路增龍 宋會俠 杜利林 任留東 耿元生 楊崇輝
LU ZengLong,SONG HuiXia,DU LiLin,REN LiuDong,GENG YuanSheng and YANG ChongHui**
中國地質(zhì)科學(xué)院地質(zhì)研究所,北京 100037
Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing 100037,China
2013-11-29 收稿,2014-02-21 改回.
TTG 作為早期地殼增生的主要物質(zhì),在世界各個(gè)古老的克拉通均有廣泛分布。Condie et al. (2009)統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果顯示地球的巖漿活動在晚太古宙出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)峰期:2.7Ga 和2.5Ga。其中2.7Ga 巖漿活動是全球性事件,而2.5Ga 的巖漿活動相對較弱,在全球范圍內(nèi)只有西澳的Pilbara 北部、印度Dharwar、西南格陵蘭以及南極、中國華北、非洲的中部和東部等少數(shù)幾個(gè)克拉通的局部范圍內(nèi)有這期巖漿事件的記錄(Jayananda et al.,2000;沈其韓等,2005;Condie et al.,2009;劉富,2010;Wan et al.,2012;楊崇輝等,2011;Yang et al.,2013)。在全球范圍內(nèi)~2.7Ga 的巖漿活動非常強(qiáng)烈,而從華北克拉通目前的研究來看,情況恰好相反。華北克拉通雖然有大量的~2.7Ga 的殘留鋯石或碎屑鋯石年齡以及Hf 模式年齡記錄(沈其韓等,2005;Geng et al.,2012),但出露的地質(zhì)體并不多見。僅在魯西(Cao,1996;莊育勛等,1997;Jahn et al.,1988;杜利林等,2003,2010;陸松年等,2008;王偉等,2009;Wan et al.,2012)、膠東棲霞(Tang et al.,2007;Jahn et al.,2008;Liu et al.,2011)、皖北霍邱(Wan et al.,2010)、武川西烏蘭不浪(董曉杰等,2012;馬銘株等,2013)、中條(Zhu et al.,2013)、恒山(Kr?ner et al.,2005;Faure et al.,2007)、阜平(Guan et al.,2002;Han et al.,2012)和贊皇(Yang et al.,2013)等局部地區(qū)發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些~2.7Ga 的地質(zhì)體,在豫西魯山地區(qū)發(fā)現(xiàn)有時(shí)代稍早一點(diǎn)的2.75 ~2.8Ga 的巖漿活動記錄(Kr?ner et al.,
1988;Sun et al.,1994;Liu et al.,2009;Diwu et al.,2010),而除此之外遍及華北克拉通的太古宙TTG 基本形成于2.5 ~2.6Ga(耿元生等,2010;Yang et al.,2013)。
阜平雜巖中的TTG 分布非常廣泛。現(xiàn)在所發(fā)現(xiàn)的大規(guī)模出露的是~2.5Ga 的TTG,因此大多認(rèn)為阜平TTG 片麻巖主要形成于~2.5Ga,代表了阜平地區(qū)地殼增生的主要階段。近年來,隨著地質(zhì)調(diào)查研究工作的深入和SHRIMP 等原位定年技術(shù)的廣泛應(yīng)用,逐步發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些~2.7Ga 的年齡記錄。程裕淇等(2004)發(fā)現(xiàn)在長英質(zhì)麻粒巖中發(fā)育有~2.7Ga 巖漿型的碎屑鋯石;在龍泉關(guān)~2.5Ga 的花崗片麻巖中有~2.7Ga 的殘留鋯石或殘留鋯石的核(Wilde et al.,1997,2005);Guan et al. (2002)報(bào)道在阜平疊卜安黑云母正片麻巖中存在2708 ±8Ma 的角閃片麻巖包體;Han et al. (2012)在阜平南部眼藥溝附近發(fā)現(xiàn)條帶狀英云閃長質(zhì)片麻巖中存在2.75Ga、2.65Ga 和2.51Ga 三組年齡。認(rèn)為2.75Ga 是該樣品的形成年齡,2.65Ga 是其晚期巖漿脈動的產(chǎn)物,而~2.5Ga 則是另一期TTG 巖漿活動。但該樣品所代表地質(zhì)體的詳細(xì)產(chǎn)狀及分布范圍并不清楚。筆者在阜平東南部發(fā)現(xiàn)了具有一定分布范圍的~2.7Ga TTG 片麻巖。這一發(fā)現(xiàn)對于劃定阜平雜巖及華北克拉通的~2.7Ga TTG 的分布、探討華北克拉通的基底劃分及地殼增生過程及構(gòu)造演化歷史具有非常重要的意義。
阜平雜巖位于太行山的中段,屬于Zhao et al. (2005)所劃分的華北克拉通中部帶的中段,主要由早前寒武紀(jì)變質(zhì)巖和少量中生代花崗巖組成,是了解華北克拉通形成與演化的關(guān)鍵部位。阜平雜巖早前寒武紀(jì)主要巖石類型為:經(jīng)歷高角閃巖相-麻粒巖相變質(zhì)的新太古代TTG 片麻巖、變質(zhì)表殼巖;以副片麻巖為主的古元古代灣子巖系和古元古代的南營正片麻巖以及變質(zhì)基性巖脈等(圖1)(Guan et al.,2002;程裕淇等,2004;Liu et al.,2005;任留東等,2011)。
前人對阜平雜巖的研究始于20 世紀(jì)60 年代。1960 年代初期河北區(qū)調(diào)隊(duì)、山西區(qū)調(diào)隊(duì)在太行山地區(qū)進(jìn)行了1/20萬阜平幅、石家莊幅、盂縣幅、平型關(guān)幅等區(qū)域地質(zhì)調(diào)查工作,將太行山中北段早前寒武紀(jì)變質(zhì)巖系建立了著名的阜平群、龍泉關(guān)群、五臺群、滹沱群,將該區(qū)早前寒武紀(jì)劃分為三個(gè)大的演化階段——阜平期、五臺期、呂梁期,建立了區(qū)域構(gòu)造格架(程裕淇等,2004)。馬杏垣等(1963)認(rèn)為阜平雜巖近似一個(gè)片麻巖穹窿,張壽廣等(1983)認(rèn)為太古宙阜平群巖系構(gòu)成了穹狀復(fù)合褶皺群,并先后經(jīng)歷了水平構(gòu)造和垂直構(gòu)造體制的轉(zhuǎn)換。張壽廣等(1983)、耿元生等(1986)、伍家善等(1989)分別對區(qū)內(nèi)的巖石、構(gòu)造、地球化學(xué)等方面進(jìn)行過研究(王凱怡等,1991)。
近年來一些學(xué)者將阜平雜巖的不同巖石類型分為三個(gè)地質(zhì)單元(劉樹文,1996;劉樹文和梁海華,1997;Liu,1997;Liu et al.,2002a,b,2005)。第一個(gè)單元是阜平片麻雜巖,出露于山麓帶,主體巖性為太古宙TTG 片麻巖(王凱怡等,1991)。第二個(gè)單元為分布于山峰帶的古元古代花崗質(zhì)巖石,即南營正片麻。第三個(gè)單元為分布于西部和東南部的古元古代灣子巖系,主要巖性為富鋁的變質(zhì)表殼巖。Zhao et al. (2000)、Kr?ner et al.(2005)將分布于阜平西南部的龍泉關(guān)眼球狀花崗質(zhì)片麻巖,即以前的龍泉關(guān)群(伍家善等,1989)單獨(dú)分離出來劃分為第四個(gè)單元。
前人對阜平地區(qū)不同地點(diǎn)的新太古代TTG 片麻巖進(jìn)行了年代學(xué)研究,年齡結(jié)果主要集中于~2.5Ga,變質(zhì)年齡為~1.8Ga(程裕淇等,2004;Zhao et al.,2002)。變質(zhì)表殼巖主要為阜平巖群的索家莊巖組和元坊巖組,二者大體形成于~2.54Ga,并且都經(jīng)歷了兩期變質(zhì)作用的疊加,一次為~2.5Ga 的高角閃巖相-麻粒巖相變質(zhì),一次為~1.8Ga 的角閃巖相變質(zhì)(程裕淇等,2004)。此外,程裕淇等(2004)對阜平大柳樹變質(zhì)基性巖脈和康家峪變質(zhì)基性巖脈中的變質(zhì)鋯石分別做了SHRIMP 年齡,顯示二者變質(zhì)及深熔年齡基本一致,為~1.82Ga。
本文研究的條帶狀片麻巖主要分布于阜平縣東南部的邊界口村與魏家峪村一帶。在《太行山中北段早前寒武紀(jì)地質(zhì)圖》(程裕淇等,2004)中劃歸坊里片麻巖,具體位于東城鋪-魯家溝坊里片麻巖體的北部邊界(圖1)。我們通過根據(jù)巖性等特征向不同方向進(jìn)行了追索,初步圈定了巖體的范圍。
該片麻巖新鮮面灰色,風(fēng)化后呈灰白色,片麻狀、條帶狀構(gòu)造,中?;◢徸兙ЫY(jié)構(gòu),其片麻理產(chǎn)狀為115°∠15°。主要礦物組合為斜長石、石英、黑云母和角閃石,含少量磁鐵礦及綠簾石等。采樣點(diǎn)坐標(biāo)為N38°43.336',E114°24.003'及其附近。該片麻巖可分為巖石主體和條帶,條帶共有三種:1)細(xì)小的暗色條帶;2)與暗色條帶相間分布、且平行于片麻理的深熔淺色條帶;3)局部穿切片麻理后期注入的長英質(zhì)脈體。其中暗色條帶較少,主要由黑云母和少量角閃石組成,與平行于片麻理的淺色條帶緊密共生(圖2)。
根據(jù)巖性的變化我們采取了幾個(gè)較為典型的巖石樣品進(jìn)行了研究,F(xiàn)177-1、F177-2、F177-5、F177-6 均采自條帶不發(fā)育的片麻巖主體部分,巖性類似,更多地保留了原巖的特點(diǎn);F177-3、F177-4 為暗色礦物較多的石英閃長質(zhì)片麻巖,采自顏色較暗的巖石主體部分。樣品中均不包含或只包含很少的條帶。
圖2 阜平地區(qū)條帶狀片麻巖野外露頭特征(a)-片麻巖露頭總體特征;(b)-片麻巖條帶特征;(c)-測年樣品F177-1 野外特征Fig. 2 The outcrop features of the banded gneisses in Fuping area
圖3 F177-1 與F177-3 顯微照片F(xiàn)ig.3 Photomicrographs of sample F177-1 and F177-3
黑云斜長片麻巖(F177-1 樣品)(圖3a),中粒粒柱狀結(jié)構(gòu),片麻狀構(gòu)造,黑云母定向不連續(xù)排列,構(gòu)成片麻理。礦物組成為:斜長石63%,半自形板柱狀結(jié)構(gòu),聚片雙晶發(fā)育,部分蝕變?yōu)榻佋颇富虬自颇?石英20%,他形粒狀結(jié)構(gòu),可見鈉長石圍繞的環(huán)邊結(jié)構(gòu);鉀長石3%,他形粒狀結(jié)構(gòu),個(gè)別見波狀消光;微斜長石2%,他形粒狀結(jié)構(gòu),格子狀雙晶發(fā)育;黑云母8%,半自形片狀結(jié)構(gòu),見有綠泥石化蝕變,多色性為黃綠色-墨綠色;角閃石3%,半自形柱狀結(jié)構(gòu),多色性為黃綠色-深綠色。副礦物有磁鐵礦、磷灰石、鋯石、褐簾石等。F177-2、F177-5、F177-6 等其它樣品與F177-1 樣品基本相同。
角閃斜長片麻巖(F177-3、F177-4 樣品)(圖3b),中粒粒柱狀結(jié)構(gòu),片麻狀構(gòu)造,主要礦物組成為斜長石45%,半自形或他形板柱狀結(jié)構(gòu),聚片雙晶發(fā)育,表面不光潔,有絹云母化;角閃石40%,半自形柱狀結(jié)構(gòu),兩組解理發(fā)育;石英10%,他形粒狀,表面光潔,可見波狀消光;鉀長石2%,他形粒狀,有絹云母化;黑云母3%,半自形片狀結(jié)構(gòu),多色性為棕黃色-褐色。副礦物為磁鐵礦、磷灰石、鋯石等。
全巖主量、微量和稀土元素含量由北京國家地質(zhì)測試分析中心測試,其中全巖主量元素用X 熒光光譜儀(XRF)分析,所用儀器為日本理光3080E,誤差<0.5%;微量元素和稀土元素采用等離子質(zhì)譜儀分析,誤差<5%。
測年樣品鋯石的分選由河北省區(qū)域地質(zhì)礦產(chǎn)調(diào)查研究所完成。鋯石陰極發(fā)光顯微照相由北京離子探針中心的掃描電鏡室完成,工作電壓為15kV,電流為4nA。
鋯石測年在天津地質(zhì)礦產(chǎn)研究所同位素實(shí)驗(yàn)室利用激光燒蝕多接收器等離子質(zhì)譜儀(LA-MC-ICPMS)進(jìn)行微區(qū)原位U-Pb 同位素測定。分析儀器為Thermo Fisher 公司制造的Neptune 多接收器等離子質(zhì)譜儀,與等離子體質(zhì)譜儀配套的進(jìn)樣設(shè)備激光器為美國ESI 公司生產(chǎn)的UP193-FX ArF 準(zhǔn)分子激光器,激光波長193nm,脈沖寬度5ns,本次測試所用束斑為35μm。根據(jù)鋯石陰極熒光照片、顯微鏡下反射光和透射光照片選擇鋯石的合適的年齡晶域,利用193nm 激光器對鋯石進(jìn)行剝蝕。采用TEMORA 和GJ-1 作為外部鋯石年齡標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行U、Pb 同位素分流校正(Black et al.,2003;Jackson et al.,2004)。采用ICP-MS DataCal 程序(Liu et al.,2009)和Ludwig 的Isoplot 程序(Ludwig,2003)進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)處理,采用208Pb 校正法對普通鉛進(jìn)行校正(Andersen,2002)。利用NIST612 玻璃標(biāo)樣作為外標(biāo)計(jì)算鋯石樣品的Pb、U、Th 含量。LA-MC-ICPMS 年齡測定試驗(yàn)條件和關(guān)鍵參數(shù):接收器設(shè)置——L4,206Pb;L3,207Pb;L2,208Pb;C,219.26;H2,232Th;H4,238U。冷卻氣體16L·min-1,輔助氣體0.75L·min-1,Ar載氣0.968L·min-1,He 載氣0.86L·min-1。RF 功率1251W,積分時(shí)間0.131s,樣品信號采集時(shí)間60s(其中20s為空白的測定)(李懷坤等,2010)。
本次進(jìn)行年齡測定的巖石樣品為F177-1。鋯石多呈透明-半透明狀,金剛光澤,半自形柱狀,晶棱圓鈍。鋯石表面溶蝕凹坑較多,裂紋非常發(fā)育,應(yīng)為重熔作用所致。鋯石粒徑以150 ~350μm 為主,少量在350μm 以上。鋯石的伸長系數(shù)為2 ~5 之間。
在陰極發(fā)光(CL)圖像中,鋯石顆粒長柱狀和短柱狀晶體均有,具有密集振蕩環(huán)帶,個(gè)別具有很窄的淺色變質(zhì)增生邊(圖4)。從鋯石的表面形態(tài)及內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)特征看,該樣品鋯石具有典型巖漿成因的特征。一些鋯石局部環(huán)帶較模糊,受到了一定程度重結(jié)晶的影響。
我們選擇了32 顆鋯石進(jìn)行了U-Pb 同位素測定(表1)。鋯石微區(qū)U 含量變化于90 ×10-6~325 ×10-6之間,Th/U 比值在0.4 ~1.2 之間,平均約為0.6,顯示出巖漿成因鋯石的特征。多數(shù)分析結(jié)果位于諧和線上及其附近,部分測點(diǎn)存在一定程度的Pb 丟失,不一致線上交點(diǎn)年齡為2674 ±20Ma(圖5a)。從年齡數(shù)據(jù)可以看出,12 顆鋯石存在Pb 丟失,導(dǎo)致年齡偏離協(xié)和線,一顆鋯石具有2501Ma 的諧和年齡,其Th/U 比值為0.17,明顯低于~2.7Ga 年齡組鋯石的Th/U 比值,該鋯石為自形柱狀,具有震蕩環(huán)帶,但測點(diǎn)位置振蕩環(huán)帶變模糊,推測有可能受到了后期事件的強(qiáng)烈改造。在諧和線上的19 顆鋯石207Pb/206Pb 年齡加權(quán)平均值為2669.2 ±9.7Ma(圖5b),與不一致線上交點(diǎn)年齡2674 ±20Ma 在誤差范圍內(nèi)一致。因此2670Ma 應(yīng)代表片麻巖的原巖結(jié)晶年齡。2501Ma 的鋯石由于只有一顆,初步推斷可能是受2500Ma 左右?guī)r漿事件影響的產(chǎn)物。
表1 鋯石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb 測年數(shù)據(jù)表Table 1 The LA-IPC-MS zircon U-Pb isotopic data
圖4 阜平地區(qū)條帶狀片麻巖鋯石陰極發(fā)光圖像和207Pb/206Pb 年齡Fig.4 CL images and 207Pb/206 Pb ages of zircon from the banded gniesses in Fuping area
對所采6 個(gè)巖石樣品進(jìn)行了主量元素以及稀土和微量元素的測定,詳細(xì)結(jié)果及參數(shù)見表2。
表2 片麻巖的主量(wt%)、微量元素和稀土元素(×10 -6)分析結(jié)果Table 2 Major (wt%),trace and rare earth element (×10 -6)compositions of gneisses
圖5 阜平地區(qū)條帶狀片麻巖鋯石U-Pb 年齡諧和圖Fig.5 U-Pb concordia of zircons from the banded gneisses in Fuping area
該阜平條帶狀英云閃長質(zhì)片麻巖具有高鋁(Al2O3=14.00% ~15.87%)、富鈉(Na2O =3.85% ~4.22%)、貧鉀(K2O=1.13% ~2.42%)低K/Na 比值的巖石化學(xué)特征(表2)。其MgO 的含量較低為1.02% ~3.37%,TiO2和P2O5含量均很低,分別為0.23% ~0.55%和0.04% ~0.22%。在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的An-Ab-Or 圖解上,5 個(gè)樣品落入英云閃長巖區(qū),1 個(gè)樣品落入花崗閃長巖區(qū)(圖6)。加之顯微鏡下觀察,從礦物組成及含量看6 個(gè)樣品均為英云閃長質(zhì)。樣品的Mg#與太古宙TTG 平均值43 相近(Martin,1994),為39.5 ~49.6,F(xiàn)177-1、F177-2、F177-5、F177-6 樣品平均值為41.3。
其中樣品F177-3 與F177-4 具有相對較低的硅含量(SiO2= 64.32% ~64.64%),鐵、鎂、鈣的含量相對較高(Fe2O3=6.37% ~6.79%(全鐵),MgO =2.65% ~3.37%,CaO=5.05% ~5.67%),Mg#也是6 個(gè)樣品中最高的(分別為49.6 和45.2)。
圖6 阜平地區(qū)條帶狀片麻巖An-Ab-Or 圖解(據(jù)Barker,1979)Tn-tonalite(英云閃長巖);Gd-granodiorite(花崗閃長巖);MGmonzonitic granite(二長花崗巖);Tdh-trondhjemite(奧長花崗巖);Gr-granite(花崗巖)Fig.6 An-Ab-Or diagram of the banded gneisses in Fuping area (after Barker,1979)
該片麻巖稀土元素含量變化較大,ΣREE =55.91 ×10-6~120.2 ×10-6,輕重稀土中等-強(qiáng)烈分餾[(La/Yb)N=3.67~51.38],在稀土配分模式圖上表現(xiàn)為較陡的右傾曲線(圖7),與>2.5Ga 的TTG 稀土配分曲線(Martin,1994)相類似。Eu 異常不明顯,Yb 異常不明顯。稀土配分曲線分明顯分為兩組:一是陡傾的右傾曲線,具有弱的Eu 正異常;二是相對較為平緩的右傾曲線,具有弱的Eu 負(fù)異常。兩者稀土含量和配分曲線差別很明顯。
圖7 阜平地區(qū)條帶狀片麻巖稀土球粒隕石標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化配分圖解(標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化值據(jù)Boynton,1984)Fig.7 Chondrite REE patterns of the banded gneisses in Fuping area (normalization values after Boynton,1984)
圖8 阜平地區(qū)條帶狀片麻巖微量元素原始地幔標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化蛛網(wǎng)圖(標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化值據(jù)Taylor and McClennan,1985)Fig.8 The trace element MORB patterns of the banded gneisses in Fuping area (normalization values after Taylor and McClennan,1985)
微量元素中富集Sr、Ba 等大離子親石元素,虧損Nb、Ta、Ti、P 等高場強(qiáng)元素為特點(diǎn)(圖8),Cr(5.9 ×10-6~119 ×10-6)、Ni(6.72 ×10-6~45.8 ×10-6)等相容元素含量也較低。由于Sr(303 ×10-6~431 ×10-6)含量高,Yb(0.31 ×10-6~1.75 ×10-6)和Y(3.61 ×10-6~18.88 ×10-6)含量較低,導(dǎo)致Sr/Y 比值較高(16.0 ~119.1)。其中F177-1、F177-2、F177-5、F177-6 樣品巖性相近,其Cr(平均值27.5 ×10-6)、Ni(平均值13.6 ×10-6)含量與太古宙TTG 平均值(Martin,1994)相近,而F177-3 與F177-4 樣品的Cr(119.4 ×10-6和60.7 ×10-6)、Ni(45.8 ×10-6和29.8 ×10-6)含量都較高。在原始地幔標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的微量元素配分圖解中各元素含量與曲線整體特征與Condie(1993)和Martin(1994)所做的太古宙TTG 平均成分微量元素原始地幔標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化圖解基本一致(圖8)。
該片麻巖具有高鋁、富鈉、貧鉀的常量元素特征,具有輕稀土富集重稀土虧損、輕重稀土分餾較明顯,弱的銪異常的稀土元素特征,其微量元素富集Ba、Sr 等大離子親石元素,虧損Nb、Ta、Ti、P 等高場強(qiáng)元素及Cr、Ni、等相容元素,這些特征與太古宙高鋁TTG 巖石的特征一致,表明該條帶狀片麻巖為典型的太古宙高鋁TTG 巖系。同時(shí)上述特點(diǎn)還與埃達(dá)克巖的地球化學(xué)特征類似,除在MgO-SiO2圖中有兩個(gè)樣品落在高硅埃達(dá)克巖(HAS)與低硅埃達(dá)克巖(LSA)重疊區(qū)域外,在其他圖解中6 個(gè)樣品均落入高硅埃達(dá)克巖區(qū)(圖9)。
圖9 阜平地區(qū)條帶狀片麻巖巖石地球化學(xué)投圖(據(jù)Condie et al.,2005)Fig.9 Rock geological diagrams of the banded gneisses in Fuping area (after Condie et al.,2005)
關(guān)于TTG 的成因,如今已有較為統(tǒng)一的認(rèn)識:TTG 巖漿由角閃榴輝巖(Barker and Arth,1976;Hunter et al.,1978;Condie,1981,1986;Martin,1986,1987,1993;Rapp et al.,1991;Bickle et al.,1993)或石英榴輝巖(Condie and Howard,1971;Arth and Hanson,1972,1975;Hanson and Goldich,1972;Compton,1978;Jahn et al.,1981;Gower et al.,1983;Rapp et al.,1991)部分熔融而成。也就是基性巖石在高壓條件下的部分熔融。Martin(1987)提出了三階段的成因模式,很好的解釋了TTG 類巖石的各種地球化學(xué)特征。第一階段是地幔部分熔融產(chǎn)生大量拉斑玄武質(zhì)巖漿,這些巖漿輕稀土富集,明顯區(qū)別與現(xiàn)代大洋中脊玄武巖;第二階段是源于下地殼底部基性巖石的部分熔融,殘留角閃石和石榴子石及少量單斜輝石和斜長石。第三階段分離結(jié)晶,由于長英質(zhì)巖漿較為粘稠阻止了大規(guī)模的礦物分離,一般分離結(jié)晶不超過30%。
這一模式已被普遍接受,只是對于第二階段的動力學(xué)過程仍然存在較大分歧。主要分為兩種觀點(diǎn):一種是板塊模式,即認(rèn)為是板塊俯沖導(dǎo)致俯沖板片部分熔融,從而形成TTG 質(zhì)的巖漿。特別是近年來人們對于TTG 巖石地球化學(xué)特征的認(rèn)識,考慮到太古宙的熱狀態(tài)對板塊模式的影響,參考新生代埃達(dá)克巖研究成果的,學(xué)者們傾向于認(rèn)為TTG 巖石形成于熱的年輕太古宙俯沖洋殼部分熔融(Martin,1994,1999;Defant et al.,2002);另一種則是非板塊模式,認(rèn)為TTG 的形成與地幔柱有關(guān)。在非板塊模式下,也存在兩種不同觀點(diǎn):一些學(xué)者認(rèn)為是地幔柱環(huán)境下基性巖漿的底侵(underplating)造成太古宙大陸地殼的垂直生長,導(dǎo)致加厚下地殼的部分熔融(Arndt and Goldstein,1989;Kr?ner and Layer,1992)。另有學(xué)者認(rèn)為TTG 巖漿產(chǎn)生于大洋高原根部帶(Condie et al.,2005)。
圖10 華北克拉通綠巖帶劃分模式圖(據(jù)Zhai and Santosh,2011;Yang et al.,2013 修改)圖中藍(lán)色五角星所代表的各個(gè)地區(qū)~2.7Ga 巖石年齡紀(jì)錄見前言所述Fig.10 Greenstone belt classification pattern of the North China Craton (revised after Zhai and Santosh,2011;Yang et al.,2013)
如果是加厚下地殼部分熔融形成的熔體一般富鉀(Martin,1987;Jiang et al.,2007),且下地殼重熔一般會保留有老地殼的年齡信息(Gao et al.,2004;Jiang et al.,2007),此阜平條帶狀片麻巖以富鈉貧鉀為特征,且未發(fā)現(xiàn)有老的殘留鋯石年齡,所以該條帶狀片麻巖不太可能是由加厚下地殼部分熔融形成的。
一些部分熔融實(shí)驗(yàn)表明TiO2在巖漿中的含量和溫度具有良好的正相關(guān)關(guān)系,相對低溫的條件下部分熔融有利于含Ti 的礦物相穩(wěn)定,高溫則相反(Green and Pearson,1986;Xiong et al.,2005,2009)。有水環(huán)境下的部分熔融要求較低的溫度,這樣部分熔融的熔體具有相對較低的TiO2含量,無水條件的部分熔融要求更高的溫度,這樣部分熔融的熔體相對具有較高的TiO2含量(1% ~2%)(Rapp and Watson,1995),而大洋高原根部帶環(huán)境為無水環(huán)境,這樣的條件下部分熔融形成的熔體應(yīng)具有較高的TiO2含量(1% ~2%)。此阜平TTG 片麻巖具有較低TiO2的含量(0.23% ~0.55%),表明其不太可能是產(chǎn)生于大洋高原根部帶。
前已述及該阜平片麻巖屬于高鋁TTG,具有與高硅埃達(dá)克巖相似的地球化學(xué)特征,而高硅埃達(dá)克巖的板片俯沖成因模式被普遍認(rèn)同。該阜平TTG 富集大離子親石元素及虧損高場強(qiáng)元素等特征具有島弧巖漿的特點(diǎn)。近些年來實(shí)驗(yàn)巖石學(xué)等證明TTG 巖石的礦物組合及地球化學(xué)特征要求含水的玄武質(zhì)巖石在較高的壓力條件下部分熔融(Rapp et al.,1991;Rapp and Watson,1995;Xiong,2006;Xiong et al.,2009)。在板片俯沖的構(gòu)造背景下,這個(gè)壓力條件很容易實(shí)現(xiàn),因此越來越多的學(xué)者認(rèn)為在太古宙存在類似板塊構(gòu)造背景下的板片俯沖作用,Martin(1994)稱之為太古宙類板塊構(gòu)造(plate tectonic-like),這種構(gòu)造背景下地?zé)崽荻雀?、地幔對流快、板塊規(guī)模小、擴(kuò)散速度快,且洋殼開始俯沖時(shí)比較年輕。這些特征導(dǎo)致了其部分熔融所產(chǎn)生的巖漿與現(xiàn)代島弧巖漿既有某些類似又有明顯的區(qū)別(程裕淇等,2004)。
綜合上述分析,筆者認(rèn)為該阜平~2.7Ga TTG 片麻巖可能是由熱的年輕(新生)太古宙洋殼俯沖部分熔融形成。
阜平~2.7Ga TTG 片麻巖組成并不均勻,礦物含量和地球化學(xué)特征不盡相同。首先從稀土元素方面來講,F(xiàn)177-1 和F177-6 樣品表現(xiàn)為重稀土強(qiáng)烈虧損,輕重稀土的強(qiáng)烈分異;而F177-2、F177-3、F177-4 和F177-5 樣品的重稀土虧損較弱。推測F177-1 和F177-6 樣品原巖可能俯沖較深,為角閃榴輝巖或石榴角閃巖部分熔融而來,殘留相為石榴石、角閃石、少量斜長石等等,由于殘留相有石榴石,重稀土表現(xiàn)為嚴(yán)重虧損。F177-2、F177-3、F177-4 和F177-5 樣品可能是由斜長角閃巖質(zhì)的巖石部分熔融而來,殘留相不存在或存在少量石榴石,從而得到的熔體重稀土虧損相對較弱。
綜上所述,筆者推測可能存在不同俯沖深度所產(chǎn)生的巖漿進(jìn)入同一巖漿房而出現(xiàn)巖漿不完全混合的現(xiàn)象,而導(dǎo)致巖石稀土元素含量等出現(xiàn)明顯差異。
從全球范圍看,TTG 總是與綠巖帶伴生,并且通常作為綠巖帶的基底。華北克拉通綠巖帶具有與世界其他主要克拉通不同的特點(diǎn),其火山-沉積巖系規(guī)模很小,TTG 所占的比例很大(耿元生等,2002),所以華北克拉通TTG 在一定程度上能代表綠巖帶的分布。前已述及近些年隨著研究的深入,~2.7Ga TTG 在華北克拉通的魯西、膠東棲霞、皖北霍邱、武川西烏蘭不浪、中條、恒山、阜平、贊皇、魯山太華(稍老,為約2.75 ~2.8Ga)等多個(gè)地區(qū)得以發(fā)現(xiàn),加之一些同位素證據(jù)表明華北克拉通很多2.5Ga 的花崗巖類是源于2.7Ga 巖石的重熔或再造(Geng et al.,2012;Yang et al.,2013;萬渝生未發(fā)表資料)。因此,可以推測華北克拉通2.7Ga 綠巖帶分布范圍應(yīng)該很大,只是后來遭受到2.5Ga 巖漿熱事件的強(qiáng)烈改造,而殘缺不全(Yang et al.,2013)。在華北克拉通綠巖帶劃分圖(Zhai and Santosh,2011)中阜平和贊皇被劃歸2.5Ga綠巖帶。近年來贊皇、阜平有多處~2.7Ga 巖石及碎屑鋯石年齡的發(fā)現(xiàn)(Guan et al.,2002;Cheng et al.,2004;Han et al.,2012;Yang et al.,2013),加之南部稍老一點(diǎn)的魯山太華雜巖,華北克拉通中部南北向的2.5Ga 綠巖帶可能劃歸2.7Ga 綠巖帶更為合適(圖10)(Yang et al.,2013),只是在此基礎(chǔ)上經(jīng)歷了晚期~2.5Ga 活動的強(qiáng)烈改造。
(1)該阜平條帶狀片麻巖原巖為英云閃長巖,屬于高鋁TTG,具有與高硅埃達(dá)克巖相似的地球化學(xué)特征,形成于~2.7Ga,可能是由熱的太古宙年輕洋殼俯沖并發(fā)生部分熔融所形成的。
(2)該阜平~2.7Ga TTG 的厘定,再結(jié)合前人在華北克拉通不同地區(qū)所發(fā)現(xiàn)的~2.7Ga TTG 巖石以及TTG 的同位素模式年齡推斷:華北克拉通~2.7Ga 巖漿熱事件可能非常強(qiáng)烈,在阜平-贊皇一帶可能存在一條~2.7Ga 綠巖帶。
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