韓濤
一、整體設(shè)計(jì)思路、指導(dǎo)依據(jù)說明
《新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》強(qiáng)調(diào)英語課程必須面向全體學(xué)生,要從學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣和生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)出發(fā),倡導(dǎo)體驗(yàn)、實(shí)踐、參與、合作與交流的學(xué)習(xí)方式和任務(wù)型的教學(xué)途徑,發(fā)展學(xué)生的綜合語言運(yùn)用能力,激發(fā)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語的興趣,幫助學(xué)生建立學(xué)習(xí)的成就感和自信心。語法教學(xué)是高中英語教學(xué)的重要組成部分,時(shí)態(tài)是高中學(xué)生必須掌握的語法內(nèi)容,而現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)又是近五年來高考考查的重點(diǎn)。高中二年級第二學(xué)期模塊8第5單元Learning about language部分中的discovering useful structures部分主要是圍繞現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)展開的?;谝陨先齻€(gè)方面,這堂語法課遵循二語習(xí)得的理論和中國學(xué)生的語言認(rèn)知規(guī)律,變傳統(tǒng)的接受式教學(xué)法為“發(fā)現(xiàn)——體驗(yàn)——探究——合作”式教學(xué)法,即以4P語法教學(xué)(preparation, presentation, practice, production)組織課堂,主張課堂教學(xué)應(yīng)該指導(dǎo)學(xué)生在充分體驗(yàn)語言材料的基礎(chǔ)上,即充分的語言信息輸入的基礎(chǔ)上,歸納有關(guān)語言知識,提高學(xué)生的語言技能。在設(shè)計(jì)思路上充分考慮到學(xué)生的生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)和興趣,為學(xué)生精心設(shè)置各種情景,通過一系列的任務(wù)活動(dòng),達(dá)到有效的語言輸出,即語法應(yīng)用能力的培養(yǎng)。
二、教學(xué)背景分析
教學(xué)內(nèi)容分析:在高中階段中,“現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)”是重點(diǎn)時(shí)態(tài)知識。備課前,筆者研讀了近五年的高考試題(2008-2012)發(fā)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)是近5年來高考時(shí)態(tài)考查新熱點(diǎn)。人教版新課標(biāo)高中英語模塊1-7的課本并未涉及現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的專門教學(xué)內(nèi)容,而本節(jié)課學(xué)習(xí)的內(nèi)容是人教版教材模塊8第5單元Learning about language部分中的一個(gè)課時(shí)??紤]到教學(xué)內(nèi)容較多,既包含新詞匯的學(xué)習(xí)、鞏固和運(yùn)用,又包含語法的講解,一節(jié)課很難落實(shí)教學(xué)目標(biāo),所以筆者對教材進(jìn)行了重組,把learning about language 部分中的discovering useful structures單獨(dú)作為一個(gè)課時(shí)來學(xué)習(xí)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí),以加強(qiáng)學(xué)生的理解和應(yīng)用。著名語言學(xué)家Littlewood 曾經(jīng)說過:“語言能力是具備交際能力的首要條件。因?yàn)橐贿B串不合語法的句子很難達(dá)到交際的目的。好的交際能力必須要有扎實(shí)的語言知識作基礎(chǔ)”。因此本課語法教學(xué)將對掌握好這一單元語言知識及交際活動(dòng)的順利進(jìn)行,都起著支持的作用。故本節(jié)語法課的定位是:通過學(xué)生體驗(yàn)、實(shí)踐、參與、合作與交流的方式進(jìn)一步明晰“現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)”所表達(dá)的意義和句型結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)以及現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別。
學(xué)生情況分析:全班學(xué)生的基礎(chǔ)知識扎實(shí),學(xué)習(xí)能力強(qiáng)。大部分同學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)英語的興趣較高。對于“現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)”,學(xué)生在平時(shí)做題時(shí)有所接觸,僅僅是處于一般的了解階段,因?yàn)閷W(xué)生更熟悉現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),所以經(jīng)?;煜F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。而人教版教材在模塊8之前幾乎沒有專門涉及到現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的教學(xué)內(nèi)容,所以學(xué)生對平時(shí)練習(xí)時(shí)所見到的“現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)”理解不深刻,還不能準(zhǔn)確清楚的說明現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別。個(gè)別學(xué)生有時(shí)態(tài)的概念,但運(yùn)用時(shí)仍然無法準(zhǔn)確使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。高二學(xué)生思維活躍,敢于提出不同見解。兩年的高中英語學(xué)習(xí),使學(xué)生儲備了一定的詞匯和英語知識,能較好地展開話題討論,各抒己見。筆者采取多媒體輔助教學(xué),創(chuàng)設(shè)多種語境,激發(fā)學(xué)生交流和學(xué)習(xí)的興趣,使他們始終處于主動(dòng)的思考、探究和創(chuàng)造的狀態(tài)中,創(chuàng)設(shè)充滿活力的課堂氣氛。
三、教學(xué)目標(biāo)分析
1.通過觀察例句,全班學(xué)生能夠說出現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成形式;
2.通過完成本節(jié)課所設(shè)置的語言任務(wù),全班學(xué)生能夠準(zhǔn)確地應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)造句和翻譯;
3.通過本節(jié)課的學(xué)習(xí),全體學(xué)生能夠說出現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別;
4.觀察圖片和觀看新聞視頻片段,全班學(xué)生能夠運(yùn)用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)來描述見聞;
5.幫助學(xué)生對學(xué)習(xí)語法產(chǎn)生濃厚興趣,關(guān)注國內(nèi)時(shí)事,主動(dòng)積極地幫助身處困境的人,有用英語表達(dá)自己觀點(diǎn)和想法的欲望。
四、教學(xué)重點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn)分析
教學(xué)重點(diǎn):
1.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成形式及其功能。
2.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)在各種語境中的使用。
3.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別。
教學(xué)難點(diǎn):
1.觀察和對比在具體語境中準(zhǔn)確使用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。
2.觀察,歸納并總結(jié)出現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別。
五、教學(xué)過程設(shè)計(jì)
步驟1:Preparation教師呈現(xiàn)四個(gè)含有現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的句子。(1 min)
T: I have been teaching English in a high school since I graduated from the college.
I have been teaching English in a high school for seven years.
Hengshui High School has been attracting many students to study here.
How long have you been studying in Hengshui High School?
S: I have been studying in Hengshui High School for 2 years.
設(shè)計(jì)意圖:以教師自我介紹的方式引入易于激發(fā)學(xué)生的好奇心和求知欲,所呈現(xiàn)的現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的四個(gè)例句生動(dòng)具體,易于學(xué)生理解。師生通過兩個(gè)結(jié)合現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的情境充分了解彼此,激發(fā)了學(xué)生的興趣,為學(xué)生通過觀察得出結(jié)論創(chuàng)造條件,也為下一步的任務(wù)奠定基礎(chǔ)。
步驟2:教師呈現(xiàn)人物描述,學(xué)生猜測班級的同學(xué)進(jìn)行猜謎游戲。(3 mins)
T: (1) ______ has been showing interest in Kobe.
(2) ______ has been paying attention to the current affairs at home and abroad.
(3) ______ has been losing weight.
(4) ______ has been cycling to school every day.
(5) ______ has been suffering from English.
(6) _____ has not been taking notes in English class.
Ss: XX has been showing interest in Kobe; XX has been paying…
設(shè)計(jì)意圖:以班級的學(xué)生特點(diǎn)、興趣、愛好創(chuàng)設(shè)語境,所呈現(xiàn)的六個(gè)例句和學(xué)生生活緊密相連,易于與學(xué)生產(chǎn)生良好的互動(dòng),進(jìn)一步激發(fā)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)本課內(nèi)容的興趣。語言學(xué)習(xí)是枯燥的,學(xué)生在長時(shí)間的語言學(xué)習(xí)中,往往感到厭倦。根據(jù)學(xué)生的認(rèn)知規(guī)律和表現(xiàn)欲強(qiáng)的特點(diǎn),也為了給部分不愿參與語言學(xué)習(xí)的學(xué)生以足夠的動(dòng)力,在課堂中適時(shí)的運(yùn)用游戲能刺激學(xué)生思維。在游戲中體驗(yàn)語法讓學(xué)生明白語言學(xué)習(xí)實(shí)際上是快樂的。
步驟3:Presentation學(xué)生歸納出現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成方式。(1 min)
T: According to the above sentences, what kind of tense is used in the sentences?
S: The present perfect continuous tense.
T: Would you please tell everyone the form of the tense?
S: have/has+been+doing
設(shè)計(jì)意圖:學(xué)生通過觀察例句來總結(jié)歸納出現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成形式。本節(jié)課主題生成并為下一個(gè)任務(wù)的進(jìn)行提供基礎(chǔ)。
步驟4:Practice學(xué)生根據(jù)所給圖片及詞匯運(yùn)用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)造句。(3 mins)
T: Since we have known the present perfect continuous tense, now please make up sentences according to the given pictures and words, using the present perfect continuous tense.
(1) Let the workers sleep for a while because…(rescue the injured, for 24 hours nonstop)
S: …they have been rescuing the injured for 24 hours nonstop.
(2) President Xi has delivered the “Chinese dream” of national renewal and… (the Chinese people, try ones best, realize)
S: …the Chinese people have been trying their best to realize their dream.
(3) (Doctors, find a cure, H7N9)
S: Doctors have been trying to find a cure to defeat H7N9.
設(shè)計(jì)意圖:學(xué)生得出現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成形式后進(jìn)行及時(shí)練習(xí),同時(shí)結(jié)合2013年國內(nèi)重大時(shí)事,如“H7N9”的蔓延與傳播,“中國夢”的提出和2013年4月20日的雅安地震來設(shè)置現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的語境。讓學(xué)生能夠充分地體會到現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的功能和意義,也對學(xué)生進(jìn)行了情感教育,讓他們關(guān)注時(shí)事,明白學(xué)習(xí)語言是為了在生活中使用。
步驟5:學(xué)生根據(jù)所給情境來選擇最佳答案。(2 mins)
T: In the past, you have learnt about the present perfect tense, now its your turn to make a choice for the following contexts.
Which sentence, A or B fits each situation bes?
(1)You want to find out why someone
is late.
A. What have you been doing?
B. What have you done?
(2)You want to talk about your success
in your golf training program.
A. Ive been playing today.
B. Ive played for six hours today.
(3)You want to complain about your
garage.
A. Theyve been repairing my car for
over a week.
B. Theyve repaired my car.
答案: A; B; A
設(shè)計(jì)意圖:通過提供三個(gè)具體的情境讓學(xué)生選擇恰當(dāng)選項(xiàng)來初步感受現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的差異。引導(dǎo)學(xué)生觀察三個(gè)語境,讓學(xué)生找出“why”,“success”,“complain”等關(guān)鍵詞并初步總結(jié)出現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的表意功能。
步驟6:學(xué)生根據(jù)對話主要內(nèi)容來補(bǔ)全對話。(4 mins)
T: Now, you are required to complete the dialogue with the given statements.
Dad: Come on, Julie. Have a break. Have a cup of tea. What have you been doing?
Julie: (taking the tea) Thanks, Dad. 1 ______. The old one moves when I sit on it.
Dad: Your bike looks good. Whats happened to the front wheel?
Julie: 2______. I havent quite finished yet. Dad, you look very tired. 3 ______?
Dad: Yes. 4 ______. They want it at the office on Monday.
Julie: Dad! Its Saturday afternoon!
(Half an hour later, Julie comes into her Dads room.)
Dad: Oh, hello! 5 ______.
6 ______. Here it is. Hows the bike?
Julie: Fine! 7 ______.Its quite comfortable. 8______ too.
A.Ive been putting a new tyre on.
B. Have you been working all afternoon?
C. Ive been writing a report.
D. Ive been putting a new saddle (車座) on.
E. And Ive put the new tyre on.
F. Ive just finished this report.
G. Ive put the new saddle on.
H. Ive printed it out.
答案:D, A, B, C, F, H, G, E
設(shè)計(jì)意圖:通過將對話補(bǔ)充完整的形式讓學(xué)生在一個(gè)完整的情境里進(jìn)一步體驗(yàn)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別。讓學(xué)生分角色朗讀對話來進(jìn)一步感受兩種時(shí)態(tài)的運(yùn)用差異。
步驟7:Summary A 學(xué)生根據(jù)三個(gè)練習(xí)的內(nèi)容總結(jié)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完行時(shí)的各自特點(diǎn)。教師引導(dǎo)學(xué)生運(yùn)用比喻的方式理解現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的差異。(6 mins)
T: From the dialogue, I know that you begin to sense the differences of the present perfect and present perfect continuous tense, now lets compare the two tenses. First, lets say something about the present perfect since we are familiar with it.
S: The present perfect tense is mainly used to express result or finished actions. One example is “Ive just finished this report.”
T: Well, Lets compare “Ive been putting a new tyre on.” / “And Ive put the new tyre on.”
“Ive been writing a report.” / “Ive just finished this report.”
“Ive been putting a new saddle on". / "Ive put the new saddle on.”
According to the sentences above, what are the differences between the present perfect and present perfect continuous tense?
S: The present perfect continuous tense is mainly used to talk about an activity and its consequences. One example is “Dad, you look very tired. Have you been working all afternoon?”
S: The present perfect continuous tense is also used to talk about a repeated or continuous activity that is still going on. One example is " Ive been putting a new tyre on. I havent quite finished yet.”
T: Based on your understanding of the differences of the two tenses, please try to fill in the chart below.
T: If I compare the present perfect tense to an aged man with achievements and regrets, then the present perfect continuous tense can be compared to…
S: In my opinion, the present perfect continuous tense can be compared to an aggressive youth with passion and efforts.
設(shè)計(jì)意圖:基于前面的練習(xí),要求學(xué)生以小組為單位進(jìn)行觀察,分析和對比,用簡潔的話語概括現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的特點(diǎn);通過一個(gè)生動(dòng)的比喻來幫助學(xué)生準(zhǔn)確識記兩種時(shí)態(tài)的差異。
步驟8:Production 學(xué)生根據(jù)題目選出最佳選項(xiàng)。(3 mins)
T: Just now we made a summary about the present perfect tense and present perfect continuous tense.It is time to check your understanding of the two tenses.
(1)【2012全國II,18】 The manager ______ the workers how to improve the program since 9 am.
A. has told B. is telling
C. has been telling D. will have told
(2)【2011北京卷,23】Tom ______ in the library every night over the last three months.
A. works
B. worked
C. has been working
D. had been working
(3)【2011上海春招,29】Im sure you will do better in the test because you ______ so hard this year.
A. studied B. have been studying
C. will study D. had studied
(4)【2010安徽】— Weve spent too much money recently.
—Well, it isnt surprising. Our friend and relatives ______ around all the time.
A. have been coming B. had come
C. were coming D. are coming
(5)【2010湖南】Im tired out. I ____ all afternoon and I dont seem to have finished anything.
A. shopped
B. have shopped
C. had shopped
D. have been shopping
(6)【2010江西】Mother wanted to be a good provider, a role she _____ since her marriage to father.
A. shoulders
B. shouldered
C. has been shouldering
D. is shouldering
答案: C,C,B,A,D,C
設(shè)計(jì)意圖:高考單項(xiàng)選擇題中現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)是近5年時(shí)態(tài)考查的熱點(diǎn),因此提供6個(gè)小題讓學(xué)生在理解現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的基礎(chǔ)之上進(jìn)行運(yùn)用。
步驟9:Summmary B 學(xué)生根據(jù)所提供的練習(xí)總結(jié)歸納典型的現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語。(2 mins)
T: In the above six sentences, can you find the time adverbials?
S: since 9 am.; every night over the last three months; this year; all the time; all afternoon; since her marriage to father.
設(shè)計(jì)意圖:學(xué)生通過主動(dòng)觀察,在教師的點(diǎn)撥下,較好地歸納出現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的典型時(shí)間狀語,避免了以往教師上語法課喋喋不休的講解,學(xué)生聽得昏昏欲睡的被動(dòng)局面?,F(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的一些標(biāo)志性的時(shí)間狀語是解答此類試題的關(guān)鍵,同時(shí)也為為下一步任務(wù)做鋪墊。
步驟10:學(xué)生根據(jù)題目選出最佳選項(xiàng)(2 mins)
T: Now, you are required to finish three additional choices.
(7) She was surprised to find the fridge empty; the child _____everything!
A. had been eating
B. had eaten
C. have eaten
D. have been eating
(8) She has set a new record, that is, the sales of her latest book ______ 50 million.
A. have reached
B. will reach
C. have been reaching
D. had reached
(9) More patients ______ in hospital this year than last year.
A. have been treating
B. have treated
C. have been treated
D. had been treated
答案:B,A,C
設(shè)計(jì)意圖:此處所提供的三個(gè)小題將現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí),現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)及其被動(dòng)語態(tài),過去完成時(shí)及其被動(dòng)語態(tài)和一般過去時(shí)及其被動(dòng)語態(tài)綜合到一起,讓學(xué)生在多變的語境中準(zhǔn)確靈活的判斷時(shí)態(tài)的使用。
步驟11:學(xué)生根據(jù)視頻片段和信件內(nèi)容翻譯語句。(12 mins)
T: As we all know, an earthquake happened in Yaan on April 20th 2013, all the Chinese have been trying their best to help the people there. Now, you have a chance to write a consolation letter to people in Yaan and please finish the translation part.
A letter to the people in Yaan
Dear friends,
Im very sorry to hear that on April 20th 2013, an unexpected earthquake suddenly happened in Yaan, Sichuan province. It was a huge disaster to Chinese people.
Until now, (1)______ (在這次地震中已經(jīng)死傷了很多人), in which many people have lost their relatives and homes. Please dont lose heart. All the Chinese people have begun to take action and do everything they can since they heard the news. (2)______ (很多士兵為了搶救那些被埋在廢墟中的人一直在挖掘). (3)______ (許多醫(yī)務(wù)工作者一直在搶救傷員). (4)______(人們還為災(zāi)區(qū)的人民捐款捐物). More importantly, (5)______(李總理一直投身于救援工作). Besides, (6)______(全國人民也一直在為雅安祈福).
Lets join hands together to overcome all the difficulties! Lets make efforts to rebuild our homes and live happily. I am sure we will have a bright future. Yours sincerely,
XX
Ss: (1) A lot of people have been killed and injured in this earthquake.
(2) A large number of soldiers have been digging to save the people buried in the ruins.
(3) Many medical workers have been rescuing the injured.
(4) Everyone has also contributed a lot of money and goods to the people in need.
(5) Premier Li has been devoting himself to the rescue work.
(6) The whole nation have been praying for Yaan.
設(shè)計(jì)意圖:結(jié)合2013年4月20日雅安地震這一重要事件設(shè)置語境,要求學(xué)生通過觀看視頻和閱讀“寫給雅安人的一封信”來完成漢譯英練習(xí)。讓學(xué)生感受現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中的現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的具體應(yīng)用,同時(shí)對學(xué)生進(jìn)行情感教育,作為中華大家庭的一員,每個(gè)人都應(yīng)該伸出援助之手來幫助雅安人民重建家園。
步驟12:布置本節(jié)課兩項(xiàng)課后作業(yè)(1 min)
Homework:
(1) Oral Practice: “How busy are you!”.
(2) Finish Exercise 2 on page 41.
設(shè)計(jì)意圖:作業(yè)作為課堂教學(xué)的延續(xù),它既是教師教學(xué)活動(dòng)的一個(gè)重要環(huán)節(jié),又是學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)過程中的一個(gè)重要組成部分。作業(yè)一要求學(xué)生通過pair work的形式完成一段關(guān)于“How busy are you?”的問答對話活動(dòng)并要求他們在下節(jié)課進(jìn)行表演,這使得小組活動(dòng)不流于形式,真正使每位學(xué)生參與交流與合作;作業(yè)二要求學(xué)生完成教材41頁的練習(xí)二,要求學(xué)生筆頭落實(shí),可以檢測每位學(xué)生課堂掌握語法的情況,鞏固所學(xué)知識。
六、教學(xué)評價(jià)設(shè)計(jì)
評價(jià)內(nèi)容:根據(jù)本節(jié)課的教學(xué)目標(biāo),筆者設(shè)置了如下幾項(xiàng)評價(jià)內(nèi)容,包括學(xué)生在本課上知識方面所取得的進(jìn)步與收獲以及學(xué)生在本節(jié)課上與他人合作和使用英語交流等情感體驗(yàn)。學(xué)生根據(jù)自己的情況在下列各項(xiàng)前打鉤。
( ) I can clearly tell the main functions of the present perfect continuous tense.
( ) I have further developed the sense of using the present perfect continuous tense exactly in various contexts.
( ) I can tell exactly the differences between the present perfect and the present continuous tenses.
( ) I can work out the problems related to the two tenses, especially in multiple choices.
( ) I can make up sentences and provide the exact translation using the present perfect continuous tense.
( ) I speak English a lot in this class.
( ) I cooperate with others well in this class.
( ) I find it interesting to learn grammar in this way.
評價(jià)方法:
(一)教師評價(jià)
1. 適時(shí)表揚(yáng),鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生。
2. 檢測不同層次學(xué)生對本節(jié)課內(nèi)容的掌握。
3. 課后作業(yè)的完成情況。
4. 階段測試。
(二)學(xué)生自我評價(jià)
根據(jù)自己在本節(jié)課的知識收獲和情感體驗(yàn)填寫反饋表。