.09 percentage point compared with the mode of leaves hanged with the pole， the even price was 12.78 Yuan/kg， improved 1.75% compared with the mode of leaves hanged with pole， cured leaves chemical composition were more coordinated， starch content was low， reducing sugar content was high， nicotine content was suitable.Loose leaves bulk curing whose fluecured tobacco leaf density stacking density to be uniform， elastic appropriate， otherwise ittends to produce inferior tobacco leaf. [Conclusion] The study can provide reference basis for application of “seven steps method” modes of loose leaves bulk curing， so as to reduce cost and labor， improve quality and efficiency.

Key words Fluecured tobacco； Curing； The mode of leaves hanged with the pole； The “seven steps method” modes of loose leaves bulk curing

近年來隨著煙草種植規(guī)模的不斷擴(kuò)大， 我國的烤煙年產(chǎn)量穩(wěn)定在250萬t左右，約占全世界總產(chǎn)量的50%[1]，我國成為世界上烤煙生產(chǎn)量最大的國家。與此同時(shí)，隨著煙葉生產(chǎn)專業(yè)化及生產(chǎn)技術(shù)水平的提高，簡化勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度，將煙農(nóng)從技術(shù)難度較高的環(huán)節(jié)中解脫出來，是煙草生產(chǎn)的發(fā)展趨勢[2]。因而，省工、節(jié)能、提質(zhì)、增效成為現(xiàn)代煙草農(nóng)業(yè)建設(shè)的主題，新型烘烤方式也應(yīng)運(yùn)而生[3]?？緹熒⑷~烘烤，是一種不用編煙，直接裝煙，烤后無需解煙，比常規(guī)烘烤工效要提高1倍以上，大大降低了烘烤成本和勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度的新型、技術(shù)要求較低的烘烤方法。該方法的引進(jìn)大大推進(jìn)了現(xiàn)代煙草農(nóng)業(yè)的建設(shè)進(jìn)程[4]，有學(xué)者研究表明，散葉密集烘烤具有減少勞動(dòng)用工、降低烘烤成本、提高煙葉品質(zhì)、增加烤煙收益[3，5-6]的效果。

但在散葉堆放密集烘烤技術(shù)的應(yīng)用中，由于烘烤技術(shù)要求相對(duì)較高，且不少煙農(nóng)習(xí)慣將傳統(tǒng)掛竿裝煙方式的裝煙量用于散葉堆放裝煙的操作中，因此，常導(dǎo)致煙葉烤后不收張和部分光滑葉的現(xiàn)象，不利于散葉烘烤的推廣[7-9]。雖然各煙區(qū)針對(duì)這些問題，在改進(jìn)裝煙技術(shù)及密集烤房設(shè)備和密集烘烤工藝方面進(jìn)行了大量的研究。在借鑒國外密集烤房技術(shù)[10]的基礎(chǔ)上，采用煙夾、煙筐及散葉堆放等裝煙技術(shù)取得了良好的效果，但是由于不同的烘烤方法需要不同的角度把握，且還有各自本身不易克服的缺陷，從而使得簡單、實(shí)用的烘烤方法變的復(fù)雜、繁瑣，煙農(nóng)不愿用，推廣亦艱難[11-12]。

因此，筆者旨在介紹一種能簡化散葉烘烤操作流程，量化烘烤參數(shù)，使煙農(nóng)能進(jìn)行傻瓜式操作，且愿意應(yīng)用的創(chuàng)新烘烤方法——散葉烘烤“七步法”，從而真正達(dá)到減工降本、提質(zhì)增效的目的。

1材料與方法

1.1 試驗(yàn)材料

試驗(yàn)供試品種為K326，部位為中部煙葉，烘烤設(shè)備為2.7 m×8.0 m氣流下降式密集烤房2座。

1.2試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)

試驗(yàn)于2013年在貴州省遵義市正安縣桴焉鄉(xiāng)坪生烘烤工場開展。試驗(yàn)設(shè)2個(gè)處理；即選擇一戶至該試驗(yàn)開展時(shí)只用過掛桿烘烤烤煙的農(nóng)戶家，然后進(jìn)行2個(gè)不同設(shè)置處理。處理1（對(duì)照組），即按往年的掛竿烘烤方式進(jìn)行烘烤；處理2（處理組），即嚴(yán)格按照散葉烘烤“七步法”烘烤（表1），且堆放煙葉按葉尖朝上，葉柄朝下隨機(jī)堆放在堆煙架上，要求同層煙葉堆放密度均勻一致，裝煙密度以煙葉自然堆緊為宜，可稍微擠壓以增加裝煙數(shù)量，絕大部分煙葉葉背朝向隔墻方向，且無較大漏風(fēng)口。