駱海倫,李昱霖,梁志欣,陳良安
解放軍總醫(yī)院 呼吸科,北京 100853
氨基末端腦利鈉肽前體水平對非HIV免疫損害患者肺炎的預后價值
駱海倫,李昱霖,梁志欣,陳良安
解放軍總醫(yī)院 呼吸科,北京 100853
目的評價氨基末端腦利鈉肽前體(N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide,NT-proBNP)水平對非HIV免疫損害患者肺炎預后的預測作用。方法回顧性研究本院呼吸重癥監(jiān)護病房(respiratory intensive care unit,RICU)2011年1月- 2013年5月收治的非HIV免疫損害患者肺炎的臨床資料。收集入RICU 24 h內(nèi)的NT-proBNP測定值。根據(jù)ICU生存情況,分為死亡組和存活組,比較兩組間NT-proBNP、APACHEⅡ評分的差異。結果本研究入選患者44例,死亡18例,存活26例。死亡組的NT-proBNP水平(中位數(shù)3 066.5 pg/ml)顯著高于存活組(中位數(shù)372.0 pg/ml)。NT-proBNP和APACHEⅡ評分預測ICU病死率的受試者工作曲線下面積分別為0.707(95%置信區(qū)間[0.552,0.862])和0.841(95%置信區(qū)間[0.712,0.961])。結論氨基末端腦利鈉肽前體水平升高提示預后差,其對非HIV免疫損害患者肺炎的預后價值仍需進一步研究。
免疫損害宿主肺炎;氨基末端腦利鈉肽前體;預后
近年來,隨著器官移植的開展、腫瘤化療患者生存時間的延長、糖皮質激素及免疫抑制劑的應用,非人類免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)感染導致免疫損害宿主(immunocompromised host,ICH)的數(shù)量較前增加。肺是免疫損害宿主最常見的感染靶器官,且病死率較高[1-3]。及時對患者病情嚴重程度、預后情況作出評估有一定實際意義。腦利鈉肽(brain natriuretic peptide,BNP)和氨基末端腦利鈉肽前體(N-terminal probrain na-triuretic peptide,NT-proBNP)在心臟疾病的研究方面較成熟[4]。其于膿毒癥[5-6]、社區(qū)獲得性肺炎[7-8]的預后研究已有報道。本研究旨在探討其對非HIV免疫損害宿主肺炎的預后價值。
1 研究對象及分組 2011年1月- 2013年5月在解放軍總醫(yī)院呼吸重癥監(jiān)護病房住院,有免疫損害病史,有肺部感染的臨床表現(xiàn),胸部影像學顯示新發(fā)或進展的肺部浸潤影,臨床診斷為肺炎的患者。排除標準:1)原有肺部基礎疾病,且新出現(xiàn)的肺部陰影不能排除為基礎病進展所致者;2)慢性充血性心力衰竭患者,慢性腎衰患者(有慢性腎功能受損病史并且最近的肌酐>2.0 mg/dl);3)入呼吸重癥監(jiān)護病房(respiratory intensive care unit,RICU)時存在急性心肌梗死、急性心衰、急性腎衰;4)入RICU當天未檢測NT-proBNP者;5)結核病患者、HIV感染者。根據(jù)住RICU期間的生存情況,分為死亡組和存活組,病死統(tǒng)計包括住院病死者和搶救無效自動出院者。
2 免疫損害宿主的定義 本研究中的免疫損害宿主為以下患者:1)實體器官或造血干細胞移植術后服用糖皮質激素或免疫抑制劑的患者;2)長期服用糖皮質激素和免疫抑制劑的其他患者,單獨應用糖皮質激素者達到≥0.3 mg/(kg·d)的潑尼松龍當量,且至少應用1個月;3)急性白血病患者以及接受積極的細胞毒化療的腫瘤患者。
3 觀察指標 收集年齡、性別、基礎疾病等一般資料,入RICU后24 h內(nèi)NT-proBNP的檢測值及各項化驗指標(血常規(guī)、血氣分析、肝功能、腎功能、血電解質等)的最差值。計算入RICU當天的APACHEⅡ評分[9]。
4 統(tǒng)計學方法 采用SPSS13.0軟件進行統(tǒng)計分析。正態(tài)連續(xù)性數(shù)據(jù)用±s表示,非正態(tài)連續(xù)性數(shù)據(jù)用中位數(shù)和四分位數(shù)間距表示。兩組間的比較采用t檢驗、Mann-Whitney U檢驗或χ2檢驗。用受試者工作特征曲線(ROC曲線)下面積評價NT-proBNP水平、APACHEⅡ評分預測病死的價值。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
1 入選病例基本特征 共收集病例44例,男性23例,女性21例,發(fā)病年齡為16 ~ 86歲,平均年齡為49.3歲。腎移植術后7例;血液系統(tǒng)腫瘤9例,其中3例為造血干細胞移植術后;實體腫瘤3例;結締組織病13例;腎病8例;其他原因服用糖皮質激素、免疫抑制劑4例。44例中既往有冠心病病史5例。
2 死亡組與存活組NT-proBNP及相關因素比較本組患者死亡18例,存活26例。死亡組的NT-proBNP水平(中位數(shù)3 066.5 pg/ml)顯著高于存活組(中位數(shù)372.0 pg/ml)。死亡組的APACHEⅡ評分為18.3±4.8,存活組為12.1±4.1,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P=0.000)。死亡組與存活組的年齡、住院時間差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P值分別為0.040、0.020)。兩組間男女患病比例、血肌酐水平差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P值分別為0.717、0.067)。見表1。
3 NT-proBNP受試者工作曲線(receiver operating characteristic curve,ROC) 分析NT-proBNP、APACHEⅡ評分的ROC曲線下面積分別為0.707(95%置信區(qū)間[0.552,0.862])、0.837(95%置信區(qū)間[0.712,0.961]),見圖1。以NT-proBNP>1 894.0 pg/ml作為預測死亡的界點,靈敏度為61.1%,特異度為73.1%。以APACHEⅡ評分>15作為預測死亡的界點,靈敏度為88.9%,特異度為69.2%。
表1 死亡組與存活組的特征比較Table 1 Clinical parameters of two groups (±s, M)
表1 死亡組與存活組的特征比較Table 1 Clinical parameters of two groups (±s, M)
a: Chi Square test; b: Student t test; c: Mann-Whitney U tests; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; APACHEⅡ: acute physiology and chronic health evaluationⅡ
圖 1 NT-proBNP和 APACHEⅡ評分的受試者工作曲線分析Fig. 1 ROC curves for NT-proBNP and APACHEⅡ scores
NT-proBNP在臨床實驗室檢測非常方便,較BNP穩(wěn)定,血清與肝素抗凝血漿檢測結果可互換,不同檢測方法所得結果的一致性好[10]。關于NT-proBNP與感染的關系的研究以膿毒癥居多,NT-proBNP水平升高與脂多糖、促炎細胞因子刺激、液體復蘇等相關[5,11]。有Meta分析顯示NT-proBNP可以作為膿毒癥患者的預后指標[11]。
膿毒癥患者是一個異質性非常大群體,就感染部位而言主要為肺和腹部。對于肺炎仍有必要進一步研究NT-proBNP的應用價值。有研究顯示NT-proBNP預測社區(qū)獲得性肺炎的病死率上是有效的[7-8]。對于入住ICU的肺炎患者有研究顯示NT-proBNP預測病死率與APACHEⅡ相當[12]。本研究排除心衰、腎衰患者,死亡組的NT-proBNP水平顯著高于存活組,說明肺部感染可引起NT-proBNP升高,其升高提示預后差。但本研究NT-proBNP的ROC曲線下面積為0.707(95%置信區(qū)間[0.552,0.862]),較APACHEⅡ評分0.837(95%置信區(qū)間[0.712,0.961])差,與上述研究結論不同。分析此差異原因為研究人群不同,免疫損害宿主肺炎有免疫受損類型、基礎疾病等特殊性,對于免疫損害宿主肺炎,有作者認為應單獨歸為類[13-14]。Carrabba等[15]在評價肺炎嚴重指數(shù)(pneumonia severity index score,PSI)、CURB-65、重癥社區(qū)獲得性肺炎評分(severe community acquired pneumonia score,SCAP)預測醫(yī)療保健相關性肺炎30 d病死率時,發(fā)現(xiàn)對于免疫損害組以上評分均較差,并建議為這類患者設計預后模型。另外,免疫損害宿主易并發(fā)機會性感染,病原學診斷延遲、不恰當?shù)慕?jīng)驗性治療均與不良預后相關[1,16]??赡苁且驗槊庖邠p害宿主肺炎的這些特殊性,使得NT-proBNP水平的預后價值降低。
本研究排除了慢性腎衰、急性腎衰患者,并且未發(fā)現(xiàn)死亡組與存活組血肌酐水平有統(tǒng)計學差異,在一定程度上排除了腎功能對NT-proBNP的影響,但未對急性腎損傷患者進行分析,有研究顯示NT-proBNP與急性腎損傷相關[17]。本研究排除了慢性心衰、急性心衰、急性心肌梗死患者,納入既往冠心病病史者5例(由于樣本量小未作統(tǒng)計學分析),尚不能排除心功能不全的影響。因此需要進一步研究,并對不同心腎功能患者采取亞組分析。
綜上所述,NT-proBNP水平在死亡組顯著高于存活組,其水平升高提示預后差。但鑒于非HIV免疫損害宿主肺炎的特殊性,NT-proBNP的預后價值仍需進一步研究。
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Role of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide level in predicting prognosis of pneumonia in non-HIV immunocompromised patients
LUO Hai-lun, LI Yu-lin, LIANG Zhiin, CHEN Liang-an
Department of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China Corresponding author: CHEN Liang-an. Email: chenla301@263.net
ObjectiveTo study the role of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) level in predicting the prognosis of pneumonia in non-HIV immunocompromised patients. MethodsClinical data about pneumonia in non-HIV immunocompromised patients admitted to respiratory intensive care unit(RICU) in our hospital from January 2011 to May 2013 were retrospectively analyzed. The NT-proBNP level in non-HIV immunocompromised patients was measured within 24 h after admission. The patients were divided into death group and survival group according to their mortality in RICU. The NT-proBNP and APACHEⅡscores were compared between the 2 groups. ResultsOf the 44 patients included in this study, 18 died and 26 survived. The NT-proBNP level was significantly higher in death group than in survival group (3 066.5 pg/ml vs 372.0 pg/ml). The area under the ROC curves for the mortality in RICU as predicted with the NT-proBNP and APACHEⅡscores was 0.707 (95% CI: 0.552, 0.862) and 0.841(95% CI: 0.712, 0.961),respectively. ConclusionElevated NT-proBNP level indicate a poor prognosis of pneumonia in non-HIV immunocompromised patients. Its value in predicting the prognosis of pneumonia in non-HIV immunocompromised patients needs to be further studied.
immunocompromised host pneumonia; N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; prognosis
R 563.1
A
2095-5227(2014)02-0116-03
10.3969/j.issn.2095-5227.2014.02.005
2013-09-16 16:51
http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.3275.R.20130916.1651.002.html
2013-07-16
全軍醫(yī)學科技“十二五”科研項目(BWS11J057)
Supported by the Military Medical Technology "12th Five-Year" Program (BWS11J057)
駱海倫,男,在讀碩士。研究方向:膿毒癥。Email: lhl 90202803@163.com
陳良安,男,主任醫(yī)師,教授,博士生導師。Email: ch enla301@263.net