“The love for beauty is common to all men”， in order to have good face and good figure， many people go on the path of cosmetic surgery for pursuing \"beauty\" and \"everlasting youth\". However， will \"beauty\" and \"youth\" really come and stay forever？ Recently， a 24-year-old British girl named Joy Williams died on the operation table when she was having a cosmetic surgery in Bangkok， Thailand. She was having a gluteoplasty surgery which was priced at about 2000 pounds. In the process of being filled in silica gel， Joy Williams died of an accident.

In recent years， disfigurements or deaths caused by cosmetic surgery are not rare. However， \"cosmetic surgery\" is a high frequency word and \"people who pursue beauty\" not only talk about it， but also put into practice. Involved are not only beautiful and charming stars， but also average people who live in deep alleys. Behind the florishing market， how many people have paid for having cosmetic surgery blindly？ In addition to safety problem that has been exposed by the process of cosmetic surgery， what kind of collective psychological mechanism is hidden behind it？ What can we do to add more points to our beauty besides having cosmetic surgery？

“愛美之心人皆有之”，為了臉蛋、為了身材，走上整容求“美”、求“青春永駐”之路的人并不少。但，“美”和“青春”真能遂愿，如期而至并永駐嗎？近日，英國一位名叫喬伊·威廉斯的24歲女子在泰國曼谷進(jìn)行整容手術(shù)時，死在手術(shù)臺上。她接受的豐臀手術(shù)，標(biāo)價約2，000英鎊，在進(jìn)行硅膠填充物操作時，喬伊·威廉斯發(fā)生意外不治而亡。

近年來，由整容導(dǎo)致的毀容甚至死亡事件，并不罕見。但是，“整容”作為一個高頻詞，“愛美人士”除街談巷議外，更投入到實際行動中，涉及到的人群也不僅包括光鮮亮麗的明星，還包括巷弄深處的普通人。在市場火爆的背后有多少盲目整容者為此付出代價？整容過程除暴露出相關(guān)的安全隱患外，背后還隱藏著怎樣的群體心理機(jī)制？為美麗加分，除了整容我們還能做什么？

The market of cosmetic surgery is “soaring”

整容市場“高歌猛進(jìn)”

From the \"electric eyes\" of Ayumi Hamasaki， which are advocated by Japanese people， to “awl face” of Fan Bingbing， which is admired by Chinese， and then to \"figure of devil\" of Victoria Beckham， which is adored by people of the U.S. and Europe， every part of the body can be used as an item to have cosmetic surgery. It seems to be that cosmetic surgery becomes the international vane of trend overnight and refreshes people’s understanding of beauty. Cosmetic surgeries have also got fans worldwide. Some experts even predict that， beauty and cosmetic surgery industry will become “the fifth largest consumption hotspot” following real estate， automobile， electronic communications and tourism.

When it comes to cosmetic surgery， South Korea cannot be forgotten. In South Korea， the industry of cosmetic surgery makes up 5% of the GDP of the country and creates an income of 12 billion dollars every year. By August 2013， South Korea had over 2500 cosmetic surgery hospitals and 1900 professional cosmetic surgeons， ranking number seven in the world. According to statistics， Seoul of South Korea creates more than 6000 “artificial beauties” every day.

從日本人崇尚的濱崎步式“電眼”，到中國人崇尚的范冰冰式“錐子臉”，再到歐美人崇尚的貝嫂維多利亞式“魔鬼身材”，身體的各個部位都成為可被拿來“整”的項目。似乎一夜之間，整容成為國際流行風(fēng)向標(biāo)，不斷刷新著人們對美的認(rèn)識，整容也得到了全球各地的擁躉。甚至有專家預(yù)測，美容整容行業(yè)將成為繼房地產(chǎn)、汽車、電子通訊、旅游之后的“第五大消費熱點”。

一提整形，就不得不提韓國。在韓國，整形產(chǎn)業(yè)占據(jù)該國GDP的5%，每年創(chuàng)收120億美元。截至2013年8月，該國共有2，500多家整形醫(yī)院，注冊整容外科專家醫(yī)師超過1，900名，整形醫(yī)生總數(shù)排世界第七。數(shù)據(jù)顯示，韓國首爾平均每天制造的“人造美女”超過6，000人。

According to the 2013 survey of International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery， every year the U.S. sees 8.3 million people receive micro plastic surgery and 6.3 million people receive plastic surgery， becoming the largest country for cosmetic surgery and making up 21% of the total volume of the world. Among them， the number of breast augmentation and liposuction ranks first in the world.

According to foreign media， China has become the third largest country in the world for cosmetic surgery， following U.S. and Brazil. In 2011， South Korea gave 1073 visas to Chinese tourists who went to have cosmetic surgery in South Korea， increased by 386% compared with that of 2010. The proportion means that in 2011 the number of Chinese who have cosmetic surgery in South Korea increased for almost 4 times.

At the same time， different from people’s impression that \"A girl will doll herself up for him who loves her\" and it is women who have cosmetic surgery， the popularity of cosmetic surgery among males is also growing every day. Zhao Zhenmin， Secretary-general of China Aesthetic Plastic Surgery Association and vice president of Plastic Surgery Hospital， CAMS， PUMC said， \"the market of cosmetic surgery for male is constantly expanding.\" According to the report of media of South Korea， the market of cosmetic surgery for male in South Korea is increasing at an annual rate of 15%.

據(jù)國際美容整形外科學(xué)會2013年的調(diào)查顯示，美國每年有830萬人接受微整形手術(shù)，630萬人接受整形外科手術(shù)，成為世界整形第一大國，占據(jù)世界整形總量的21%。其中，接受隆胸手術(shù)和吸脂手術(shù)的整形數(shù)量排名世界第一。

另據(jù)外媒報道，中國已經(jīng)成為繼美國和巴西之后，全球第三整容大國。2011年韓國為中國赴韓整容的中國游客發(fā)放簽證1073份，較2010年上升了386%。這一比重意味著2011年的過去一年，中國赴韓整形人數(shù)增近4倍。

與此同時，和人們印象中“為悅己者容”者皆為女性的情形所不同，男性對整容的青睞也與日俱增。中國整形美容協(xié)會秘書長、中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院整形外科醫(yī)院副院長趙振民曾表示，“男性整容市場也在不斷擴(kuò)大?！表n國媒體報道，該國男性整容市場正在以每年15%的幅度增加。

Blindness behind the prosperous market

市場火爆背后幾多盲目

The flourishing cosmetic surgery industry shows the strong demand of market on one hand， and on the other hand， it implies the stimulation of high profits. However， in the process that cosmetic surgery industry pursuing profit， many accidents are caused due to that the industry is not standardized and the supervision is not in place. Data show that in the past 10 years when the cosmetic surgery industry rose in China， 200 thousand faces were destroyed.

In the large number， some people think that having a cosmetic surgery is like changing a garment， some people are believers of appearance who think that jobs and love affairs are all connected with appearance， while some people want to be like their idols （including cartoon idols）. Meanwhile， people under 18 years old are also “eager to try”， they even become the main force of the peak seasons of cosmetic surgery in summer and winter vacations.

整容業(yè)蓬勃發(fā)展的背后，一方面顯示出市場需求的旺盛，另一方面則暗含著行業(yè)高額利潤的刺激。而整容業(yè)在逐利的過程中，行業(yè)不規(guī)范、監(jiān)管不到位導(dǎo)致的事故頻頻發(fā)生。有數(shù)據(jù)顯示，中國整容整形業(yè)興起的近10年中，有20萬張臉被毀掉。

在這浩瀚的數(shù)字當(dāng)中，抱著整容如換衣一樣頻繁整容者有之，抱著工作戀愛皆跟容貌有關(guān)聯(lián)的唯外貌論者有之，抱著要整成喜歡偶像（包括動漫偶像）樣貌想法的人有之。與此同時，未滿18歲的未成年人也在“躍躍欲試”，他們甚至充當(dāng)了寒暑假整容季的主力軍。

For those who have cosmetic surgery frequently， they seem to be falling into a bottomless pit of cosmetic surgery and inspect the changes of their bodies at every moment. Some experts said， \"From a psychological point of view， too much pursuit of perfection of oneself or even with critical attitudes， is a kind of psychological disease of body-image disturbance， commonly known as 'disease of illusion of being ugly'， which means that even though someone does not have obvious defects of appearance， he/she exaggerates the defects in the imagination. So， he/she cannot stop having all kinds of cosmetic surgeries， in order to ease the pain of the heart for being ugly.\"

However， in the opinion of the believers of appearance， ability is completely excluded， they attribute every failure in life to that their appearance is not beautiful enough and lament that the opportunities of the world， which should have been distributed equally， are all obtained by those with the best appearance. According to a study， the level of self-esteem is related to appearance by 70% to 80%， young women demonstrate that their appearances determine their sense of values. Lora Parker， Doctor of University at Buffalo， New York once said that those who thought they are refused due to their appearance had a high degree of anxiety of appearance. Among them， whether male or female lay great emphasis on their body and weight， even to an unhealthy extend.

對那些頻繁整容者而言，他們似乎掉進(jìn)了整容的無底洞，時時刻刻檢視著自我的身體變化。有專家表示，“從心理學(xué)的角度來講，這種對自己過分追求完美，甚至吹毛求疵的心態(tài)，其實是一種體象障礙心理疾病，俗稱‘幻丑癥’。即雖自身容貌沒有明顯缺陷，卻想象性夸大缺陷。于是，不停做各種整容手術(shù)，以此來緩解內(nèi)心對丑的痛苦?！?/p>

而在唯外貌論者的觀念中，能力是被徹底排除在外的，他們將人生中的每一次不順利都?xì)w因于自己的容貌不夠靚麗，并感嘆世界本應(yīng)平等的機(jī)會都被外貌優(yōu)者獲得。一份研究表示，自尊水平與外貌的相關(guān)高達(dá)70%-80%，青年女性表示外貌決定著她們的價值感。早前，來自紐約布法羅大學(xué)的洛拉·帕克博士曾表示，那些認(rèn)為自己因外貌而被別人拒絕的人，外貌焦慮程度高。其中，不論是男性還是女性，都非常關(guān)注自己的身體和體重，甚至到了不健康的狀態(tài)。

In addition to anxiety of appearance， in the eyes of appearance believers who regard their idols as templates of cosmetic surgery， their idols are the embodiments of the perfection. What they need is an idol-like nose， or idol-like lips. Experts of cosmetic surgery warned， \"beauty is an overall concept， and it does not mean that all the beautiful individuals together can be called beautiful when they are put in one face. If their own facial traits are not thought about， having cosmetic surgery could only run counter to their desire and the face will be strange， rather than beautiful.\" In the process of having cosmetic surgery blindly， certain body parts of movie or TV stars can be regarded as templates for cosmetic surgery and cartoon stars such as \"Bobbi Doll\" and the boyfriend of \"Bobbi Doll\" were once regarded as the template of cosmetic surgery. Take a flight attendant of Brazil as an example， in order to make himself look like Ken， the boyfriend of \"Bobbi Doll\"， his had a cosmetic surgery on the nose， costing about 300 thousand RMB， he had to take a lot of drugs every day， and was almost killed by the failure of the surgery.

In addition， minors are joining in the team of cosmetic surgery， blindly believing that the change of appearance will be helpful to the job opportunities of student times and the development of marriage and love affairs. However， since their bodies are still in the growth stage， having cosmetic surgery will plant hidden crisis for minors. Experts argue that for minors under the age of 18， due to the immaturity of skin， bones， organs and other organizations， having breast augmentation or rhinoplasty surgery may affect the growth of their body.

除了外貌焦慮外，在視偶像為整容模板的愛美人士眼里，偶像往往是最完美的化身。他們需要的是像偶像一樣的鼻子，或者像偶像一樣的嘴唇。整容專家對此告誡，“美麗是一個整體的概念，并不是所有單獨美的個體湊在一張臉上就能稱之為美麗，若不考慮自身五官的特質(zhì)，整容反而適得其反，不美麗只怪異?！痹诿つ空莸倪^程中，電影、電視明星身體的某部分可被視為整容模板，卡通明星如“芭比娃娃”及“芭比娃娃”的男友也一度被視為整容模板。以巴西一位空乘為例，為了使自己看起來與“芭比娃娃”的男友肯一樣，他對自己鼻子的整容就花費了30萬元，并且每天都要服用大量的藥物，也因手術(shù)失敗差點喪命。

此外，未成年人加入到整容行列中，盲目相信容貌改變利于后學(xué)生時代的工作機(jī)遇以及婚戀發(fā)展。但是，由于尚處在身體發(fā)育階段，未成年人整容為日后埋下了隱形危機(jī)。專家表示，18歲以下的未成年人，由于皮膚、骨骼、器官等組織未發(fā)育成熟，做豐胸、隆鼻等手術(shù)都可能影響他們的身體發(fā)育。

Why do people have cosmetic surgery blindly？

“蒙眼挨刀”究竟為何

Although the road of \"disfigurement\" has many examples， the trend of having cosmetic surgery blindly has not stopped. In addition to the excessive pursuit of perfection and psychology of anxiety of appearance， what other causes make the successors who are not aware of the risks stop on the cosmetic surgery table？

The report find in the survey that most of cosmetic surgery hospitals are advocating that a beautiful face is half done， and they make quotations to emphasize that outstanding appearances mean better jobs， higher salaries and more admirers. Meanwhile， the social atmosphere is also tend to highlight that \"it is an age that focuses on the face\" through more and more films and television dramas. Gao Qunshu， a Chinese director once criticized the strange phenomenon of having cosmetic surgery in the circle of movie and TV strictly on micro-blog， \"Are some directors and producers the salespersons of plastic surgery hospitals？\"

In the social atmosphere of \"focusing on the face\"， the thought that \"appearance is supreme\" has been widely accepted and the standard of beauty of the market has become increasingly simple and unified. Some stars say that the strange phenomenon of having cosmetic surgery in the entertainment circles is due to that the senses of beauty of some directors \"follow the same pattern\". South Korea， who has created My Love From the Star， The Heirs and Winter Sonata lone， has simplified the public standard of beauty to more narrow face than average people， heavy eyebrows and double-fold eyelids. In fact， 68% of Korean women do not have double fold eyelids.

縱然“毀容”之路已有前車之鑒，但盲目整容，“蒙眼挨刀”之風(fēng)仍然沒有停歇。除了過分追求完美以及對外貌焦慮的心理作祟外，究竟還有哪些原因使得整容手術(shù)臺前仍駐足對風(fēng)險估量不足的后繼者？

記者在調(diào)查中發(fā)現(xiàn)，各大美容整形醫(yī)院都在宣揚(yáng)漂亮的臉是成功的一半，并引經(jīng)據(jù)典強(qiáng)調(diào)出色的外貌意味著更好的工作、更高的薪水以及更多的追求者。而社會的氛圍也被越來越多的電影、電視劇烘托出“這是一個看臉的時代”。中國導(dǎo)演高群書曾在微博上痛批影視圈的整容亂象，“某些導(dǎo)演與制片人是不是整容醫(yī)院的托兒？”

在這種“看臉”社會氛圍的渲染下，“外貌至上主義”得到了廣泛的認(rèn)同，市場對美的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)也日趨簡單劃一。有明星表示，是某些導(dǎo)演對美的“千篇一律”看法導(dǎo)致娛樂圈的整容亂象。一手打造出《來自星星的你》、《繼承者》、《冬季戀歌》的韓國，公眾將美的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)更簡化為比一般人更窄的臉、濃眉、雙眼皮。事實上，68%的韓國女性沒有雙眼皮。

At the same time， the working and life pressure brought by the rapid development of society has magnified the idea of \"appearance is a kind of competition power\". In order to not be washed out in the competition， more and more people， no matter men or women， young or old， are putting themselves into this course of become beautiful and young. The public idea has changed from the traditional \"the body is given by my parents\" to tolerant attitudes， and once there was even phenomenon that parents accumulate money of cosmetic surgery for children to get for them the advantages in the competition. According to a survey， 86% of South Koreans think that \"beautiful appearance is the competitive power\" and 1/4 female undergraduates of South Korea admit that they have had cosmetic surgery.

In addition， it should not be ignored that the social networks \"boost\" the behavior of having cosmetic surgery blindly. Investigations show that， “beauty admirers” who place self-worth on appearance tend to be more easily addicted to social networks. An expert of cosmetic surgery said， some people who came to the doctors were with self-shot photos， telling the doctors what parts of their body need to be improved. “In fact， self-shot photos are often of distorted angels. Many of the people who ask for cosmetic surgery are the generation who are increasingly affected by social media.\" the doctor pointed out.

與此同時，社會的快速發(fā)展帶來的工作、生活壓力，使得“外貌是一種競爭力”被放大化。為了能在競爭中不被淘汰，不論男女、老少，更多的人投入到這項變美、變青春的大業(yè)中。公眾也從原先的“身體發(fā)膚受之父母”的保守觀念向?qū)捜輵B(tài)度轉(zhuǎn)變，甚至一度出現(xiàn)父母為兒女能夠在競爭中獲取優(yōu)勢，為兒女積累整容資金“保駕護(hù)航”的現(xiàn)象。一項調(diào)查顯示，86%的韓國人認(rèn)為“美麗的外表就是競爭力”，1/4的韓國女大學(xué)生都表示自己曾經(jīng)整過容。

另外，社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)對盲目整容的“助推”不容忽視。調(diào)查顯示，將自我價值寄托于外表的“愛美者”，更易沉迷于社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)。有整容專家表示，一些試圖整容的人來求醫(yī)時都拿著自拍照片，告訴醫(yī)生他們的哪些部位需要改進(jìn)?！皩嶋H上，自拍的角度基本都是扭曲的。許多要求整容的人是越來越受社交媒體左右的那一代人?！贬t(yī)生對此指出。

The pursuit of beauty should be conducted rationally

對美的追求需回歸理性

Well， they paid prices for beauty blindly， have they got what they want in return？

In fact， in recent years， marriage crisis caused by having cosmetic surgery blindly is very common and people who “depend on face\"， \"depend on figure\" have not gone further than those who have real abilities. In addition， due to unclear understandings of the qualifications of cosmetic surgery hospitals， many people surfer a long period of repairing operation after their cosmetic surgery fails.

那么，盲目為美麗而付出的代價，真的如愿獲得了回報嗎？

實際上，近年來，因盲目整容而帶來的婚姻危機(jī)并不鮮見，同樣靠“拼臉蛋”、“拼身材”上位的人也并沒有比擁有真才實干的人走得更遠(yuǎn)。此外，由于對整容醫(yī)院資質(zhì)認(rèn)識不清，整容失敗后進(jìn)行漫長修復(fù)手術(shù)的更大有人在。

Ren Yongqiang， an expert of a cosmetic surgery center once warned， before the beauty pursuers have cosmetic surgery， they should keep good state of mind. Cosmetic surgery is to beautify the appearance of people， improve their confidence and finally make people live better， but if people have cosmetic surgery blindly or become addicted to cosmetic surgery， they need to have \"psychological cosmetic surgery\" first.

Ma Zhiguo， a famous psychological counselor demonstrated publicly， \"most people who receive cosmetic surgery have one-sided understanding and insufficient estimate of the risk， so they need to have full psychological preparation before having cosmetic surgery. Treating cosmetic surgery rationally needs not only correct cognition of their own， but also changing the pattern of living and behaviors， walk out of the closed selves， strengthen self-acceptance in the acceptance of others.\"

Jang Wen， famous director of mainland China once demonstrated clearly that， he would never adopt stars who had had cosmetic surgery in his movie. He said， \"In my eyes， no one has become beautiful because of cosmetic surgery. Why should people have cosmetic surgery？ Why do they spend the money？ If they can have more exercises， enjoy the sun， have some running and be good to their parents and friends， they will be more beautiful. People think you look comfortable and then you can have more choices of people with the same sex or opposite sex， isn’t it？ You should not mess it up， finally everyone thinks you are ugly and people of opposite sex want to run when they see you……\" After all， it is the natural law that appearance will perish with time going. If people can strengthen their inner cultivation， improve their personal temperament and face to life actively while paying attention to external appearance， won’t they be more beautiful？

某整形中心專家任永強(qiáng)就曾告誡，求美者在計劃做整形之前，要端正好自己的心態(tài)。整形美容是通過技術(shù)手段來美化人的外形，增強(qiáng)人的自信，最終讓人生活得更美好，如果盲目整容，對整容上癮而導(dǎo)致生活困擾，就需要在整容前進(jìn)行“心理整容”。

知名心理咨詢師馬志國也公開表示，“盲目整容者的認(rèn)知大多是片面的，對失敗的風(fēng)險估計不足，所以整容前需做好充分的心理準(zhǔn)備。理性對待整容，除了對自身有正確的認(rèn)知外，還需要改變生活行為模式，從封閉的自我中走出來。在別人對自己的接納中，強(qiáng)化對自己的接納?！?/p>

中國內(nèi)地著名導(dǎo)演姜文就曾態(tài)度明確地表示，他的電影堅決不用整容明星。他表示，“在我的眼里，從來沒有一個人因為整容變漂亮。為什么要整容？為什么要花這些冤枉錢？多去運(yùn)動運(yùn)動，曬曬太陽、跑跑步，對父母好點兒，對朋友好點，這樣更美。別人看著你舒服，有更多的同性或者異性可以選擇，不就這點事兒嗎？你不能把這事搞擰巴了，到最后大伙兒覺得你很丑，異性看見你想跑……”畢竟，容顏易逝、年老色衰皆是自然規(guī)律，倘若在注重外在容貌的同時，修煉內(nèi)在修養(yǎng)，提升個人氣質(zhì)，積極面對生活，又何嘗不是美呢？